Project List
Get a list of Project objects. Projects have a 1:1 mapping with Observations.
### Available end points:
- `/projects/` - Will list all Projects in the database
- `/projects.json` - Will return all Projects in json format
- `/projects/<object_id>/` - Returns Projects object with that id
### Available Methods:
- `GET`
- `HEAD`
### Available filters:
- `uuid`
- `status`
- `title`
- `keywords`
### How to use filters:
- `/projects/?uuid=ab4ca8d019d148f78afba1cd20872bdd`
- `/projects/?title__icontains!=Project details`
- `/projects.json?status=ongoing`
GET /api/v2/projects/?format=api&offset=800
{ "count": 1624, "next": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/?format=api&limit=100&offset=900", "previous": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/?format=api&limit=100&offset=700", "results": [ { "ob_id": 12041, "uuid": "c6efb48476d507cdd5bff02292f062b0", "title": "CLoud, Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (CLACE) in the Free Troposphere", "abstract": "The aim of CLACE was to gain insight into the physical and chemical properties of ice nuclei by making measurements of ice and liquid cloud particles, ice nuclei and composition measurements of the residual particles found within these different particle types at a high altitude alpine field station in the Swiss Alps. The CLACE 4 project is one of a series of projects led by the Aerosol Research group of The Paul Scherrer Institute, and is based at the Jungfraujoch High Alpine Research Station in Switzerland. The CLACE-4 project led by the University of Manchester was funded by NERC.", "keywords": "", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8182/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8183/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/10255/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/10289/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/45994/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12042, "uuid": "8c5d6b795336c185ca50b6b8351e967a", "title": "Quantifying Urban Emissions from the Air (QUEFA)", "abstract": "Observations of anthropogenic pollutant mixing ratios during circumnavigational flights of London and Norwich. Led by Dr. James R. Hopkins (NCAS University of York, mailto:jh61@york.ac.uk)", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8184/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8185/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/15344/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/45995/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12043, "uuid": "9303a15e80e515547cc05bbc6b2f9d62", "title": "Reading Assimilated Atmospheric Satellite Data", "abstract": "Analyses of stratospheric and tropospheric temperature, ozone and water vapour incorporating data from research satellites and operational observations, assimilated with the HADAM3 configuration of the Unified Model (UM). This data set includes 3-D global fields for selected periods of time in the 1990s and is produced as part of the \"Assimilation of Remote-sensed Data for Applications in the Atmospheric and Oceanographic Sciences\" (ARDAAOS) NERC thematic programme.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8187/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8188/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/45996/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12044, "uuid": "fff56774cdae8c0b2b9cf8079e359d62", "title": "European Space Agency - Measurement of H2O Absorption Cross-Sections", "abstract": "This data set is the main result of an ESA-funded study entitled 'Measurement of H2O Absorption Cross-Sections for the Exploitation of GOME'. The GOME instruments are downward-viewing satellite-borne spectrometers. Vertical profiles of atmospheric chemical species (in particular ozone) can be determined from the observations. Water vapour is of particular significance because it dominates the energy balance of the atmosphere. Also the spectrum of water vapour must be adequately understood and accounted for when deriving the concentration or distribution of trace atmospheric species. This dataset is public.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8190/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8191/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/45997/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12045, "uuid": "6dc324631779585663fb65634d229bfe", "title": "Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas Plus (GOSTAplus)", "abstract": "Measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) and related parameters, climatologies and anomalies, Night Marine air temperature and Sea Ice coverage spanning the period 1851-1995. Dataset includes gridded, global SSTs from 1951-1990 and Sea Ice coverage from 1903 to 1994. The data are provided by the Met Office. Updated version of some data also available on request.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8193/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8194/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/45998/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12047, "uuid": "c9f9bf2e516184298ba684e1dd270571", "title": "RAL Molecular Spectroscopy Facility (MSF)", "abstract": "This data is held by the BADC for the NERC Molecular Spectroscopy Facility (MSF). MSF provides world-class scientific equipment and support for infrared (IR),visible, and ultraviolet (UV) spectroscopy. The MSF laboratories are used by many UK and international customers in a wide range of research and development programmes. The data are spectra of various atmospheric gases. The data are public.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8199/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8200/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46000/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12048, "uuid": "a6926ec6ec4190250efc396620e57450", "title": "Stratospheric Aerosol Measurement II (SAM II)", "abstract": "Instrument on board the NIMBUS 7 satellite which measured profiles of aerosol extinction (km^-1) and extinction ratio. NMC temperatures, pressure and equivalent altitudes also provided. Daily data for sunsets and sunrises are available for a 14 year period 1978-93. SAM2 is a public dataset.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8202/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8203/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46001/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12049, "uuid": "c417ea86c73325070b8e87d483924063", "title": "Bolton Experiment", "abstract": "An Experimental Test of the use of microvave attenuation to Improve Rainfall estimates in urban areas, and hence to enhance flood warning. This experiment, funded by NERC with matching funds from industry, is a collaboration between the University of Essex (Propagation and Remote Sensing Group), the University of Salford (Telford Research Institute), and the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (Radiocommunications Research Unit). The industrial partners are North West Water plc and Norweb Communications, both companies of United Utilities, the UK Meteorological Office, the Environment Agency and Crown Castle International.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8205/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8206/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46002/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12050, "uuid": "eba2eaa1bf5a075a535e0f2f16cd1d69", "title": "COAPEC 1000 years of model data", "abstract": "COAPEC is a NERC thematic programme designed to examine the variability of the Earth's climate. Interactions between the oceans and the atmosphere play a major role in governing this variability. The goal of COAPEC is to determine the impact on climate, especially European climate, of the coupling between the Atlantic Ocean and the atmosphere, including the influence of ENSO on this coupling. These data cover a period of 1000 years, derived from the HadCM3 model, for the years: 1849 to 2849.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8207/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8208/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46003/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12051, "uuid": "aedc739f6b8fb18ea8f2127bec1b8078", "title": "International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project D1 dataset", "abstract": "Global three-hourly cloud products as produced for the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York. The data on are the ISCCP Stage D1 data (ISCCP-D1), at 280 km spatial resolution. There are 202 variables contained within the dataset, which is at three-hourly temporal resolution. The data available at the time of publication begin in July 1983 and extend through to December 1999. This dataset is public.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8210/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8211/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46004/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12052, "uuid": "4bec76e8a0cb9d30728590b223c6b9e8", "title": "International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project D2 dataset", "abstract": "Global monthly cloud products as produced for the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York. The data on are the ISCCP Stage D2 data (ISCCP-D2), at 280 km spatial resolution. There are 130 variables contained within the dataset, which has both monthly means as well as means for three hourly time intervals. The data available at the time of publication begin in July 1983 and extend through to December 1999. This dataset is public.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8213/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8214/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46005/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12053, "uuid": "efe18e8b291315f0c3aa7b2f3b61021b", "title": "International Transport of Ozone and Precursors - UK Component (ITOP-UK)", "abstract": "Study of intercontinental transport of air pollutants by means of coordinated flights over the East coast of North America, the Azores and the West coast of Europe. ITOP was a component of ICARTT, an international initiative which coordinates the efforts of various American and European groups who have developed plans for field campaigns in the summer of 2004, with the aim of improving our understanding of the factors determining air quality over the two continents and over remote regions of the North Atlantic. The British contribution to ITOP, referred to as ITOP-UK, was funded by NERC through the UTLS-Ozone Directed Research Programme.\r\n\r\nThe ITOP-UK dataset includes forecast trajectories and other products to support ICARTT flight plans of the Summer 2004 (computed using ECMWF wind fields) and data collected aboard the FAAM Bae-146 aircraft in July and August 2004.", "keywords": "UTLS, ITOP, ICARTT, aircraft, Chemistry, air quality", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/9074/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8216/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8217/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/5813/?format=api" ], "parentProject": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/2325/?format=api", "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/55952/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/55953/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46006/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/73353/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12054, "uuid": "6a80b5c7a7a4dce44deaf2c0d487756a", "title": "MetOp validation group project space", "abstract": "This is a ftp project space for the MetOP validation group at RAL", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8218/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8219/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46007/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12055, "uuid": "65e2aafa42f83b3c1c3dc6e42800f846", "title": "Stratospheric and Mesospheric Sounder (SAMS)", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8221/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8222/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46008/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12056, "uuid": "3d1a735fc9a9efd54db894df799cc3ee", "title": "scouto3_ps", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8223/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8224/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46009/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12057, "uuid": "01784d343c441f4e86064cd772fcb8a2", "title": "Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO)", "abstract": "WAO is a coastal site located on the North Norfolk coastline near Weybourne. Over the last ten years the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) has become established as a world class facility at which fundamental research, background monitoring and teaching have all been successfully carried forward. WAO has been the focus of many international experiments designed to look into the chemistry of the free troposphere and the planetary boundary layer. \r\n\r\nThe Observatory is located at 52°57'01.5\"N 1°07'19\"E\r\n", "keywords": "NCAS", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8226/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8227/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/3818/?format=api" ], "parentProject": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/876/?format=api", "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46010/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/103934/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/103935/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/103936/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12058, "uuid": "7408046762e41ae2dfae4a9ab15c7c72", "title": "ARSF - Flight 83/27: Snowdon area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8228/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46011/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12059, "uuid": "d88ac72f7a1a0c456bcee5debf3da522", "title": "ARSF - Flight 83/18: Loch Assynt area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8229/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46012/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12060, "uuid": "2d7a9705c40ab3ee56f6d895bda0dcef", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB08/13: Lake Vrywny area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8230/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46013/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12061, "uuid": "0b3de6d93412d730d20189c4ea107a68", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/13: Spain, Rodaquilar area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8231/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46014/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12062, "uuid": "9ab94f01419167597c73a506b4769b77", "title": "ARSF - Flight EU09/06: Iceland, Vatna area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8232/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46015/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12063, "uuid": "e93de3eadbe6b870bf8809bf5be3877c", "title": "NCEO Theme 6: Dynamic Earth and Geohazards", "abstract": "This Theme in the National Centre for Earth Observation aims to use global satellite measurements of the Earth's surface and volcanic gas emissions to advance knowledge of processes responsible for earthquakes, tsunamis and volcanoes, and to develop better warning systems.\n\nIts priorities are to:\n- Create detailed descriptions of what happens at depth in earthquake zones and construct regional models of faulting and crust deformation\n- Assess the hazards from individual volcanoes by monitoring deformation, lava, thermal radiation and gas and particle emissions\n- Improve the accuracy of surface deformation measurements\n- Realise the potential of the global GPS system of instruments to provide and alternative source of seismological information. This work could also benefit tsunami warning systems.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8233/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/5002/?format=api", "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46016/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12064, "uuid": "21ad7311086984e2f742abd610f97d21", "title": "NCEO Theme 7: Data Assimilation", "abstract": "The goal of this Theme in the National Centre for Earth Observation is to develop the theory of data assimilation, particularly methods to treat uncertainty in the data and models, so that their work underpins other applications within NCEO and partner agencies.\n\nIts priorities are to:\n- Create data-assimilation techniques for use in coupled, multi-scale Earth-system models\n- Construct techniques to represent uncertainty in observations and models\n- Determine surface movements of trace gases\n- Quantify the impact of observations\n- Develop observing-system simulation experiments", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8234/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/5002/?format=api", "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46017/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12065, "uuid": "9519421db04ce291a5c75d9171f0ab3d", "title": "ARSF - Flight BGS07/02: Latera area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8235/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46018/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12066, "uuid": "49777af9923b1622c8765fdafd550827", "title": "ARSF - Flight UR08/01: Black Ven area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8236/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46019/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12067, "uuid": "7195a9e3bacfe4caead74e523cd1ae44", "title": "ARSF - Flight 83/46: Solent area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8237/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46020/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12068, "uuid": "23ec690c7008ace0e2c75b09633f3846", "title": "NCEO Theme 4: Changing Water Cycle and Hazardous Weather", "abstract": "This Theme in the National Centre for Earth Observation aims to use high-resolution models and EO data to understand the processes governing storms and floods and to improve capability to forecast them.