Observation List

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            "title": "Saturation vapour pressures of atmospherically relevant organic compounds",
            "abstract": "This dataset contains values of saturation vapour pressures of atmospherically relevant organic compounds, derived from the University of Manchester Knudsend Effusion Mass Spectrometer (KEMS). This dataset was collected as part of the International network for coordinating work on the physicochemical properties of molecules and mixtures important for atmospheric particulate matter project, funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, grant: NE/N013794/1).",
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                    "abstract": "Predicting the impact of atmospheric aerosols, through their evolving size and chemical composition, relies on using mechanistic models that attempt to predict the partitioning of potentially millions of such compounds between the gas phase and condensed phase. Uncertainties in the physicochemical properties of pure components and condensed phase mixtures affect our ability to accurately predict and resolve this partitioning. How do we tackle such uncertainties? \r\n\r\nIn 2 ongoing NERC grants, a range of fundamental properties of pure components and mixtures (vapour pressures, viscosities and diffusion constants), are being measured with the objective of improving predictions for atmospheric functionalities. Given the urgency of making such measurements, complementary instruments and expertise exists across the EU and North America that is not available through existing NERC projects. Similarly, the laboratory facilities and expertise enabled by the referenced NERC projects are not accessible to such international programmes. Why is the lack of coherence in methodology and expertise a problem? Recent reviews by the international community highlight significant discrepancies between experimental methods. Despite this, there is no coordinated effort to reconcile these differences or to start compiling appropriate data, with appropriate screening, to improve the predictive techniques essential for improving atmospheric aerosol models. Current compiled data are extremely sparse. On top of this, there are no recommended standards to establish accepted criteria for future measurements or an agreed set of modelling tools to determine how accurate the data has to be to predict evolving aerosol properties. Ultimately, we do not know what level of accuracy in properties might be attainable and acceptable. This is a unique opportunity to address these issues internationally whilst directly benefiting existing and future NERC driven programmes. This IOF will catalyse exploitation of data from ongoing NERC grants, consolidating it into new databases built with measurements and expertise from partner organisation, adding value by expanding flexibility and accuracy of predictive techniques. We have identified 3 ongoing and 2 completed NERC grants as detailed in the case for support. Each partner will provide access to their existing measurement and modelling programmes, involvement in evaluation committee meetings, writing publications, hosting researchers to take part in intercomparisons (see letters of support) and supporting engagement with the wider community once the network matures. Whilst we identify activities to take place over a 2-year period, it is crucial to ensure project sustainability. As such, we will not only create new databanks and an agreed set of open source community modelling facilities, but an agreed set of standards for accepting future measurements will be established. We will engage with the global community through open workshops and meetings. The network comprises researchers from: The University of Manchester [lead], University of Bristol [UK-CoI], ETH [Switzerland], Aarhus University [Denmark], Stockholm University [Sweden], Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory [US], Pacific Northwest National Lab [US] and University of British Columbia [Canada].\r\n \r\nObjectives\r\n\r\nThe complexity of measuring/collating/evaluating data for a range of physicochemical properties essential for predicting the properties of atmospheric aerosol is now beyond the capability of a single group. Instead, a larger scale coordination of researchers is essential to ensure data are screened within a consistent framework, without bias. This is the crux of this proposal, to create an international network that has hitherto not existed, led from the UK, to: \r\n(1) Coordinate and enable trans-national access to appropriate laboratory and modelling studies on the properties of individual organic components and mixtures typical of atmospheric aerosol constituents. These properties include: the vapour pressures of organic components; the diffusion constants of organic components in condensed phases; and the viscosities of mixtures of organic components. \r\n(2) Create a standardised database of collaboratively agreed data for these properties and, thus, directly improve the performance of property predictive techniques and mechanistic aerosol models essential for quantifying the properties and impacts of atmospheric secondary organic aerosol."