\n\nIts priorities are to:\n- Develop data-assimilation techniques that incorporate satellite and ground-based measurements into high-resolution models\n- Improve water and flooding models\n- Exploit data from upcoming missions such as Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) and EarthCARE", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8238/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/5002/?format=api", "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46021/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12069, "uuid": "d46b9e4f6a86af80dbbcb80f49652017", "title": "ARSF - Flight 92/03: Folkstone Warren area", "abstract": "ARSF project 92/03. Site: Folkstone Warren.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/8604/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46022/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12070, "uuid": "cfa635fd21e91ecc1814c1b5df99e624", "title": "ARSF - Flight 92/14: Carboneras area", "abstract": "ARSF project 92/14. Site: Carboneras area.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/8604/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46023/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12071, "uuid": "a963328da7fb5c17f896915d48b2cfa2", "title": "ARSF - Flight 84/18: Lands End, Lizard area", "abstract": "ARSF project 84/18. Site: Lands End, Lizard area", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/8604/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46024/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12072, "uuid": "1647e13728ce50fc621c9a306079d1a9", "title": "ARSF - Flight HY05/02: Ayrshire Coalfields", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8242/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46025/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12073, "uuid": "0cb9e3755eefd8ff0473e22ec4aed243", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB09/05: Leighton, Leven and Esthwaite areas", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8243/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46026/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12074, "uuid": "29eb486371b91e93ed52ce46fd113f83", "title": "ARSF - Flight 88/21: Llyn Brianne area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8244/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46027/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12075, "uuid": "71f36d9ab497cddaf30a7f9555508556", "title": "ARSF - Flight 92/11: Morales Basin area", "abstract": "ARSF project 92/11. Site: Morales Basin.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/8604/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46028/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12076, "uuid": "64a97c08d3de03e57f29bba88e48a416", "title": "ARSF - Flight 85/CR3: Glen Saugh, Sourhope and Dundee areas", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8246/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46029/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12078, "uuid": "d9c0d70d93fee8786e0c6474e9975bfa", "title": "NCEO Theme 1: Climate", "abstract": "This Theme of the National Centre for Earth Observation aims to exploit EO to improve national capability for climate prediction over timescales from months to decades.\r\n\r\nIts priorities are to: \r\n- Compare how computer models represent water vapour, clouds and the Earth's radiation budget with satellite data\r\n- Combine ocean-surface data from space with data taken from instruments on-board ships and subsurface ocean monitoring networks to understand changes in ocean circulation and ocean warming\r\n- Improve how climate models represent cryosphere interactions with the oceans and atmosphere\r\n- Improve how climate models represent the land surface, including life processes, and the resulting heat, water and gas exchanges with the atmosphere", "keywords": "NCEO", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8248/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/12266/?format=api" ], "parentProject": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/5002/?format=api", "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46031/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/47316/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/47317/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/47315/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12080, "uuid": "ff332f1d75f7012a2d4ec4dffc09c3a3", "title": "ARSF - Flight CEH07/01: Buckingham area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8250/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46033/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12081, "uuid": "aad4822668b541aa9518d93a035df1c7", "title": "ARSF - Flight HY05/06: Pitlochry area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8251/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46034/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12082, "uuid": "6f82896096296da1d2249a6e7e48855e", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB09/07: West Coast - Braunton Burrows, Newborough Warren, Aberffraw, Morfa Dyffryn, Ynyslas, Kenfig Burrows and Whiteford Burrows areas", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8252/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46035/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12083, "uuid": "e21c28c02f269cdc7c5eef025c5fad04", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB06/11: Lake Vrywny area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8253/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46036/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12084, "uuid": "d67147f7888ee8f446358f9605a81b0a", "title": "ARSF - Flight 82/22: Bristol Channel", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8254/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46037/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12087, "uuid": "bc1e61b6c1b6117fd52eb1eaa662056d", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB08/06: Bleaklow area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8257/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46040/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12088, "uuid": "3b1e3a1b4447936a68f056d85c242e54", "title": "ARSF - Flight 86/48: Rothamsted area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8258/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46041/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12089, "uuid": "367849cb2855e0942dbd767b5a6e2322", "title": "ARSF - Flight CEH07/05: Wytham Woods and Huntington areas", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8259/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46042/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12090, "uuid": "cc495470f376f58ef27667f43fb321ad", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB08/10: Denny Wood area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8260/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46043/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12091, "uuid": "6664e50ad6bedbc9f48aabb74d896c01", "title": "ARSF - Flight 83/14: Leith area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8261/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46044/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12092, "uuid": "5ba5b0a026e364c506640575fa56874f", "title": "ARSF - Flight IPY09/11: Greenland, Helheim area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8262/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46045/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12093, "uuid": "da99887d65557d03a31cf023cb4a603e", "title": "ARSF - Flight 83/xx: East Midlands area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8263/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46046/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12094, "uuid": "f1a81cad5a38d7f93bd82d7a57edb3a9", "title": "ARSF - Flight 91/07: Spain, Sorbas area", "abstract": "ARSF project 91/07. Site: Sorbas (Spain).", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/8604/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46047/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12095, "uuid": "44bf2fb7e6bfb50f29cfba809cfa76c1", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB08/20: Grimsbrook area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8265/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46048/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12096, "uuid": "9199463ba3d3ec3bd5e6f6d91cc662ad", "title": "ARSF - Flight UR09/01: Cumbria Flood", "abstract": "ARSF - Flight UR09/01: Cumbria Flood", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8266/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46049/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/205293/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12097, "uuid": "c1390068336daf92375db6c987766e22", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB08/12: Borth Bog area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8267/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46050/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12098, "uuid": "9e76b94d18b30552e30735e4a363535a", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB03/01: Fiskerton and Barlings area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8268/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46051/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12099, "uuid": "249b67effe5d06dd6c69f659817eb69d", "title": "ARSF - Flight 85/27: Ballantrae area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8269/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46052/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12100, "uuid": "258aa378f98fae2a2439f68813023515", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB08/test: Swindon area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8270/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46053/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12101, "uuid": "d70fa1f660ebef196f005d4440b87e39", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB04/09: Sheepdrove Farm area", "abstract": null, "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8271/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46054/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12102, "uuid": "5af2c4fbd112efcba77e1ed30a5cd7e5", "title": "Intermap NEXTMap Britain", "abstract": "NEXTMap Britain brings you the most current, comprehensive, accurate and affordable digital elevation and image data of England, Wales and Scotland, a total of 231,326 sq. km. Intermap's NEXTMap Britain product offerings include elevation data and Orthorectified Radar Imagery (ORI). \nWe offer two options for your elevation needs: Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and Digital Terrain Models (DTMs). The ORI is designed to provide you with an enhanced image up to 1.25 m ground resolution.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8272/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8273/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/13986/?format=api" ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46055/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12103, "uuid": "12c42d80b2ddfab80e70808cac560f70", "title": "ARSF - Flight 04/27: Dorchester area", "abstract": "ARSF project 04/27 led by John Hilton. Site:Dorchester.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8274/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8275/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46056/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12104, "uuid": "abb42ed556ccf18b79226f2988e078d8", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/07: France - Garonne and Allier Rivers", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/07: Recovering the physical structure of woody floodplain vegetation from remotely-sensed data (including LiDAR and CASI). PI: K.Richards. Site: Monbequi, Garonne, France and Allier River.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8276/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8277/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46057/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12105, "uuid": "75f262f611ac75f1b688325fcd240006", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/09: France, Sinard area", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/09: Application of airborne remote sensing to the study of complex landslide terrains associated with the Quaternary glacio-lacustrine deposits of southeast France. PI: M.Whitworth. Site: Sinard, France", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8278/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8279/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46058/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12106, "uuid": "360594bf7cfe9a6e1a8f9a5902c5a8e9", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB06/10: Network for Calibration and Validation of Earth Observations (NCAVEO) Project", "abstract": "ARSF project GB06/10.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8280/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8281/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46059/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12107, "uuid": "bf60bace7813e3b7850637de439880ce", "title": "ARSF - Flight HY05/07: The Dark Peak, Bleaklow area", "abstract": "ARSF project HY05/07: Hyperspectral Remote Sensing Of Peat Physico-Chemical Properties In The Dark Peak: transferability of HyMap results. PI: Julia McMorrow. Site: Dark Peak.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8282/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8283/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46060/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12108, "uuid": "604861c5e2a29c3ff76a480389335e7d", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/04: Spain, Cabaneros National Park", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/04: Estimating forest fuel moisture content using hyperspectral imaging spectrometer and imaging LiDAR data. PI: M.Danson. Site: Cabaneros National Park, Spain\r\n\r\nFuel moisture content (FMC) is a key variable in forest fire risk modelling because it is related to the probability of ignition, and to the rate of spread of a fire. FMC is influenced by the interaction of plant physiology with soil moisture conditions, and is therefore spatially and temporally highly variable (Chuvieco et al., 2002). This variability presents a significant challenge to forest fire managers and remotely sensed data represent the only effective means of mapping the spatial and temporal dynamics of vegetation FMC. Recent empirical studies have shown that vegetation indices derived from satellite imagery may be related to FMC, but also that the relationships are often site or even species-specific. In related model-based studies (Danson and Bowyer, 2004) we demonstrated that the incorporation of structural information on vegetation properties may allow more accurate FMC estimation when using a canopy reflectance model inversion approach. This proposal for the acquisition of ARSF data aimed to combine the spectral measurements from the hyperspectral Specimen instruments and structural data from the LiDAR as inputs to a geometric-optical canopy reflectance model which were inverted to estimate spatial variation in FMC at test sites in southern Spain.", "keywords": "", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8284/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8285/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/144644/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46061/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145275/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145276/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12109, "uuid": "2f3934e3e17354a33950cfb442fa2470", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/01: Spain, Sorbas area", "abstract": "ARSF Project WM06/01: Assessment of changes in semi-natural vegetation density and clearance extent in Sorbas, south east Spain. PI: P. Zukowskyj. Site: Sorbas.\r\n \r\nPrevious research suggests that semi-natural vegetation in this area is increasing in density and biomass. EU policies have promoted destruction of this vegetation, through agricultural subsidies for plantations of tree crops. Little is known about the effects this has on the carbon budget for the region. Research suggests the plantations may never recover the carbon lost.\r\n \r\nPrevious imagery indicates the semi-natural vegetation is undergoing succession. Uncertainty over the impact of annual variations can be partially addressed through imaging in multiple years. The requested overflight extends the time-series of airborne data, allowing improved estimations of vegetation change. \r\n\r\nThe aim of the project was to determine the extent of change, particularly succession, in the semi-natural vegetation communities over the last five years. Aerial RS was essential for this given the small and fragmented patchwork nature of vegetation in this area. The acquisition provided effective data to assess the potential impact of EU policy on an active carbon store.