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                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci) project is part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme, which aims to produce datasets of Essential Climate Variables (ECV's) from satellite datasets.\r\n\r\nThe Soil Moisture CCI project was set up to :\r\n - Analyse the needs of the climate research community in terms of soil moisture data.\r\n - Adapt soil moisture satellite measurements for their use by the climate research community.\r\n - Create a long-term consistent soil moisture time series, based on active and passive data, suitable for climate change studies."
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                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 04.4 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 04.4) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.  This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products.   The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from AMI-WS and ASCAT instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, AMSR2 and SMOS. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments..  \r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees.  The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2018-06-30 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2018-06-30. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD).  Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using the all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n2. Gruber, A., Dorigo, W. A., Crow, W., Wagner W. (2017). Triple Collocation-Based Merging of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. PP. 1-13. 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2734070\r\n\r\n3. Liu, Y.Y., Dorigo, W.A., Parinussa, R.M., de Jeu, R.A.M. , Wagner, W., McCabe, M.F., Evans, J.P., van Dijk, A.I.J.M. (2012). Trend-preserving blending of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals, Remote Sensing of Environment, 123, 280-297, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.014\r\n\r\n4. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W.: Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture Climate Data Records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-21, in review, 2019."
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                    "abstract": "Measuring the volume and structure of a tree accurately allows us to calculate the total above-ground carbon (C) stored in the tree, a very important property. Trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and can store this C for decades or even centuries until the tree dies, when some of it is released back to the atmosphere through decomposition. Tropical forests store around half of all above-ground terrestrial C, but are at particular risk due to deforestation and degradation, as well as from changing rainfall and temperature patterns. Surprisingly, our knowledge of tropical forest C stocks is quite poor, and errors in these stocks are large and uncertain. This uncertainty feeds into estimates of CO2 emissions due to deforestation, degradation and land use change. We will address this major uncertainty in the terrestrial C cycle by deploying a new, NERC-funded terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to scan 1000s of trees in tropical forests on three continents: Amazonia, the Congo Basin and SE Asia. The laser data will allow us to measure 3D tree volume and biomass non-destructively to within a few percent of the best current estimates, made by destructive harvesting and weighing. The current, large uncertainties arise because weighing a tree is extremely difficult: tropical trees may be over 50m tall, and weigh 100 tonnes or more. Harvesting also precludes revisiting trees over time to measure change. In practice, a small sample of trees that have been harvested and weighed are related to easy-to-measure parameters of diameter and height, using empirical 'allometric' (size-to-mass) relationships. These relationships are then used to translate diameter and height measurements made over wider areas into estimates of biomass. Allometry is also the only way to infer biomass at very large (pan-tropical) scales, from remote sensing measurements. Unfortunately, the sample of harvested trees underpinning global allometric relationships is geographically limited, and contains very few large trees. Current estimates of tropical forest C stocks from satellite and ground data, all based on these very limited allometry samples, diverge significantly in size and pattern, leading to heated debate as to why this should be.\r\n\r\nThe project hopes to settle this debate, given that our lidar-derived estimates of biomass are completely independent of allometry and unbiased in terms of tree size. We will 'weigh' more trees than are currently included in all global pan-tropical allometries and quantify uncertainty in the allometry models. We will also test assumptions made in allometric models regarding tree shape and wood density. Our measurements will also answer fundamental questions about geographical differences in structural characteristics across tropical forests. Our data will be vital for testing new estimates of biomass from remote sensing; the UK-led ESA BIOMASS RADAR and NASA GEDI laser missions will both estimate pan-tropical C stocks by relying on allometric relationships between forest height and biomass. Our work will feed into these two missions through long-standing collaborations with the lead scientists. More generally, the large number of tree measurements we will collect would be of great interest to researchers in tropical ecology, forestry, biodiversity, remote sensing and C mapping, among others.\r\n\r\nA key aim of the project is to ensure the widest use of our results, by making our data and tools publicly available. We will work with partners to explore routes for commercial developments and input into government policy, particularly relating to forest management and C mapping and mitigation. Lastly, we will make our work accessible through a range of outreach activities, including developing links between a school in the Amazon and UK schools, to raise awareness of scientific, conservation and policy issues surrounding tropical forests.\r\n\r\nThis project was funded by NERC through grant: NE/N00373X/1"
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                    "abstract": "Gravity waves are an important type of atmospheric wave. They play a key role in many atmospheric processes, ranging from convection to the mixing of chemical species to influencing the global-scale circulation of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Because of this, it is essential to represent their effects in numerical weather prediction and climate models.\r\n\r\nGravity waves are generated by sources including winds blowing over mountains, jet-stream instabilities and strong convection. The waves can transport energy and momentum away from these sources and deposit them at greater heights, thus exerting a significant \"drag\" on the circulation and so coupling together different layers of the atmosphere. \r\n\r\nRecent studies have shown that isolated mountainous islands in regions of strong winds can be intense sources of gravity waves that can have climatologically-significant effects on atmospheric circulation. However, most climate and numerical weather prediction models cannot accurately model waves from such small, intense island sources because the islands are too small compared to the resolution of the models - this is the \"small island problem\". \r\n\r\nThe South Geogia -Wave EXperiment (SG-WEX), was a NERC funded project (grant awards NE/K015117/1, NE/K012614/1 and NE/K012584/1) proposed a major coordinated observational and modelling experiment to determine the nature and impacts of gravity waves generated by the most important of all these islands, South Georgia in the Southern Atlantic. \r\n\r\nThe SG-WEx project sought to answer the following questions:\r\n\r\n1. What is the nature of gravity waves generated by South Georgia and what is their variability?\r\n\r\n2. What is the contribution of these gravity waves to the total field of gravity waves over the South Atlantic?\r\n\r\n3. What is the influence of gravity waves from South Georgia on the mesosphere?\r\n\r\n4. How can these observations be used to improve gravity-wave parametrizations in models?\r\n\r\n5. How important is South Georgia in comparison to other gravity-wave sources and how does it impact local winds and the development of synoptic systems?\r\n\r\nTo answer these questions the project made measurements of gravity waves over and around South Georgia in two radiosondes campaigns in which meteorological balloons were launched from South Georgia. The observations were then placed in context with measurements made by satellite across the whole South Atlantic. Significantly, the project also deploy the first atmospheric radar on South Georgia - a meteor radar that making the first ever measurements of gravity waves (and winds, tides and large-scale planetary waves) in the mesosphere over South Georgia at heights of 80 - 100 km.\r\n\r\nThese experimental results were then complemented by a programme of modelling work that explored the propagation of gravity waves away from their sources. The observations will be used to help guide the development of new, improved, mathematical representations of gravity waves (so-called \"parametrizations\") allowing such islands to be better represented in the Met Office's Unified Model used for numerical weather prediction and climate studies. Finally, modelling studies integrated these studies and determine the relative importance of South Georgia compared to other waves sources and investigate the impact of Gravity waves from South Georgia on local winds and the development of synoptic (weather) systems.\r\n\r\nObjectives: \r\nThe primary academic beneficiaries will be the community of atmospheric scientists who have interests in the structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere and in understanding how it is coupled to the underlying troposphere.\r\n\r\nNumerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and climate models all rely on parametrizations of gravity waves to produce realistic middle atmospheres. The project's results will help constrain such parametrizations and thus will thus also be of interest to these communities of scientists - including those meteorologists working with NWP models. This work will thus contribute to the broader activities of weather prediction and climate-change prediction which benefits society at large."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 26591,
                    "uuid": "8be2fc2d57974c61be7a185f33f15765",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "DRAGON-WEX: The Drake Passage and Southern Ocean Wave Experiment",