\r\n \r\nA further reason for supporting acquisition of these data is their educational value. A significant number of UK universities use the existing ARSF data for teaching purposes and extending the time sequence can only enhance this.", "keywords": "", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8286/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8287/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46062/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/144645/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145277/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145278/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12110, "uuid": "51b06fcdb2fb60b3aae1deff71c0c93b", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/15: Portugal, Castro Verde area", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/15 led by Francesca Moreira, Pedro Leitao and Patrick Osborne. Site: Castro Verde, Portugal.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8288/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8289/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46063/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12111, "uuid": "dd3f7cb502e3d2aaaf7a5c037e450dfc", "title": "ARSF - Flight HY05/03: Pipeline through Aberdeenshire", "abstract": "ARSF project HY05/03: Comparison of CASI-2 and VIS-SWIR hyperspectral sensor capabilities for detection and characterisation of vegetation anomalies associated with buried gas pipelines. PI: Meredith Williams. Site: Aberdeen pipeline.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8290/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8291/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46064/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12112, "uuid": "6515d78febc5f626e234249a5be834cf", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/03: Portugal - Serra de Monchique and Serra de Bensafrim", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/03: Modelling of post-fire Mediterranean sclerophyllous vegetation communities in southern Portugal, using multisensor airborne data. PI: \nH.Allen. Site: Serra da Monchique, Serra da Bensafrim.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8292/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8293/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46065/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12113, "uuid": "13973de54fd34aadf3ac2b9ad496b8f2", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/11: Spain, Rio Tinto Catchment area", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/11: A remote sensing approach to quantify sources, speciation, pathways and delivery of heavy metals in the Rio Tinto catchment, Southwest Spain. PI: S.Black. Site: Rio Tinto and Berrocal, Spain.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8294/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8295/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46066/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12114, "uuid": "44fc99c182d8245900e9f999acf88856", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/06: Mojacar and Tabernas Basin", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/06: Multis-sensor geohazard mapping, SE Spain. PI: R. Teeuw. Site: Mojacar and Tabernas Basin.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8297/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8296/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46067/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12115, "uuid": "71fbfd2bb04c7c40c76b12fca0c0d1e1", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/17: Spain, Ria de Vigo area", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/17 led by Desmond Barton and Jesus Torres. Site: Ria de Vigo, Spain.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8298/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8299/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46068/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12116, "uuid": "09e32533f6e2d1c4cfb1def8f630306b", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/12: Spain, Agrio-Guadiamar Valley", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/12: Monitoring and modelling the geomorphological and geochemical recovery of the Agrio-Guadiamar river system after the Azencollar tailings dam failure. PI: G.Ferrier. Site: Aznalcollar-Sanlucar and Sanlucar-Donana.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8300/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8301/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46069/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12117, "uuid": "f2a15938e3afa64c505dcd2339a452bd", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/10: Spain, El Cautivo area", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/10: Mapping Biological Soil Crusts in the Tabernas desert, Almeria, Spain. PI: R.Alexander. Site: El Cautivo.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8302/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8303/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46070/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12118, "uuid": "44b00e88346d6a34d2d20fd06e5e8aef", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/05: Spain, Cordoba area", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/05: Model-based estimation of biophysical parameters from hyperspectral and lidar data, for heterogenous canopies. PI: P.North. Site:", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8304/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8305/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46071/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12119, "uuid": "99bfd9a2b79b72f8aa7d44440f0a95ad", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB05/08: Newcastle, River Ouseburn and Harwood areas", "abstract": "ARSF project GB05/08: Integrated Remote Sensing Techniques for Urban Catchment Flood Modelling. PI: Stuart Barr. Site: Newcastle, River Ouseburn, Harwood.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8306/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8307/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46072/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12120, "uuid": "12a7283957f38456a4432a9dc033b85f", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB06/14: Wytham Woods area", "abstract": "ARSF - Flight GB06/14: Wytham Woods area", "keywords": "", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8308/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8309/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46073/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/205376/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12121, "uuid": "52ef17b5bcaf321f4bed55dbcb5a7c83", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB06/09: Isle of Wight, Bembridge area", "abstract": "ARSF project GB06/09: Mapping the 'white ribbon' coastal zone using hyperspectral remote sensing and lidar data. PI: M.Harrison. Site: White Chine, St. Catherine's Point, Bembridge, Ryde.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8310/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8311/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46074/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12122, "uuid": "f5535f0e726efe78fcd2c2b8b6af0b24", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB06/12: Avonmouth, Ripon, Shipham, Little Ouse and Stiffkey areas", "abstract": "ARSF project GB06/12.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8312/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8313/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46075/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12123, "uuid": "a56e305ceddb2f216fef8b90bb144606", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB06/02: Freiston Shore area", "abstract": "ARSF project GB06/02: Impacts of managed realignment on low-lying coasts: monitoring & modelling using remote sensing. PI: T.Spencer. Site: Freiston Shore.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8314/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8315/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46076/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12124, "uuid": "c3f80036c0ab61bc13c015169a0d1342", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB04/06: Kielder area", "abstract": "ARSF project GB04/06: Spectral and spatial analysis of woodland structure in plantation forestry in upland Britain using models that combine field and Earth observation data. PI: D. Donoghue. Site: Kielder\r\n \r\nNERC CASI, ATM and LiDAR data were requested in support of an established research project to develop models of woodland and canopy structure that combine ground and remotely sensed measurements. Combined estimate models address weaknesses in production forecast models that assume predictable and spatially uniform growth by adding information from Earth observation (EO) data about the rate and pattern of growth. On the other hand, structural parameters are very difficult to measure from any single source of EO data. The NERC ARSF data was used in conjunction with a large amount of ground survey data (one hundred 0.01ha plots), including three large 0.1ha plots with very detailed biometric data, multi-date and multi resolution satellite data, and, very detailed aerial photography.", "keywords": "", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8316/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8317/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46077/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/144646/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145279/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145280/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12125, "uuid": "144ecb5fcddb48738f0ebfcb98a7b00a", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB04/20: River Coquet, Filey Bay, Robin Hood Bay and Whitby areas", "abstract": "ARSF project GB04/20: Airborne LiDAR as a tool for modelling linkages between patch dynamics and community response to system change. PI: Andrew Large. Site: River Coquet.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8318/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8319/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46078/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12126, "uuid": "ab235222d1168f62d658cb0ead71ff73", "title": "NERC Earth Observation Centres of Excellence", "abstract": "The Natural Environment Research Council centres of excellence do world class environmental research using earth observation data and models. They act as focus point for collaboration and training. NERC has seven centres that each receive a maximum of ��2��5m over 5 years.", "keywords": "", "status": "", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8320/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8321/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46079/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12127, "uuid": "aa4f213d5cd3fc61fb0f0f8cd33da1ba", "title": "ARSF - Flight HY05/08: Plynlimon area", "abstract": "ARSF project HY05/08; led by Dr. Zoe Carroll (CEH Bangor); Site = Plynlimon (mid-Wales)\r\n\r\nAn accurate knowledge of soil carbon stores is fundamental to understanding and predicting the role of terrestrial systems in the global carbon cycle. For the UK, soil carbon is currently mapped at a relatively coarse (1 km) grid resolution, but field data clearly demonstrate a high level of heterogeneity at fine spatial scales. The project aimed at developing a new method for estimating the carbon stocks of upland organic-rich soils, in which remotely sensed data are related to an intensive ground-based survey of soil carbon in the Plynlimon catchments, mid-Wales. The project utilised spatial high-resolution elevation (LiDAR) and test novel high spectral resolution hyperspectral data to develop fine-scale topographic and vegetation maps, across a heterogeneous area of upland, organic-rich moorland soils. The relationship between topographic position and vegetation parameters to field measurements of soil carbon content were examined using geostatistical techniques. Geostatistical predictions were then used to map C stocks at a previously unachievable resolution for moorland catchments.", "keywords": "", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8322/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8323/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46080/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/144647/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145281/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145282/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12128, "uuid": "a76a828f9b3e49879a558455fb0221d5", "title": "ARSF - Flight WM06/16: Portugal, San Marcos area", "abstract": "ARSF project WM06/16; led by Dr. Patrick Osborne (Centre for Environmental Sciences, School of Civil Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton); Site: San Marcos / Portugal\r\n\r\nPortugal's cereal steppes hold many bird species of conservation concern. Their protection status is precarious, often relying on compensation payments to farmers for maintaining traditional practises. Although management prescriptions are based on information on habitat selection, it is often not appreciated that habitat selection and our knowledge of it are scale dependent. Policy is applied at large spatial scales whereas ecologists think and birds select habitats at (different) smaller scales. The aim of this project was therefore to study habitat selection by three key bird species of different sizes at multi-spatial scales to determine which features are important and how they link hierarchically from fine to coarse resolutions. Accurately located bird data were modelled against habitat data derived from remotely sensed imagery and field studies on 1000m, 100m and 10m grids. AVHRR imagery provided the 1000m data, Landsat TM the 100m data, and CASI co-registered with LiDAR the 10m data. Models were built both separately for each spatial scale and hierarchically to resolve mis-classifications of species occurrences at coarser resolutions and to estimate abundance within presence-absence models. The study was meant to reveal which habitat features are important at different spatial scales, how the spatial resolution of habitat data limits our understanding of habitat selection, and the implications for conservation management.", "keywords": "", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8324/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8325/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46081/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/144648/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145283/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145284/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12129, "uuid": "5c3834ceafb95d6c4a04e7afb80df418", "title": "ARSF - Flight GB08/01: Delamere Wood area", "abstract": "ARSF project GB08/01: Development and Field-trials of a Multi-species Quantum Cascade Laser Spectrometer. Led by: Dr. Nigel Langford, Department of Physics, University of Strathclyde, J.A. Bldg, 107 Rottenrow E. Glasgow G4 ONG. Location: Delamere Wood, Cheshire, UK.\r\n\r\nTo test a compact multi-species, multi-laser, mid-Infrared quantum cascade (QC) laser spectrometer which we were developing for aircraft operation. This instrument was based both on the spectrometer flown successfully in October 2006, and on the Cascade Technologies instrument developed for analysing stack gas emissions from ships. In the 2006 flights evidence for rapid variations in the methane concentration in localised regions of the flight paths was found. The flight paths are repeated with the new instrument to investigate whether any corresponding fluctuations and the other detected molecules occur. By Identifying the species whose signatures are co-located we wished to show that the instrument may aid the source apportionment of common atmospheric pollutants. Following an analysis of the performance of the instrument, both In the aircraft, and for ground based measurements of trace gas fluctuations, we intended to incorporate the information gained from the flights into the final spectrometer design.", "keywords": "", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8326/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/8327/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46082/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/144649/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145285/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/145286/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12130, "uuid": "1cce812206ef4b5da79058d73810746b", "title": "Assessment of ClNO2 as a missing oxidant in the UK atmosphere", "abstract": "This project was funded by the Natural Environmental Research Council (NERC) with the grant references - NE/K004069/1 and NE/K004603/1. It was lead by Professor Paul Monks (University of Leeds) and Professor Mathew Evans (University of York) and ran from 2013-2016.\r\n\r\nIt asked the key question: Is nitryl chloride (ClNO2) a chlorine activation pathway and a strong chlorine (Cl) source that substantially affects tropospheric composition and oxidative capacity of the atmosphere in the UK?\r\n\r\nThe nocturnal formation of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) via reactions of N2O5 on Cl- containing particles has been shown to be a very efficient mechanism to activate chlorine. Observations of high levels of ClNO2 (up to 1 ppb) in marine/coastal and continental polluted regions in USA and Germany strongly suggested that ClNO2 chemistry is active on a much larger scale than previously thought, with very important consequences for air composition and quality, public and environmental health and global climate.