                    "abstract": "Gravity waves are atmospheric waves that can be generated by winds blowing over mountains, storms, unstable jet streams and strong convection. As the waves ascend from their sources in the lower atmosphere, into the stratosphere and mesosphere, they transport momentum in a \"momentum flux\". When the waves become unstable they \"break\", rather like ocean surface waves breaking on a beach. This acts to transfer their momentum into the atmosphere, exerting a \"drag force\" that dramatically influences the global atmospheric circulation. \r\n\r\nComputer General Circulation Models (GCMs) used for numerical weather prediction and climate research must represent these waves realistically if they are to predict the behaviour of the real atmosphere. \r\n\r\nHowever, the GCMs display \"biases\" in which the behaviour they predict does not match that revealed by observations. The largest biases in nearly all GCMs occur in the winter and springtime Antarctic stratosphere. There, they produce a polar region, the \"polar vortex\", that when compared to observations, is too cold by 5-10 K, has winds that are too strong by about 10 m/s and that persists some 2-3 weeks too long into spring before it breaks up. These significant biases are known as the \"cold pole\" problem. \r\n\r\nIt is now realised that the biases arise because the GCMs are missing large amounts of gravity-wave flux that must occur in the real atmosphere at latitudes near 60 degrees S. These latitudes include the stormy Southern Ocean and the Drake Passage. However, the nature, sources, variability and fluxes of these \"missing\" waves are currently very uncertain.\r\n\r\nIn DRAGON-WEX (DRake pAssaGe sOuthern oceaN - Wave EXperiment, supported through NERC grant awards NE/R001391/1 and NE/R001235/1) use was made of satellites, radiosondes and radars to directly measure the waves over the Southern Ocean and Drake Passage near 60 S, determine their properties and investigate their role in coupling together the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere.  The project's results will thus help resolve the cold pole problem.\r\n\r\nThe project applied a very powerful novel 3D method the project had developed for analysing satellite data. With their method, they could detect individual gravity waves in the stratosphere in 3D and measure their momentum fluxes. Importantly, because it is a fully 3D method they could do this without needing the assumptions that critically limit earlier 1D and 2D methods. The project used their method to identify an estimated 100,000 individual gravity waves near 60 S. \r\n\r\nThe project sought to combine the satellite observations with measurements of gravity waves made by radiosondes (\"weather balloons\") and radars to characterise the \"missing\" gravity waves, determining their short-term and seasonal variability and investigate their sources - in particular, the contributions made to the waves by the mountains of the Southern Andes and Antarctic Peninsula, storms over the Southern Ocean/Drake Passage, unstable jet streams and by waves propagating into the 60 S region from latitudes to the North or South.\r\n\r\nThe project also sought to use a unique combination of meteor radars, one in the Antarctic and a new radar on the remote mountainous island of South Georgia to measure the winds, waves and tides of the mesosphere. The project also sought to determine the degree to which fluctuations in the waves they measured in the stratosphere drive the variability of the mesosphere and, in particular, the role of waves in driving anomalous events recently observed at heights near 90 km in the polar mesosphere, when the Northward winds of the general circulation appeared to briefly cease and when the occurrence frequency of polar mesospheric clouds was greatly reduced. \r\n\r\nThey used meteor radars on the island of South Georgia and at Rothera in the Antarctic to investigate recent suggestions that waves generated by mountains can propagate to heights of 90 km or more - effectively the edge of space. \r\n\r\nFinally, in Pathways to Impact the project worked closely with the Met Office to use the project's results to test and improve their Unified Model GCM."
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                    "title": "University of Bath Skiymet meteor radar data collection",
                    "abstract": "The University of Bath have operated a number of meteor radars in the northern and southern hemisphere since around 1999. These commercially produced Skiymet meteor radars are all-sky VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar systems. The various instruments have been operated by the University of Bath from October 1999 to present - albeit with some gaps in the data coverage. These were collected in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nThe Skiymet radar detects radio scatter from the ionised trails of individual meteors drifting with the winds of the upper mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere. A low-gain transmitter antenna is used to provide broad illumination of the sky. An array of five receiver antennas act as an interferometer to determine the azimuth and zenith angles of individual meteor echoes. Doppler measurements from each meteor determine the radial drift velocity and the meteor is assumed to be a passive tracer of atmospheric flow. The radar typically detects of order a few thousand meteors per day. These observations can be used to determine zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere at heights of about 80 – 100 km and with height and time resolutions of ~ 3 km and 2 hours.\r\n\r\nThe radar produces daily “meteor position data” data files (mpd files) recording the details of each individual meteor echo. In normal operation a few thousand individual meteors are detected per day. The key data parameters recorded for each meteor echo include:\r\n\r\n1. Date and time of the meteor detection \r\n2. Range to the meteor echo point \r\n3. Height of the meteor echo above the ground \r\n4. Radial drift velocity of the meteor echo and its uncertainty \r\n5. Zenith and azimuth angles of the meteor echo \r\n6. Ambiguity levels in the determined zenith and azimuth angles \r\n7. Decay time of the meteor echo \r\n8. Meteor echo power and S/N ratio\r\n\r\nRecordings are made for each individual meteor detected allowing measurements of zonal and meridional wind speeds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to be obtained. Meteor count rates vary diurnally and with season, but are usually up to a few thousand meteors per day."
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                    "title": "SG-WEx: a collection of meteor radar observations, radiosondes and numerical modelling output over South Georgia",
                    "abstract": "The NERC-funded South Georgia Wave EXperiment (SG-WEx) project (grant numbers NE/K015117/1, NE/K012614/1 and NE/K012584/1) was a major coordinated observational and modelling campaign to study the nature and deep vertical propagation of atmospheric gravity waves over the mountainous island of South Georgia in the Southern Atlantic.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains meteor radar and radiosonde measurements from King Edward Point Magnetic Observatory on South Georgia and output from high-resolution (1.5km grid, 118 vertical levels) Met Office Unified Model simulations in a box 1200km x 900km centred on the island that coincide with the radiosonde campaigns.\r\n\r\nThe meteor radar observations included in this collection are continuous from February 2016 to November 2020, funding for which was continued as part of the follow-on NERC DRAGON-WEx project (NE/R001391/1,NE/R001235/1).\r\n\r\nThe project also made use of 3rd party satellite data from NASA, not included in this collection."
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            "title": "University of Bath: Rothera Skiymet Meteor Radar data (2005-present)",
            "abstract": "The University of Bath's meteor radar located at the British Antarctic Survey's Rothera base on Rothera Point, Adelaide Island, Antartica (67.57 S, 68.13 W), is an all-sky VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar commercially produced Skiymet system. Meteor detection and derived wind data from this instrument are available from 2005. These were collected in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nThe radar detects radio scatter from the ionised trails of individual meteors drifting with the winds of the upper mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere. A low-gain transmitter antenna is used to provide broad illumination of the sky. An array of five receiver antennas act as an interferometer to determine the azimuth and zenith angles of individual meteor echoes. Doppler measurements from each meteor determine the radial drift velocity and the meteor is assumed to be a passive tracer of atmospheric flow. The radar typically detects of order a few thousand meteors per day. These observations can be used to determine zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere at heights of about 80 – 100 km and with height and time resolutions of ~ 3 km and 2 hours.\r\n\r\nThe radar produces daily “meteor position data” data files (mpd files) recording the details of each individual meteor echo. In normal operation a few thousand individual meteors are detected per day. See parameter list for details of available data.\r\n\r\nRecordings are made for each individual meteor detected allowing measurements of zonal and meridional wind speeds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to be obtained. Meteor count rates vary diurnally and with season, but are usually up to a few thousand meteors per day.\r\n\r\nNote - there are additional data from 20040728 in the archive. No other data were obtained between that date and the start date for the dataset (20050212). The start date of 20050212 has been chosen in order to avoid potential confusion about missing data prior to that date.",
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                    "ob_id": 26591,
                    "uuid": "8be2fc2d57974c61be7a185f33f15765",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "DRAGON-WEX: The Drake Passage and Southern Ocean Wave Experiment",
                    "abstract": "Gravity waves are atmospheric waves that can be generated by winds blowing over mountains, storms, unstable jet streams and strong convection. As the waves ascend from their sources in the lower atmosphere, into the stratosphere and mesosphere, they transport momentum in a \"momentum flux\". When the waves become unstable they \"break\", rather like ocean surface waves breaking on a beach. This acts to transfer their momentum into the atmosphere, exerting a \"drag force\" that dramatically influences the global atmospheric circulation. \r\n\r\nComputer General Circulation Models (GCMs) used for numerical weather prediction and climate research must represent these waves realistically if they are to predict the behaviour