\r\n\r\nThis work explores by way of concerted measurements and modelling whether, in the UK context, ClNO2 can release large concentrations of reactive chlorine (Cl) into the troposphere. The chemistry could be especially important for the United Kingdom as the UK is surrounded by the ocean, which provides a continuous source of sea-salt in the coastal areas and further inland. In addition, emissions from coal-fired power stations, spread of grit on roads during winter and usage of chlorinated compounds in swimming pools, sewage and water treatment plants, can provide significant sources of non sea-salt Cl. \r\n\r\nThe other atmospheric precursor to ClNO2 is nitrogen pentoxide (N2O5). The first wide-scale measurements of N2O5 above the UK were conducted from the FAAM aircraft during the NERC-funded RONOCO campaigns. The RONOCO flights found elevated N2O5 concentrations aloft (up to 1 ppbv), typically associated with atmospheric processing of NOx (nitrogen oxides) in pollution plumes from major UK cities, such as the London outflow over the English Channel/North Sea. The co-location of large sources of VOC, NOx and Cl- containing particles means that ClNO2 chemistry should be active in large parts of the UK. Since most of the population in the UK lives within ca. 100 km from the ocean and several large metropolitan areas (e.g., London, Glasgow, Liverpool) are located near the coast, this chemistry is likely to have a significant impact on the health and life quality of many people.\r\n\r\nThe overall objective of this project was to assess the importance of ClNO2 as a chlorine activation pathway and its presence as a strong chlorine source that could affect the composition and oxidative capacity of the atmosphere, with a particular focus on the UK.\r\n\r\nThis project addresses three major scientific questions:\r\na) What are the concentrations of nitryl chloride (ClNO2) in the UK and how ubiquitous is it?\r\nb) Is ClNO2 a significant missing oxidant source in the UK oxidative budget that should be taken into account by regional and global models?\r\nc) What is the impact of ClNO2 on air quality and the levels of greenhouse gases in the UK?\r\n\r\nIn order to achieve this overall goal the project was organised into five phases:\r\n1.\tAcquire and optimise a Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer (CIMS) instrument for the measurement of ClNO2.\r\n2.\tDevelop and deploy an accurate, field-deployable ClNO2 calibration system.\r\n3.\tMake the first ambient measurements of ClNO2 in the UK. Quantify ambient ClNO2 (and its immediate precursors, N2O5 and particulate Cl--) under different conditions at a range of representative sites in the UK.\r\n4.\tAnalyse the results of the ambient measurements using a box-model and investigate the detailed chemical processes involved in the formation and destruction of ClNO2.\r\n5.\tScale up the analysis of the measurements to the regional and global scales and analyse the impact of ClNO2 and Cl chemistry on the atmospheric oxidative budget and on the concentrations and atmospheric residence times of pollutants and greenhouse gases, with particular focus on the implications for the UK air quality.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n*****The datasets include measurements of ambient concentrations of Cl2, ClNO2, N2O5 and aerosol chloride.*****", "keywords": "CINO2, troposphere, chemistry, climate", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/25356/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46083/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46094/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46159/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46086/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46085/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46084/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46095/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12131, "uuid": "e26ea0dfa690406b8d164648661d5d39", "title": "Cirrus Coupled Cloud-Radiation Experiment (CIRCCREX)", "abstract": "The CICCREX project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant references - NE/K015133/1 and NE/K01515X/1. It was lead by Dr Juliet Pickering (Imperial College London) and Dr Keith Bower (The University of Manchester) between 2013-2016. \r\n\r\nThe aim of the CICCREX project was to understand the link between evolving ice cloud microphysical properties and the resulting radiative signatures of the cirrus, at the macrophysical scale, as seen from a remote sensing platform.\r\n\r\nClimate and weather prediction models demand understanding of how cirrus clouds, high in the troposphere (6-14km in altitude) affect our climate. Cirrus covers up to 30% of the globe and its effects should be accurately included in global climate models. Clouds have two main effects; they are the main atmospheric component in the hydrological cycle, but they also trap radiation, both reflecting sunlight back to space (cooling the Earth's surface) and trapping the thermal energy emitted from the surface (as they are cold, emitting less energy to space than an equivalent cloudless sky). The balance between the shortwave (sunlight) and longwave (thermal radiation) effect depends on factors such as altitude and thickness of the cloud, and the size and shape of the ice crystals that make up the cloud. The crystals can take on myriad shapes, and the shapes existing in particular clouds depend on conditions and on the evolutionary sequence that the particles experience; growing, aggregating and/or dissipating over time, dependant on the changes in temperature, humidity and meteorological environment they experience. Different crystal sizes and shapes reflect and scatter light in different ways. Some crystal shapes are efficient at reflecting sunlight, but not thermal radiation and some the other way round. The net effect of a cloud on the radiation budget depends on the microscopic shapes of the crystals inside it. By measuring both the heat emitted by the cloud and its internal crystal properties ('microphysics') we can determine the link between the two, and hence the overall effect the cloud is having on the climate. \r\n\r\nCirrus models have been derived that calculate expected response of different crystal types across the spectrum, and these are usually combined with predicted particle size and shapes (Particle Size Distributions, PSD) found from in-situ flight campaign measurements using cloud probes. These are parameterised (simplified) and used in climate models and general circulation models (GCMs), eg. in numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate change, but these cirrus models have not been tested across the full spectrum. Some studies have been made of specific radiative properties of some crystal types in the shortwave, and of other crystal types in parts of the longwave, but there has not been a successful measurement covering the full spectrum simultaneously measuring the precise make up of the crystal sizes and types in a cloud. \r\n\r\nThis project carried out a novel flight campaign which combined full spectrum radiative measurements (125-0.3 microns) from longwave to shortwave, with state-of-the-art measurements of crystal PSDs, the ice water content and temperature etc. The project tested scattering models and PSD parameterisations used to describe cirrus cloud in atmospheric models, such as the UK MetOffice (MO) Unified model Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) with model improvements implemented by our MO project partners. \r\n\r\nThe project was possible because of NERC funded research that led to: state-of-the-art cloud probe instruments and software tools that addressed problems of ice crystal shattering at the inlet apertures and the great uncertainty in ice crystal size distributions of the past; and the development of the unique far-IR instrument TAFTS at Imperial College (IC). The ability to measure the entire spectrum from an aircraft, and so simultaneously measure the cirrus crystal types, sizes, temperature and IWC, roughness etc., is a unique facility only available on the UK FAAM aircraft. They combined radiometry in the far-IR of IC, in mid-IR to solar of MO, cloud microphysics instrumentation and expertise of Manchester and Hertfordshire Universities, and UKMO/FAAM with complementary cloud and atmospheric state measurements. This project provides a leap forward to cirrus modelling, the datasets allowing for testing and development of models and parameterizations used to predict the effect of cirrus clouds in the high troposphere.\r\n\r\nThe project's aim was to understand the link between evolving ice cloud microphysical properties and the resulting radiative signatures of the cirrus, at the macrophysical scale, as seen from a remote sensing platform. This objective was achieved through a ground breaking cirrus coupled cloud-radiation airborne campaign across the Arctic and Mid-latitudes, which obtained first time radiation measurements across the electromagnetic spectrum (visible to sub-mm wavelengths) together with state-of-the-art cloud microphysics measurements. This exploited the recent leap in advances in microphysical and radiance data quality. The project will use these unique datasets to test and facilitate improvements to cirrus scattering models and parameterizations for climate and NWP models. The goal of the project was for an accurate parameterisation of cirrus optical properties in global climate modelling and NWP.\r\n\r\nThrough a radiative closure experiment, and testing of cirrus scattering models throughout the LW and SW for the first time, they provided the evidence for a more direct coupling between cloud physics and radiation, and to show that such schemes can simulate the measured radiation fields correctly, through a direct link between GCM prognostic variables and the cirrus optical properties. Such schemes will represent a paradigm shift in GCM parameterization, as current operational GCMs rely on linking radiation to cloud physics through diagnosed quantities only. \r\n \r\nThe objectives of this project were as follows (priority here relates to the order in which the objectives will be met):\r\n1. A radiative closure cirrus cloud-radiation experiment in northern and mid latitudes.\r\n2. Obtain a well calibrated set of high resolution radiance measurements throughout the infra-red and visible spectrum, 0.3-125 microns, from above and below and within an extensive layer of well developed cirrus.\r\n3. Characterise the atmospheric column above and below the cloud layer in terms of humidity distribution, temperature structure and other key radiatively-active species.\r\n4. Map the ice crystal particle size distribution, habit types and crystal complexity (including roughness, concavity etc) within the cloud layer, to provide an accurate, well-constrained, consistent description of the microphysical state.\r\n5. Use derivatives of the macrophysical and microphysical state, including ice water content and temperature, as input into state-of-the-art scattering model codes and cirrus parameterisations, whose output (via a radiative transfer model) will be critically validated against the radiance measurements throughout the sub-mm, infrared and visible spectrum. Sensitivity of the predicted radiance to PSD, habit types, aggregate and ensemble models, crystal complexity will be investigated by reference to the microphysical datasets.\r\n6. Exploit campaign datasets and constraint of cloud microphysical and radiative uncertainties in case studies to facilitate improvement of cirrus scattering models allowing a self-consistent and physically-based parameterisation of the ice crystal scattering properties.\r\n7. Through case studies using northern and mid-latitude campaign datasets, test the ice crystal scattering models and the coupled cloud-radiation parameterization by running the high-resolution version of the MO Unified Model (UM) at 1.0km resolution, with a view to incorporating the new parameterisations into the widely used UM.\r\n \r\nThe results have impacted cirrus modelling in GCMs, both for numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate change, and in remote sensing.\r\n\r\nIn addition further objectives were to:\r\n8. Conduct a study of the moderating effect of cirrus on far-IR heating rates by comparing derived heating rates directly from the far-IR data, and comparing these to models using the newly-derived scattering properties.\r\n9. Study the spatial variability of the far-IR cirrus radiative signal as a function of the cloud structure, and determine the impact on precision of ((cirrus cloud modelling???.)) \r\n\r\n\r\n****The dataset contains full spectrum radiative measurements (125-0.3 microns) from longwave to shortwave, with state-of-the-art measurements of crystal PSDs, the ice water content and temperature etc. The ability to measure the entire spectrum from an aircraft, and so simultaneously measure the cirrus crystal types, sizes, temperature and IWC, roughness etc., is a unique facility only available on the UK FAAM aircraft. ****", "keywords": "CIRCCREX, cirrus", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/9046/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/15916/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46087/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46155/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46156/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46089/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46088/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46157/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12132, "uuid": "a3f231fadf7641c6993c7a67d52bcd2f", "title": "CLouds and Aerosol Radiative Impacts and Forcing: Year 2016 (CLARIFY-2016)", "abstract": "The CLARIFY-2016 project was consortium of 5 university partners and the UK Met Office who aimed to measure and understand the physical, chemical, optical and radiative properties of BBAs (biomass burning aerosol) in the key South East Atlantic region. This project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/L013797/1 - and was led by Professor James Haywood (University of Exeter).\r\n\r\nBiomass burning aerosol (BBA) exerts a considerable impact on climate by impacting regional radiation budgets as it significantly reflects and absorbs sunlight, and its cloud nucleating properties perturb cloud microphysics and hence affect cloud radiative properties, precipitation and cloud lifetime. However, BBA is a complex and poorly understood aerosol species as it consists of a complex cocktail of organic carbon and inorganic compounds mixed with black carbon and hence large uncertainties exist in both the aerosol-radiation-interactions and aerosol-cloud-interactions, uncertainties that limit the ability of our current climate models to accurately reconstruct past climate and predict future climate change.\r\n \r\nThe African continent is the largest global source of BBA (around 50% of global emissions) which is transported offshore over the underlying semi-permanent cloud decks making the SE Atlantic a regional hotspot for BBA concentrations. While global climate models agree that this is a regional hotspot, their results diverge dramatically when attempting to assess aerosol-radiation-interactions and aerosol-cloud-interactions. Hence the area presents a very stringent test for climate models which need to capture not only the aerosol geographic, vertical, absorption and scattering properties, but also the cloud geographic distribution, vertical extent and cloud reflectance properties. Similarly, in order to capture the aerosol-cloud-interactions adequately, the susceptibility of the clouds in background conditions; aerosol activation processes; uncertainty about where and when BBA aerosol is entrained into the marine boundary layer and the impact of such entrainment on the microphysical and radiative properties of the cloud result in a large uncertainty. BBA overlying cloud also causes biases in satellite retrievals of cloud properties which can cause erroneous representation of stratocumulus cloud brightness; this has been shown to cause biases in other areas of the word such as biases in precipitation in Brazil via poorly understood global teleconnection processes. \r\n\r\n\r\nThese challenges can now be addressed as both measurement methods and high resolution model capabilities have developed rapidly and are now sufficiently advanced that the processes and properties of BBA can be sufficiently constrained. This measurement/high resolution model combination can be used to challenge the representation of aerosol-radiation-interaction and aerosol-cloud-interaction in coarser resolution numerical weather prediction (NWP) and climate models. Previous measurements in the region are limited to the basic measurements made during SAFARI-2000 when the advanced measurements needed for constraining the complex cloud-aerosol-radiation had not been developed and high resolution modelling was in its infancy.\r\n\r\nThe main aims of CLARIFY-2016 were to deliver a suite of ground and aircraft measurements which measure, understand, evaluate and improve:\r\na)\tthe physical, chemical, optical and radiative properties of BBAs\r\nb)\tthe physical properties of stratocumulus clouds\r\nc)\tthe representation of aerosol-radiation interactions in weather and climate models \r\nd)\tthe representation of aerosol-cloud interactions across a range of model scales. \r\n\r\nThe main field experiment took place during September 2016, based in Walvis Bay, Namibia. The UK large research aircraft (FAAM) was used to measure in-situ and remotely sensed aerosol and cloud properties while advanced radiometers on board the aircraft measured aerosol and cloud radiative impacts. This project was written on a stand-alone basis, but there was close collaboration and coordinating with both the NASA ORACLES programme (5 NASA centres, 8 USA universities) and NSF-funded ONFIRE programme (22 USA institutes).\r\n\r\n\r\nKey objectives of CLARIFY-2016 were:\r\nKO1: Measure and understand the physical, chemical, optical and radiative properties of BBAs in the key SE Atlantic region.\r\nKO2: Understand, evaluate and improve the physical properties of the SE Atlantic stratocumulus clouds and their environment in a range of models.\r\nKO3: Evaluate and improve the representation of BBA-radiation interactions over the SE Atlantic when clouds are absent/present at a range of model scales and resolutions. \r\nKO4: Evaluate and improve the representation of BBA-cloud interactions over the SE Atlantic at a range of model scales and resolutions.\r\n\r\nThese objectives were be achieved by conducting an intensive airborne field campaign with supporting surface and satellite measurements. The measurements were used to challenge, and develop improved models at different spatial scales from the cloud scale to the global scale that couple aerosols, clouds and radiation. \r\n\r\nThe enabling objectives were:- \r\nEO1: To use forecast and observations to optimise scheduling of the flight plans, balancing our operations to ensure data provision for all our enabling objectives.\r\nEO2: To characterise chemical, microphysical, optical and radiative properties of BBA over the SE Atlantic region, focussing on black carbon, absorption and single scattering albedo.\r\nEO3: To investigate the geographic and vertical profile of BBA over the region.\r\nEO4: To characterise the vertical thermodynamic structure of the MBL, residual continental polluted layer, and free troposphere and diurnal and synoptic scale variations. \r\nEO5: To characterise broad-band and spectral reflectance of the ocean surface and stratocumulus clouds when overlying BBA is present/absent from the atmospheric column.\r\nEO6: To characterise key cloud processes and parameters such as entrainment, cloud dynamics, cloud-base updraft velocities, cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), cloud droplet number concentrations (CDNC), cloud droplet effective radius, cloud liquid water path and optical depth. \r\nEO7: Use CLARIFY campaign data with representative statistical sampling as well as high-resolution models to establish robust relationships between sub-grid scale variables and large-scale model parameters suitable for constraining aerosol-cloud interactions. \r\nEO8: To use synergistic observations/model simulations to investigate impacts on NWP and climate model performance, feedback mechanisms, regional and global climate impacts and teleconnections.\r\n", "keywords": "CLARIFY, clouds, aerosol", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/identifiers/9339/?format=api" ], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/25119/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46090/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46091/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46152/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46153/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46158/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46154/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12133, "uuid": "32adbda6e8144f5fae0aa1c4ffb9bb21", "title": "Observational constraints on the global organic aerosol budget", "abstract": "This project aimed to quantify the global organic carbon aerosol (OA) budget, identify and quantify the dominant sources of OA, and determine the evidence for a substantial enhancement of secondary organic aerosol by anthropogenic pollution. It was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/J014257/1 - and was lead by Dr Dominick Spracklen (University of Leeds). \r\n\r\nUnderstanding climate change is one of the most important challenges facing science today. Atmospheric particles (aerosol) impact the Earth's climate through absorbing and scattering sunlight and through changing the properties of clouds. Aerosols from human activity (e.g., from car exhausts and industrial activity) are the dominant cooling forcing of the Earth's climate and have partly counteracted greenhouse gas warming over the industrial period. Quantifying this aerosol cooling is a critical step to making more accurate predictions of climate change.\r\n\r\nOver the past few decades substantial effort has been spent trying to better understand how aerosols impact climate. Much of this early effort focussed on sulfate which was known to be an important anthropogenic aerosol. However, in the past few years new instruments have allowed a detailed evaluation of the chemical composition of aerosol. A surprising result from these studies was the importance of organic carbon aerosol. In fact, in many places in the atmosphere it was found that organic carbon aerosol actually dominated the mass loading of fine (submicron) particles. \r\n\r\nClimate and atmospheric aerosol models have been unable to reproduce the amount of organic aerosol observed in the atmosphere with the model underprediction being greatest in polluted regions. Evidence points to the major problem with the models being in the treatment of secondary organic aerosol (SOA): that is organic aerosol that is formed in the atmosphere from gas-phase precursors. Improving our understanding of SOA and organic aerosol will be challenging because many 1000s of organic components and 10 000s reactions are involved in their formation. However, it is an essential step in improving both air quality and climate predictions. A further complication comes from radio-carbon observations that suggest that the majority of the organic carbon aerosol in the atmosphere is modern (non-fossil). The typical interpretation of this observation is that the dominant source of organic carbon aerosol is from biogenic (vegetation) sources. If this were the case it would be expected that the highest concentrations of organic carbon aerosol would be found over forests. However, observations show the opposite, with high concentrations over polluted regions and much lower concentrations over forests. It has been suggested that this apparent contradiction could be due to organic vapours from biogenic sources more efficiently converting to organic carbon aerosol in the presence of anthropogenic pollution. A model and organic carbon observations have previously been used to suggest that as much as 60% of global organic carbon aerosol could be formed through this enhancement mechanism. If this is true it has substantial implications for our understanding of aerosol climate forcing. \r\n\r\nThis project will synthesise observations of organic carbon aerosol from a wide range of different instruments. The different instruments complement each other in the information they provide and together provide a rigorous and demanding test for the model. This database was used to evaluate a global aerosol model and to improve the treatment of the sources of organic aerosol in the model. It is the most comprehensive test of organic carbon aerosol in a global model to date. The project tested whether there was strong evidence for a substantial enhancement of secondary organic aerosol by anthropogenic pollution. This work greatly improved our understanding of the sources and processes controlling organic carbon aerosol and will help to guide future field and laboratory measurements.\r\n\r\nThis project has compiled a comprehensive dataset of ambient organic carbon aerosol (OA) observations analysed with a global aerosol model which:\r\n\r\n1) Quantifies the global OA budget;\r\n\r\n2) Identifies and quantifies the dominant sources of OA;\r\n\r\n3) Determines the evidence for a substantial enhancement of secondary organic aerosol by anthropogenic pollution.\r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n", "keywords": "Aerosol, OA, Pollution, Anthropogenic", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46092/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46093/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46149/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46150/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46151/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12134, "uuid": "84bb0ff77b5846999262eb919dd36ed1", "title": "Oxidant Budgets of the Northern Hemisphere Troposphere Since 1950 (OXBUDS)", "abstract": "The OXBUDS project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/M003248/1 - and was lead by Professor Claire Reeves (University of East Anglia). This project brought together experts in firn air data interpretation with experts in chemistry-climate modelling. Both groups also had considerable expertise in organic (including alkyl) nitrate chemistry. OXBUDS specifically builds on past NERC funded work on the trends of alkanes and alkyl nitrates in firm air using simply relationships and models.\r\n\r\nThe hydroxyl radical (OH) is the dominant oxidizing agent in the troposphere, as such its concentration controls the abundances and lifetimes of most atmospheric pollutants, including the important greenhouse gas methane (CH4). Ozone (O3) is also an important oxidant and is itself a greenhouse gas. The concentrations of OH and O3 are interdependent, both being determined by a complex series of reactions involving CH4, carbon monoxide (CO), non-methane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOX = NO + NO2). As emissions of these compounds have changed substantially since pre-industrial times, the tropospheric budgets of OH and O3 will also have changed. However, there are large uncertainties associated with current understanding of these past changes and consequently very large uncertainties in projected future changes and associated climate impacts.\r\n\r\nMost of this uncertainty in past trends comes from lack of observations to constrain studies. Whilst there are a few direct observational data sets which indicate how O3 concentrations changed through the 20th century, there are none for OH. Direct observational data sets of CH4, NMVOCs, CO and NOX, extend, at best, from the 1980s. These time series can be extended backward in time through the analysis of air trapped in firn (unconsolidated snow). Whilst such historic time series have been available for CH4 for some time, only recently have they become available for CO and for some NMVOCs, in particular alkanes. Furthermore, we have also recently determined, from firn analysis, historic time series of alkyl nitrates. Alkyl nitrates are products of the chemistry involving NOX and as such can be used as a diagnostic of the changes in NOX. \r\n\r\nThese new (and in the case of the alkyl nitrates, unique), historic time series provide an exciting opportunity to investigate the changing OH and O3 budgets of the northern hemisphere troposphere since 1950 with observational constraints never available before. Very interestingly, the simple analyses carried out on these time series to date suggest that substantial changes in the atmospheric chemistry have occurred. To exploit the full value of these time series a detailed study is required with a comprehensive chemistry-climate model which is where the OXBUDS project comes in. \r\n\r\n\r\nThe aim of this project was to use long term trends of alkane and alkyl nitrate concentrations to determine the impact of changing anthropogenic emissions on the ozone and hydroxyl radical (OH) budgets of the northern hemisphere troposphere since 1950.\r\n\r\nThe outcomes of this study were: 1) a better understanding of the impact of changing anthropogenic emissions on the OH and ozone budgets of the northern hemisphere troposphere; 2) an improved modelling capability with which to project future changes and better inform climate policy.\r\n\r\nThis project had several specific objectives which were to:\r\n\r\n1)\tSignificantly improve the alky nitrate chemistry in the chemistry-climate model UM-UKCA (Unified Model - UK Chemistry Aerosol).\r\n2)\tDetermine the impact of different emission regions on Arctic alkane and alkyl nitrate composition and how this may have changed since 1950.\r\n3)\tThoroughly evaluate the UM-UKCA model against a variety of present-day alkane and alkyl nitrate data sets and, in doing so, improve understanding of factors controlling the current oxidant chemistry of the northern hemisphere troposphere.\r\n4)\tEmploy UM-UKCA to investigate the historical trends in tropospheric composition and chemistry required to reproduce the firn-derived time series in alkanes and alkyl nitrates, and, in doing so, determine the changes in OH and ozone budgets of the northern hemisphere troposphere.\r\n5)\tPerform attribution studies to assess the influence of emissions of individual compounds on the modelled, historical changes in OH and ozone.\r\n6)\tCompare the results from this study with data previously generated from a number of other chemistry-climate models.\r\n7)\tMake recommendations regarding further development of chemistry-climate models, in particular improvements in modelling ozone via the inclusion of alkyl nitrate chemistry.\r\n8)\tMaximise the feed through of the results into future IPCC assessments and ultimately international policy.\r\n\r\nThis project ran a set of modelling experiments to test the impact of primary (marine and biomass burning) alkyl nitrate emissions and secondary formation of alkly nitrates from peroxy radicals on the ozone, NOx and NOx reservoirs. It used UM-UKCA vn7.3 StratTrop (CheST) chemistry similar to that briefly documented In Banerjee et al. (DOI:10.5194/acp-14-9871-2014), marine emissions from Fisher et al (DOI: 10.5194/acp-16-5969-2016) and biomass burning emissions derived from GFED vn4. Other inputs are as for AR5 in Banerjee. The experiments describe the impact of methyl, ethyl and n- and i-propyl nitrates. The data from these experiments are voluminous and specific to these model runs and tehrefore remain with the project team. They are in native UM PP file format, and are output on the native N48L63 grid, 2.5x3.75 degree spatial resolution, with 63 model levels up to 85km, and comparable after interpolation to e.g. recent ATOM flights. Data are not stored at CEDA but can be accessed via the project contact: paul.griffiths@ncas.ac.uk", "keywords": "OXBUDS, chemistry, climate, modelling, nitrates", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46132/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46133/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46146/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46147/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/140182/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46148/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12135, "uuid": "c7f41e1cb0f7474fa18c71136945e005", "title": "The role of land-use change on influencing mountain climate on Kilimanjaro, East Africa", "abstract": "This project investigated the influence of land-use on surface climate (temperature and moisture availability) on Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa. It was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/J013366/1 - lead by Dr Nicholas Pepin (University of Portsmouth). \r\n\r\nThere has been extensive deforestation on Kilimanjaro and the summit ice-fields are retreating. The water supply on the lower slopes of the mountain are becoming more unreliable with more flash flooding and more periods of drought. The main cause of the summit ice retreat is that the climate is becoming drier, with less precipitation (hence accumulation of snow), and fewer clouds meaning more sunlight which causes intense sublimation and hence ablation. The reasons for drying, however, are not yet well understood. They are believed to be a combination of free air changes due to changes in the Indian ocean upstream to the east, and local-scale land use change (such as deforestation) which may dry out the air locally.\r\n\r\nBecause the mountain is in the tropics, the sun is strong and it heats the mountain each day. This causes upslope winds that help transport moisture from the rainforests on the lower slopes to the summit region where it is deposited as snow (or at the very least forms cloud that protects the ice fields from sunlight). The upper air itself is normally extremely dry, so it is possible that deforestation could in theory cause ice field decline.\r\n\r\nUnfortunately, although we have much high publicity research focusing on the ice-field decline, there is no field data on the slopes of the mountain that measures climate, although high profile and well-funded international campaigns have looked at the mountain summit in isolation. There are also lots of computer models of Kilimanjaro's climate and the effects of deforestation but they have no data against which to validate their simulations. \r\n\r\nThis project aimed to fill this gap by collecting field observations of temperature and moisture on both the windward dry north-east slope and the lee forested south-west slope, expanding on data already collected by the research team since 2004. The funding allowed collection of three years of data on the south-west slope (11 years in total), and three years on the drier north-eastern slope. As well as the comparison between slopes, data was collected from subsidiary studies at a more local scale (at given elevations on both the south-west and north-east slopes) examining the contrast between vegetated and unvegetated locations.\r\n\r\nThe results were compared with free-air temperatures and moisture at the same elevations (from reanalysis products and weather balloon records) which showed how the mountain surface itself is influencing the climate. The project also compared the two slopes to quantify the large scale effect of vegetation (the south-west slope has healthy forest cover but the north-east slope does not) and local scale effects by comparing vegetated/non-vegetated readings on both slopes.\r\n\r\nThe obtained differences could be used to reconstruct mountain climate back in the past, and also to compare/validate the computer models that are attempting to simulate the effects of land-use change on the mountain.\r\n\r\nThe key objective of this research was to investigate the influence of land-use on surface climate (temperature and moisture availability) on Mount Kilimanjaro in Africa.\r\n\r\nThe overall aim was to quantify the current climate on Kilimanjaro and thus investigate the potential role land surface changes (including deforestation) may play in influencing glacial change.\r\n\r\nThe main objectives were:\r\n1. To obtain reliable field observations of air temperature, vapour pressure, and relative humidity (hence cloud cover) on both the densely forested south-west lee slope and drier windward north-east slope of the mountain, covering all elevations of the mountain from 800 m to 5800 m.\r\n\r\n2. To supplement the larger scale slope contrast with detailed study of the influence of vegetation at given elevations on both slopes through contrasting vegetated/non-vegetated observations.\r\n\r\n3. To compare the surface observations on both slopes with free atmospheric measurements at equivalent elevations, to determine the influence of the mountain surface on generating its own climate. The role of vegetation in controlling these differences will be examined. This will subsequently allow downscaling of surface mountain climate from free-air parameters, and enable reconstruction of surface mountain climate back to 1950 through hindcasting.\r\n\r\n4. To use the surface observations to improve model simulations of mountain climate through helping validate modelling efforts which are attempting to assess the influence of land-use change on Kilimanjaro's mountain climate and summit ice-fields.", "keywords": "temperature, relative humidity, Kilimanjaro, mountain", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/13771/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46142/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/52702/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46134/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46135/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46143/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46144/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12136, "uuid": "9f5271615b78455298a30f02b61b727e", "title": "Atmospheric Chemistry In The Earth System (ACITES) Network", "abstract": "The ACITES network was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the grant references - NE/K001280/1, NE/K001272/1 and NE/K001329/1. These grants were led by Professor Mathew Evans (University of York), Dr Oliver Wild (Lancaster University) and Professor David Stevenson (University of Edinburgh). \r\n\r\nAtmospheric chemistry plays an essential role in the Earth system. Whether from the perspective of a changing radiation balance, the impact of pollutants on vegetation, the size distribution of cloud droplets or the effect of desert dust on ocean bio-geochemistry, understanding the composition and chemistry of the atmosphere is vital. The UK has a long history in atmospheric chemistry research, from the early days of sulphur smogs, through stratospheric ozone depletion to ongoing research on air quality and climate. The UK community is diverse and plays a central role in global efforts to advance understanding through laboratory, field and process modelling studies.\r\n\r\nMuch of this world-leading atmospheric chemistry research focuses on developing detailed understanding of the various processes controlling atmospheric composition. However, addressing many of society's greatest environmental problems now requires a wider 'Earth System' approach which considers the ensemble of processes occurring on the planet, from the biosphere, to the oceans, cryosphere and the atmosphere, rather than focusing on a single domain in isolation. Earth System Models represent our understanding of processes and interactions across these domains and creating such models is one of the grand challenges for science. Achieving an effective integration of state-of-the-science understanding derived from process studies into Earth System Models is a challenge. This network encouraged this integration in order to better develop the UK's capabilities in atmospheric chemistry and Earth System Modelling. \r\n\r\nThe network achieved this exchange in two main ways. The first was through a series of meetings, the second through the community undertaking two science projects. \r\n\r\nThe first activity comprised of a comprehensive series of meetings that brought together the various processes focused groups with Earth System Modelling focused groups. These included groups from universities, NERC Centres and Meteorological Services. Both large, multi-day inclusive meetings to bring together the whole community and smaller, more focused meetings were undertaken. The three large meetings discussed science topics and future directions. They identified important science topics which were then followed up with smaller focused meetings (~12). Three topics were chosen in advance of the meetings; One involved reactive carbon emissions from the biosphere and two involved the atmospheric chemistry schemes used within models of different complexities. \r\n\r\nThe network also undertook two challenging science projects supported by two PDRA posts. These focussed on developing observationally constrained metrics of two key processes for atmospheric chemistry: transport and deposition. Both of these processes need to be 'fit for purpose' for ESMs to be suitable for atmospheric chemistry studies. Groups across the country, including those running ESMs, provided relevant model simulations. Observationally based metrics were constructed and the models compared to assess their suitability. \r\n\r\nOther activities included workshops to allow process focused scientists to engage with the current generation of NERC/MO ESM; meetings to discuss technical/software/governance issues with ESMs; support for the network to engage with similar international efforts; and the creation of an Emerging Scientists network to foster the next generation of scientists.\r\n\r\nThe primary objective of the network was to enhance the UK's capability in modelling atmospheric chemistry within an Earth System perspective. This was achieved mainly through a series of workshops and meetings, and through the community working together on two challenging atmospheric chemistry focused projects.\r\n\r\nThe aims of the meetings were to identify and prioritise potential scientific projects, questions and developments in atmospheric chemistry for Earth System Modelling; to investigate synergies and intellectual pull-through across different scales and approaches to modelling; to identify links between atmospheric chemistry and other aspects of the Earth System; to bring together players from HEIs, NERC Centres and the wider science community (Met Office, JWCRP, ECMWF) to facilitate collaborative research; to link with international efforts in atmospheric chemistry; to engage with policy stakeholders and to develop the UK atmospheric chemistry community in general. \r\n\r\nThe atmospheric chemistry projects investigated two specific topics vital for representing atmospheric composition within the Earth system. The first of these addresses the requirements for the transport of atmospheric constituents for accurate representation of atmospheric chemistry and the second addresses the representation of deposition processes which govern both the composition of the lower atmosphere and the impacts it has on the biosphere at the Earth's surface.\r\n\r\nThe physics developed for Earth System Models typically targets the transport of water vapour, heat, and momentum. However mass-conservative transport of both long- and short-lived chemically-transforming tracers is less completely considered. This leads to errors in our ability to represent atmospheric composition on these larger, longer scales. This sub-project (with a funded PDRA) aimed to take advantage of the community's knowledge and experience to create observationally-based metrics of model transport to assess whether the representation of transport in models is fit for the purposes of atmospheric chemistry. \r\n\r\nThe deposition of atmospheric components to land and oceans is the ultimate fate of all compounds emitted into the atmosphere. These deposition processes can significantly impact the chemical composition of the atmosphere and an accurate representation of this deposition is a key, but under explored, component of the atmospheric chemistry system. This sub-project (again with a funded PDRA) developed observationally constrained metrics to assess the deposition schemes used in a range of the community's models and assess their suitability for atmospheric chemistry. \r\n\r\nOther activities included running workshops to introduce the process-based/observational community to the current generation of NERC/Met Office ESMs; meetings to discuss the technical/software/governance issues with ESMs and the creation of an emerging scientists network to foster the next generation of atmospheric chemists specializing in Earth System projects.\r\n\r\nThe network engaged with science partners such as the Met Office and the ECMWF, with agencies such as DEFRA and with the wider international community. Overall this network aimed to bring together the wide and diverse range of atmospheric chemistry occurring in the UK so as to support and focus atmospheric science in the UK, help define future research plans, and to encourage engagement with the wider NERC strategy.", "keywords": "ACITES, atmospheric chemistry", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/26222/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46136/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46138/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46140/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/112056/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/112057/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46145/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46137/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46139/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12137, "uuid": "068f9b6093504fa1b1f001301b0a6f04", "title": "Assessing the role of millennial-scale variability in glacial-interglacial climate change", "abstract": "This project aimed to improve understanding of the link between millenial- and orbital-timescale changes in Earth's climate. It was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant references - NE/J008133/1 and NE/J009350/1 - which were led by Dr Stephen Barker (Cardiff University) and Dr Andy Ridgwell (University of Bristol). \r\n\r\nEarth's climate varies on timescales ranging from decades to tens of millions of years. Once such mode of variability is related to changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun. This is known as 'orbital-timescale' variability and has characteristic timescales of tens to hundreds of thousands of years, giving rise to the well known glacial cycles of the Late Pleistocene. Superimposed on this glacial-interglacial variability is another mode of climate change, known as 'millennial-scale' climate variability (characterised by changes on a timescale of hundreds to a few thousands of years). Both of these modes of climate variability have received significant scientific enquiry because they involve major changes in global climate and yet both remain enigmatic in their underlying mechanisms. However, studies have suggested that these apparently separate mechanisms may in fact be intimately related. As such, improving our understanding of one should promote understanding in the other. This project investigated the potential role of millennial-scale climate variability in the wider changes associated with glacial-interglacial climate change. Specifically they examined the effects that occur in response to abrupt changes in ocean/atmosphere circulation that may play a role in the transition from glacial to interglacial climate (such as the last deglaciation, which occurred between 20 and 10 thousand years ago).\r\n\r\nIt is thought that changes in ocean circulation and related atmospheric phenomena can give rise to dramatic temperature fluctuations such as those recorded by Greenland ice cores during the last glacial and deglacial periods. Of note is the corresponding temperature variations recorded across Antarctica, which suggest that the climate system may act like a sort of seesaw; when circulation is strong, Greenland (and north western Europe) is warm and Antarctica cools. A weakened circulation gives rise to cold conditions across Greenland while warming occurs across Antarctica. An important side effect of this so-called 'bipolar seesaw' is that atmospheric carbon dioxide appears to rise every time the circulation is in a weakened state. Of particular relevance to this project is the rise in carbon dioxide that occurred during the last deglaciation, which was associated with a distinct oscillation of the bipolar seesaw. Moreover, several other seesaw oscillations occurred during the last glacial period, which also gave rise to increases in carbon dioxide but did not lead to deglaciation.\r\n\r\nThe project aimed to find out why certain bipolar seesaw oscillations (terminal oscillations) apparently lead to deglaciation while others (non-terminal oscillations) do not. It asked the question: Is there anything special about these events or is their affiliation with deglaciation merely coincidence? In order to answer to this question they combined quantitative data analysis with state-of-the-art computer models of the climate system. The project analysed climate records spanning several glacial cycles in order to provide a statistical representation of 'terminal' and 'non-terminal' oscillations of the bipolar seesaw. They then used computer models to investigate how the seesaw operates under a variety of background conditions. The ultimate goal was to find out what, if anything, makes terminal oscillations special. In so doing they provided important constraints on the mechanism of deglaciation.\r\n\r\nThe overall aim of this project was to improve understanding of the link between millennial- and orbital-timescale changes in Earth's climate. The main objective was to quantify the mechanisms and global impacts of the so-called bipolar seesaw, and to determine whether those events associated with glacial terminations are in some respect unusual. In so doing they aimed to improve our mechanistic understanding of glacial terminations. The specific objectives (of equal importance) werere as follows:\r\n\r\n(1)\tTo quantitatively characterise terminal and non-terminal oscillations of the bipolar seesaw with respect to key boundary conditions (insolation, ice volume, carbon dioxide)\r\n(2)\tTo isolate those deglacial changes not associated with bipolar seesaw oscillations\r\n(3)\tTo identify the physical characteristics of bipolar seesaw oscillations under different climate states using fully coupled General Circulation Model (GCM) simulations\r\n(4)\tTo examine the carbon cycle response to these changes using a combination of GCM and Earth System Model of Intermediate Complexity (EMIC) experiments", "keywords": "", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46160/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46164/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46161/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46162/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46165/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46163/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12138, "uuid": "fcf5cfa1f76545d5814647a22ee7d262", "title": "MESoscale Ocean eddies and Climate Predictions (MESO-CLIP)", "abstract": "The MESO-CLIP project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the grant references - NE/K005928/1 and NE/K005154/1 - led by Dr Joël Hirschi (National Oceanography Centre) and Dr Florian Sévellec (University of Southampton). \r\n\r\nMesoscale ocean eddies (MOEs) are swirls of water (typically a few hundred km in diameter) that are ubiquitous in the World Ocean. MOEs are the oceanic equivalent of weather systems in the atmosphere. In analogy to weather systems MOEs cannot be predicted a long time in advance. In computer models of the ocean MOEs can only develop if the spatial scale that the model can resolve is small enough. Typically a model needs to be able to resolve scales of about 30km (at mid-latitudes) to start generating MOEs. An ocean model is then said to be eddy-permitting. For a good representation of MOEs the resolved spatial scales need to be at least 10km. Ocean models with that resolution are often referred to as eddy-resolving. Until recently, the grid resolution in climate models used for climate prediction was too coarse (100 km and more) for MOEs to be simulated. This is now changing and the latest generation of climate models under development use ocean components that are eddy-permitting (and soon eddy-resolving). When and where MOEs occur in high resolution models depends on initial conditions (the temperature, salinity and velocities at the beginning of the model simulation). Even small changes in initial conditions will eventually lead to different MOE fields. This is analogous to weather patterns typically adopting different patterns in a matter of days when the initial conditions are perturbed at the beginning of a forecast. \r\n\r\nHow MOEs feed back on climate variability and predictability is still largely unknown. However, some recent studies suggest that MOEs could affect ocean and atmosphere variability on interannual to decadal timescales. Cutting edge climate models currently under development use eddy-permitting (e.g. HadGEM3-H in the UK) and eddy-resolving (e.g. CM2.6 in the US) oceans and therefore there is a need to get a better understanding of how MOEs affect forecasts based on such models. The main goal of MESO-CLIP was to determine how initial conditions (temperatures, salinities, velocities) have to be perturbed in eddy-permitting/resolving ocean models to assess the uncertainty in forecasts. They used a hierarchy of numerical models: (i) an uncoupled global ocean model run at horizontal grid resolutions of 1/4degree (25km at Equator) and 1/12degree (9 km at Equator), (ii) the latest coupled ocean-atmosphere model currently under development at the UK MetOffice (HadGEM3-H) which uses a 1/4degree ocean component, and (iii) an eddy-resolving (1/20degree) resolution idealised coupled ocean-atmosphere model. With this set of models they addressed how the presence of MOEs in the ocean affect the predictability and variability of ocean and atmosphere and how important coupled processes (interactions between the ocean and the atmosphere) are likely to be. MESO-CLIP therefore provides valuable knowledge about forecast uncertainties in present and future high resolution coupled models that will be used for climate predictions.\r\n\r\nThe main objectives of this project were to: \r\n\r\n- Define optimal method for the perturbation of initial conditions in eddy-permitting and eddy-resolving models\r\n\r\n- Assessment of the impact of mesoscale ocean eddies on the the predictability of ocean and atmosphere\r\n\r\n- Estimation of the amplitude of ocean variability that is due to mesoscale ocean eddies\r\n\r\n- Estimation of atmospheric variability due to ocean eddies\r\n\r\n- Estimation of impact of mesoscale ocean eddies on variability of the coupled ocean atmosphere system\r\n\r\n- Assessment of the impact of mesoscale ocean eddies on the predictability of ocean and atmosphere", "keywords": "", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46166/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46167/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46171/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46168/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46170/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46169/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12139, "uuid": "878172d346f04ead93a95de21c98327a", "title": "Modelling ice-sheets, climate and sea-level during the last glacial cycle", "abstract": "This project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant references - NE/I011099/1 and NE/I010920/1 - led by Professor Jonathan Gregory (University of Reading) and Professor Antony Payne (University of Bristol). \r\n\r\nThe repeated formation, advance, retreat and disappearance of ice-sheets is the defining characteristic of the glacial cycles of the last million years. At the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), 21,000 years ago, the extensive Northern Hemisphere ice-sheets had a major influence on global and regional climate, and global-mean sea-level was 120 m lower than present, mainly due to the much greater mass of water stored in ice on land. \r\n\r\nIce-sheets and climate interact strongly. Ice-sheets are very sensitive to climate change through its effect on snowfall and melting. They feed back on regional and global climate change through several mechanisms; for instance, sunlight is reflected by the snow and ice, surface temperature is cooled by raised elevation, and meltwater running off the ice-sheet into the sea may influence ocean circulation. The enormous and complex changes in climate and ice-sheets which take place during glacial cycles are not understood in several important respects or in detail. Explaining them is an exciting intellectual challenge of Earth system science. \r\n\r\nThe effect of anthropogenic climate change on the ice-sheets of Greenland and Antarctica could produce changes in global-mean sea-level of many metres over future centuries, with severe impacts on coastal populations and ecosystems. On the longer term, if climate change were reversed, the ice-sheets might regrow. Contemporary observations alone give us insufficient knowledge of the relevant processes to make reliable predictions, because changes during the relatively well-observed last century have been relatively small. Therefore the record of the larger natural variations that occur during glacial cycles is a crucial source of information about how ice-sheets may respond to and influence climate change in the future. \r\n\r\nThe aim of this project was to investigate the co-evolution of the climate and the Northern Hemisphere ice-sheets during the last glacial cycle. For the first time this was done by using the type of climate model used for detailed future climate projections, coupled to a detailed ice-sheet model. The focus was on the analysis of changes simulated by these computer models, which were compare with observational data. The outcomes of the project were (i) simulations of the last glacial cycle with a much more physically complete model than had been used before, including a quantification of the effect of model systematic uncertainty on the results; (ii) a consequent improvement in scientific understanding of ice-sheet change and its interaction with climate on timescales of centuries to millennia; (iii) an improved capability for modelling ice-sheet changes that will result from anthropogenic climate change. This project had obvious practical socio-economic relevance, since we want to be able to make predictions for the future.", "keywords": "", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46172/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46177/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46173/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46174/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46175/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46176/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12140, "uuid": "535f0e1b339a44e3842b2ac95fe1057f", "title": "PRESTO (PREcipitation STructures over Orography)", "abstract": "The PRESTO project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant references - NE/I024984/1 and NE/I026545/1 - led by Professor Suzanne Gray (University of Reading) and Professor David Schultz (University of Manchester). \r\n\r\nFlash floods cause loss of life and billions of pounds of damage each year within the UK, and take an additional toll on society through lasting impacts including a four-fold enhancement in the risk of depression. Because of the acute hazards and long-term consequences of these events, it is essential that they be accurately understood and predicted. Two of the three principal mechanisms behind UK flash-flooding events are convective storms and orographic precipitation (the other being frontal systems). Their impact has been reinforced in recent years by a series of devastating events. The Boscastle flood of 2004 and the Ottery St Mary's hailstorm of 2008 were both caused by quasi-stationary convective storms, and the Carlisle flood of 2005 and Cockermouth flood of 2009 were both caused by orographically enhanced rainfall. Although convection and orography may act independently to produce extreme rainfall, they are often closely linked over the complex UK terrain. The mechanical ascent upstream, over, and downwind of steep terrain and the thermally-driven ascent due to elevated heating are primary convection-initiation mechanisms in conditionally unstable flows. Because orography is fixed in space, these storms may anchor to specific terrain features and focus their precipitation over preferred areas. In particular, quasi-stationary precipitation bands are a manifestation of orographic convection that greatly increases flood risks because they focus heavy precipitation over specific regions. Such events are of particular concern over orographic watersheds, which, due to their steep gorges and confined basins, are highly susceptible to floods.\r\n\r\nThanks to the high resolution radar systems, quasi-stationary convective bands have been observed over numerous mountain regions including Japan, the Mediterranean region, Rocky Mountains, Pacific Northwest United States, and Caribbean islands. The hydro-meteorological importance of these bands is reflected by the planned installation of a dedicated observational network for banded orographic convection over the French Massif Central during the upcoming Hydrological Cycle in the Mediterranean (HyMEX) programme. Although these bands also develop regularly over the UK, they have received little previous attention. Moreover, the majority of previous studies have focused on specific cases and have not generally identified the environmental conditions that favour their formation, the mechanisms that cause them to develop, or their predictability in numerical models.\r\n\r\nPRESTO provided a leap forward in the understanding and prediction of quasi-stationary orographic convection in the UK and beyond. This was achieved through an intensive climatological analysis over several regions of the globe where continuous radar data was available, which identified the environmental conditions that support the bands and their characteristic locations and morphologies. Complementary high-resolution numerical simulations pinpointed the underlying mechanisms behind the bands and their predictability in numerical weather prediction models. This work provides positive impacts for the forecasting community, general public, and other academics in the field. Forecasters benefit from the identification of simple diagnostics that can be used operationally to predict these events based on available model forecasts and/or upstream soundings. A series of activities were used to directly engage with forecasters to effectively disseminate our findings. The public benefit from this improved forecasting of potentially hazardous precipitation events. The academic community benefit from the advanced physical understanding (which was disseminated through conferences, workshops, and peer-reviewed publications) and the numerous international collaborations associated with this project.\r\n\r\nTerrain-locked convective bands are gaining recognition for their potential to focus precipitation over localized regions and enhance flash-flooding risks in vulnerable watersheds. Despite these hydro-meteorological hazards, the prediction of these features is compromised by insufficient understanding and inherent limitations of NWP models. This project aimed to take a leap forward in the understanding and prediction of these features through a synthesis of observations and high-resolution numerical simulations. \r\n\r\nSpecific objectives included:\r\n1. To construct and synthesize a multi-region climatology of banded orographic convection using a combination of high-resolution operational observations and model reanalyses.\r\n2. To identify from the climatology the general environmental conditions that support quasi-stationary convective bands and control their precise locations and persistence.\r\n3. To isolate the physical mechanisms behind quasi-stationary convective bands through high-resolution numerical case studies and sensitivity experiments.\r\n4. To quantify the predictability of this convection in numerical weather prediction models.\r\n5. To assist operational forecasters in the identification of potentially hazardous banded events from model forecasts and upstream soundings.\r\n\r\nThe experimental approach was motivated by four hypotheses that were explicitly tested in this research:\r\n1. Terrain-locked convective bands form under similar conditions over different parts of the earth.\r\n2. The bands owe their existence to a range of different physical mechanisms, including forced orographic lifting, lee-side convergence, and the localized generation of slantwise convection.\r\n3. The exact band locations, and hence the potential for flooding in specific watersheds, are sensitive to small-amplitude uncertainties in the large-scale atmospheric flow.\r\n4. The organization and steadiness of these bands is delicate and can be disrupted by turbulent eddies that propagate through the convective regions.", "keywords": "PRESTO, precipitation, orography", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/25335/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46178/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46179/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46182/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46180/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46181/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46183/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12141, "uuid": "7cb857f60fd741d98a923078c4dfba29", "title": "Reanalysis of the AMOC", "abstract": "This project was funded by the Natural Environment Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/M005119/1 - which was led by Professor Keith Haines (University of Reading).\r\n\r\nThe Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC for short) transports warm and saline Atlantic surface waters northward to high polar latitudes where it is transformed into colder (and also fresher) water, which sinks and returns southward underneath the warm waters. The Gulf stream is the best known surface current that contributes to carrying the warm surface waters to the north. The strength of this exchange flow has been monitored now for 10 years at Latitude 26N (Florida-Africa). Models suggest that low frequency changes in this AMOC flow may (i) be predictable some years ahead, and (ii) lead to changes in North Atlantic weather and climate some years later due to changing the warm water distribution at the ocean surface. To realise the potential of the AMOC monitoring measurements at 26N these observations needed to be successfully assimilated into the ocean and climate prediction models being currently used at the Met Office and elsewhere. This project developed novel methods to introduce the AMOC observational data into the latest ocean and climate model environments, in combination with other complementary datasets that were available, e.g. from ocean profiling floats (ARGO), and from satellites measuring sea surface temperatures and sea level. The experiments were carried out in close collaboration with scientists from the Met Office and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF).\r\n\r\nThe main objectives of the project were:\r\n - To develop novel techniques for assimilating AMOC monitoring data compatible with sequential data assimilation schemes, in particular NEMOVAR, as used in operational centres. \r\n - In particular to develop the methods of lagged covariances to develop remote AMOC driving fields and the use of coupled ocean wind covariances for assimilation in the subtropical Atlantic.\r\n - To develop methods to identify the strongest RAPID signals for assimilation, using depth structure information, temporal correlations and other filters, in order to develop the appropriate covariance information for assimilation.\r\n - To demonstrate the application of new assimilation methods in ideal model experiments where the true AMOC signal is known.\r\n - To produce some estimates of uncertainties by applying ensemble methods to the reanalyses, varying forcings and observations within errors.\r\n - To develop new reanalysis datasets over the RAPID period incorporating RAPID data along with other datasets in a combined product.\r\n - To provide suitable output from these reanalyses for products to be useful as initial conditions for predictability experiments and for experiments on the budgets and transports of biogeochemical tracers in the N Atlantic, topics covered by other proposals in this call.", "keywords": "", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/19812/?format=api", "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46184/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46185/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46189/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46188/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46186/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46187/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12142, "uuid": "9976c97f6e884f6fbd834a6013d6fd72", "title": "SAPRISE: South Asian Precipitation: A Seamless Assessment", "abstract": "SAPRISE brought together UK and Indian scientists to make progress in understanding what affects the South Asian monsoon on different time scales. The ultimate goal of the project was to improve predictive capability and to therefore potentially improve the lives of those people affected by monsoon rains.\r\n\r\nSAPRISE used models and observations to investigate driving processes, variability, predictability and forced changes in South Asian precipitation on multiple time scales. A key focus was on interactions with the Indian and remote ocean basins and on the local and remote interactions with the dynamic and radiative effects of aerosol, addressing gaps in previous studies. \r\n\r\nSpecific Objectives were to:\r\n1.\tInvestigate processes responsible for present day mean, variability and change in South Asia precipitation and test the ability of state-of-the-art climate models to simulate this.\r\n2.\tEvaluate the skill of initialised experiments in predicting South Asia precipitation variability and investigate mechanisms for predictability.\r\n3.\tInvestigate changes in South Asia precipitation and its drivers and interactions in a changing climate.\r\n4.\tProvide a seamless assessment and syntheses of results to advance our understanding of precipitation variability, predictability and change in precipitation in South Asia.\r\n\r\nA further objective was to promote lasting collaboration and sharing of data and modeling expertise between Indian and UK climate modelers, observational experts and climate prediction teams and provide training and development to scientists in both countries. \r\n\r\nThe SAPRISE project was funded by the Natural Environment Council (NERC) with the grant references - NE/I022841/1 and NE/I022469/1 - led by Professor Matthew Collins (University of Exeter) and Professor Eleanor Highwood (University of Reading).", "keywords": "SAPRISE, rainfall, South Asia, monsoon, teleconnections, aerosols", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/26708/?format=api" ], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46190/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46195/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46192/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46191/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/113228/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46193/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46196/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46194/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46197/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12143, "uuid": "ee2543e20076455cb2214afcc6bf7f7b", "title": "South Asian methane emissions, inferred from surface, aircraft and satellite observations", "abstract": "This project was funded by the Natural Environment Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/L010992/1 - led by Dr Anita Ganesan (University of Bristol). \r\n\r\nMethane is a powerful Kyoto Protocol regulated greenhouse gas and has the second largest radiative forcing after carbon dioxide. Globally, a large fraction of methane emissions are naturally occurring from sources such as wetlands and termites. In South Asia, natural wetlands are a smaller but still significant source of methane compared to the larger anthropogenic sources such as rice paddies, ruminants, fossil fuel emissions and biomass burning. Global average emissions of methane are generally well constrained but in order to specifically quantify emissions from South Asia, measurements taken in close proximity of South Asian sources are required. To fulfill this objective, a measurement site in Darjeeling, India was established in 2011 to measure methane on-site and collects over 70 measurements per day. This project quantified methane emissions from each source sector (fossil fuel, wetlands, cattle, etc) by using surface, aircraft and satellite observations of methane concentration over South Asia.\r\n\r\nSatellites currently measure methane concentrations around the globe and are powerful tools because of their global coverage, while surface sites only measure at one location. The main limitation with satellites is that they can be prone to errors in areas where clouds and dust can mask the methane signal. One of the avenues of research that was done in this project was to combine all of the surface, aircraft and satellite measurements together and use the combined data to provide information on the quality of the satellite observations over South Asia. This helped to better understand how these satellite observations can be used over this region in the future. \r\n\r\nOne of the main sources of atmospheric methane in India comes from rice paddies, also known as anthropogenic wetlands. The process that governs these emissions is similar to that occurring in natural wetlands. When water covers the surface of the soil, oxygen is deprived to lower layers of the soil. In these anoxic zones, bacteria metabolize organic matter in the soil through a pathway that leads to methane production. However, the human influence on water management, fertilizer use and other agricultural practices makes rice paddy methane production a very different problem from a naturally driven wetland process. For example, humans artificially alter the water table level through the use of irrigation. Farmers also add additional nutrients into the soil, providing more organic matter and nitrogen for bacteria to utilize than would be found in a natural wetland. Furthermore, rice paddies are often created in areas that wouldn't otherwise contain wetland and thus are artificially introduced. \r\n\r\nOne of the main objectives of this research was to improve our understanding of the processes that drive methane emissions from wetland sources in India (from both natural wetlands and rice paddies). A wetland model was used and modified to include agricultural practices, to simulate emissions from the ground as well as a model of atmospheric transport to link the processes producing methane in the soil to the measurements that we make in the atmosphere. These atmospheric observations were used to improve the processes in the wetland model. Using this tool, the project produced the most accurate and up-to-date methane emissions estimates, from all sources, from the Indian subcontinent. Finally, projected emissions of methane from rice agriculture in India to the year 2100 were created using projected rice-growth and future climate scenarios such as those used in the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5).\r\n\r\nThe overall objective of this project was to improve understanding of the sources and processes that govern methane emissions from South Asia. The work accurately quantified South Asian methane fluxes from all source sectors and elucidate the drivers of South Asian wetland variability using the complete set of surface, aircraft and satellite observations from South Asia. \r\n\r\nThe main objectives of this study were to:\r\n1. Quantify methane emissions from all source sectors in South Asia\r\n2. Present a robust validation of the GOSAT satellite product over South Asia using surface and aircraft measurements \r\n3. Elucidate the drivers of wetland/rice paddy variability in South Asia using atmospheric observations and a dynamic vegetation model modified to include agricultural practices\r\n4. Predict future South Asian wetland/rice emissions and the climate feedbacks and response to this forcing\r\n5. Continue an active measurement campaign at a newly developed in situ station in India and deploy new measurement systems (halocarbons, isotopologues)\r\n6. Apply the novel model framework developed for South Asia to estimate East Asian methane emissions using AGAGE observations from China, Korea and Japan.\r\n7. Incorporate nitrous oxide observations into the model framework to improve understanding of the nitrogen cycle", "keywords": "", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46198/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46199/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46202/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46200/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46201/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12144, "uuid": "6c93ff856bda41d99342702593ec6053", "title": "The organization of tropical rainfall", "abstract": "This project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/I021012/1 - and was led by Dr Christopher Holloway (University of Reading). \r\n\r\nTropical cloud systems and rainfall help drive the global circulation of the atmosphere, transferring heat from near the Earth's surface upward for many kilometres. These convective systems can be found in groups of many different sizes, from isolated showers and thunderstorms to equatorial waves to tropical cyclones to the Madden-Julian Oscillation (MJO), an eastward-propagating weather system composed of superclusters of convection several thousand kilometres across which dominates tropical weather variability on weekly to monthly time scales. Global numerical weather forecast and climate models still do not adequately simulate these organized storm clusters and, as a result, have too little (or incorrect) variability of tropical rainfall. Improvement of the representation of organized tropical convection, and therefore the accuracy of weather forecasts, would greatly improve the lives of billions of people who rely on rainfall for agriculture in the tropics and subtropics; better forecasts of strong storms and flooding would also save countless lives and reduce property damage. Furthermore, these processes may change in the future as the climate changes due to human activities, so an improvement of the ability of global models to simulate organized convection will lead to better predictions of possible climate change scenarios over the whole globe. \r\n\r\nGlobal weather and climate models divide the Earth into grid boxes about 100 km across. These boxes are too large to directly simulate the motions responsible for small-scale rainstorms, instead estimating total rainfall based on average conditions in the box. This simplified rain estimation, necessary because of limited computer resources, ignores the interaction of isolated rain showers with each other and regional weather conditions. \r\n\r\nAn exciting new research area is the study of organized convection in high-resolution idealized models. These models, with constant sea surface temperatures and constant sunlight, can now be run on domains several thousand kilometres across and with grid boxes of only a few kilometres long, allowing convection to be represented explicitly. These models are beginning to provide insight into processes that lead to spontaneous growth of convective clusters which can ultimately grow to a single large cluster accounting for all of the rainfall in the domain. These processes act over a wide range of spatial scales which are not fully resolved in global models. \r\n\r\nHowever, the processes which lead to organized convection in idealized models are still not well understood, and it is not known whether they are also important for organizing tropical convection in nature. This project exploited a large archive of high-resolution model runs, forecast analyses, and observations from satellites to make more direct comparisons between idealized cases and observed phenomena. Ultimately, this endeavour had the potential to lead to improvements in the way that global models, especially the UK Met Office Unified Model, simulate tropical rainfall and with it global weather and climate. \r\n\r\nThis project benefited from collaborations with University of Reading, the Met Office and with other scientists approaching similar problems using different models.\r\n\r\nThe improvement of global model simulations of tropical rainfall, along with associated cloud fields and atmospheric heating, is key to reducing uncertainty in predictions of high-impact weather and climate change. Global models still fail to produce realistic large-scale clusters of tropical clouds and rainfall, which are fundamental to predicting variability on weekly and monthly timescales and have major effects on phenomena such as tropical cyclones, El Nino, and the Asian monsoon, as well as the entire global circulation. Recent high-resolution simulations for idealized conditions over tropical oceans have shown spontaneous self-aggregation of convection, with likely causes including feedbacks between convection, moisture and clouds, and radiation, as well as between convection and surface fluxes. \r\n\r\nThis project aimed to clearly identify processes important for self-aggregation of convection in idealized models and then to test whether these processes, or different processes, are active in convective organization in nature. The second part of this goal was an open question in the field, and this fellowship has the potential to connect a rapidly expanding theoretical research area with ongoing efforts to improve the understanding and prediction of tropical variability. The focus on the Unified Model benefited weather and climate prediction in the UK by exchanging ideas with Met Office scientists who were directly involved in testing and improving the model. \r\n\r\nThe specific objectives of this project, with increasing priority downwards, were to address the following three questions: \r\n1. What processes are responsible for convective self-aggregation in idealized models? \r\n2. To what extent are these idealized model processes important for convective organization in nature as represented by observations, forecast analyses, and high-resolution model case studies, particularly in conditions resembling those of idealized models? What processes lead to the simplest cases of convective organization observed? \r\n3. How do more complex features of nature, such as equatorially-trapped waves, land-sea contrast, and extratropical features, interact with more idealized mechanisms for convective organization? \r\n\r\nAddressing these specific objectives allowed for the improvement of numerical weather and climate prediction by contributing new ideas for the development of both high-resolution models with explicit convection and lower resolution models with parameterized convection.", "keywords": "Tropical, rainfall, clouds, MJO", "status": "completed", "publicationState": "published", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/observationcollections/25021/?format=api" ], "parentProject": "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/projects/877/?format=api", "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46203/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46204/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46205/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46207/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46206/?format=api" ] }, { "ob_id": 12145, "uuid": "5b8dc8aa3df8483296aaad74ddc0189a", "title": "The role of air-sea interactions in sub-seasonal variability", "abstract": "This project aimed to understand the mechanisms by which air-sea interactions control the development and intensification of high-impact weather extremes, and to improve the ability of numerical models to simulate those mechanisms. It was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/L010976/1 - led by Dr Nicholas Klingaman (University of Reading). \r\n\r\nDaily-monthly regional variations in weather and climate influence lives and livelihoods by affecting agriculture, hydrology and infrastructure. These sub-seasonal variations are controlled by high-impact phenomena including tropical cyclones; \"blocking\" high-pressure systems that cause droughts and heatwaves; and broad, organised areas of enhanced or reduced tropical thunderstorm activity that cause active and suppressed periods of monsoon rainfall.\r\n\r\nAnalysis of field and satellite observations has suggested that transfers of energy and moisture between the atmosphere and the sea surface influence the location and intensity of these phenomena. These transfers result in short-lived (1-2 weeks) changes to sea-surface temperatures (SSTs), which can influence the atmosphere; tropical thunderstorms tend to favour warmer waters, for example. It is not possible to distinguish forcing from response using observations alone, however, preventing understanding of how air-sea feedbacks influence sub-seasonal phenomena. Many short- and medium-range (1-14 days) forecasts use numerical models of only the atmosphere, neglecting potentially critical air-sea interactions. Atmosphere-ocean coupled models that represent these interactions are used for seasonal-to-decadal forecasts and climate-change projections, but often struggle to simulate sub-seasonal variability. These failings limit predictions of regional weather and extremes, create uncertainty in regional climate-change projections and prevent scientists from using these models to understand air-sea feedbacks.\r\n\r\nThese failings were addressed through a novel modelling framework of an atmospheric model coupled to a simplified ocean model, which improved simulated short-lived SST variations; minimized errors in the model's mean climate that inhibit the simulation of high-impact phenomena; and allowed air-sea feedbacks to be simulated in only certain regions of the globe or at certain times of year, to aid understanding of how these feedbacks influence high-impact phenomena. The framework was used with models from the Met Office, the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts and the Center for Multiscale Modelling of Atmospheric Processes (U.S.). Using models that differ considerably in their simulated high-impact phenomena permits more thorough testing of hypotheses about the impacts of air-sea interactions.\r\n\r\nThis framework allowed the simulated effects of air-sea interactions on high-impact phenomena to be more cleanly separated from the effect of errors in the simulation of the mean climate. Previous studies have conflated these effects, creating uncertainty about the role of air-sea interactions in sub-seasonal variability. In this framework, variations among models in how high-impact phenomena respond to air-sea interactions were caused only by variations in the formulations of the atmospheric models. This inspired experiments to alter these formulations and investigate how the representation of key atmospheric processes, such as the relationship between atmospheric moisture and precipitation, affects the simulation of high-impact phenomena. Re-forecasts of past high-impact phenomena allowed close comparisons of simulations and observations and permitted experiments that test the effects of individual processes. Experiments in which model errors in the simulated mean climate were introduced in particular regions, or times of year, identified errors that most inhibit sub-seasonal variability. This fellowship aimed to improve understanding of air-sea interactions and their role in sub-seasonal variability, predictions of weekly-monthly variations in weather and climate, and regional projections of climate change. \r\n\r\nThe main aims of this fellowship were (a) to identify the mechanisms by which air-sea interactions influence key aspects of tropical and extra-tropical sub-seasonal variability and (b) improve the representation of these mechanisms in general circulation models.\r\n\r\nThe specific objectives of this fellowship were: \r\n(1) to understand how air-sea interactions influence the intensity and propagation of organised tropical convection, including the Madden-Julian oscillation (MJO) and monsoon intra-seasonal variability; \r\n(2) to understand how air-sea interactions influence the persistence of extra-tropical circulation anomalies (e.g., blocking anti-cyclones); \r\n(3) to develop diagnostics for air-sea coupling strength in general circulation models and link variations in that strength to the simulated responses of tropical convection and extra-tropical blocking to air-sea coupling; \r\n(4) to understand how air-sea interactions influence the extra-tropical response to and forcing of the Madden-Julian oscillation; \r\n(5) to understand how local air-sea interactions modify the tropical and extra-tropical responses to the El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO).", "keywords": "", "status": "ongoing", "publicationState": "working", "identifier_set": [], "observationCollection": [], "parentProject": null, "subProject": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46208/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46209/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46212/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46210/?format=api", "https://api.catalogue.ceda.ac.uk/api/v2/rpis/46211/?format=api" ] } ] }