of the real atmosphere. \r\n\r\nHowever, the GCMs display \"biases\" in which the behaviour they predict does not match that revealed by observations. The largest biases in nearly all GCMs occur in the winter and springtime Antarctic stratosphere. There, they produce a polar region, the \"polar vortex\", that when compared to observations, is too cold by 5-10 K, has winds that are too strong by about 10 m/s and that persists some 2-3 weeks too long into spring before it breaks up. These significant biases are known as the \"cold pole\" problem. \r\n\r\nIt is now realised that the biases arise because the GCMs are missing large amounts of gravity-wave flux that must occur in the real atmosphere at latitudes near 60 degrees S. These latitudes include the stormy Southern Ocean and the Drake Passage. However, the nature, sources, variability and fluxes of these \"missing\" waves are currently very uncertain.\r\n\r\nIn DRAGON-WEX (DRake pAssaGe sOuthern oceaN - Wave EXperiment, supported through NERC grant awards NE/R001391/1 and NE/R001235/1) use was made of satellites, radiosondes and radars to directly measure the waves over the Southern Ocean and Drake Passage near 60 S, determine their properties and investigate their role in coupling together the troposphere, stratosphere and mesosphere.  The project's results will thus help resolve the cold pole problem.\r\n\r\nThe project applied a very powerful novel 3D method the project had developed for analysing satellite data. With their method, they could detect individual gravity waves in the stratosphere in 3D and measure their momentum fluxes. Importantly, because it is a fully 3D method they could do this without needing the assumptions that critically limit earlier 1D and 2D methods. The project used their method to identify an estimated 100,000 individual gravity waves near 60 S. \r\n\r\nThe project sought to combine the satellite observations with measurements of gravity waves made by radiosondes (\"weather balloons\") and radars to characterise the \"missing\" gravity waves, determining their short-term and seasonal variability and investigate their sources - in particular, the contributions made to the waves by the mountains of the Southern Andes and Antarctic Peninsula, storms over the Southern Ocean/Drake Passage, unstable jet streams and by waves propagating into the 60 S region from latitudes to the North or South.\r\n\r\nThe project also sought to use a unique combination of meteor radars, one in the Antarctic and a new radar on the remote mountainous island of South Georgia to measure the winds, waves and tides of the mesosphere. The project also sought to determine the degree to which fluctuations in the waves they measured in the stratosphere drive the variability of the mesosphere and, in particular, the role of waves in driving anomalous events recently observed at heights near 90 km in the polar mesosphere, when the Northward winds of the general circulation appeared to briefly cease and when the occurrence frequency of polar mesospheric clouds was greatly reduced. \r\n\r\nThey used meteor radars on the island of South Georgia and at Rothera in the Antarctic to investigate recent suggestions that waves generated by mountains can propagate to heights of 90 km or more - effectively the edge of space. \r\n\r\nFinally, in Pathways to Impact the project worked closely with the Met Office to use the project's results to test and improve their Unified Model GCM."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27263,
                    "uuid": "6150c36a822c4c7d8168aefc90e2b93a",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "A meteor radar at Rothera for studies of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere",
                    "abstract": "The project (NERC grant award ER/G/S/2003/00014) proposed to deploy a Skiymet meteor radar at Rothera (68°S, 68°W) in the Antarctic. The radar would  continuously measure the dynamics and temperature of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) at heights of ~ 80 - 100 km. The radar was to be used with an existing, identical, radar in the Arctic at the conjugate latitude of 68°N to produce accurate climatologies of winds, waves and tides - and to quantify the differences between the Antarctic and Arctic MLT (using identical radars eliminates otherwise fatal relative measurement biases). Studies investigated how these differences are related to the different populations of waves in each hemisphere. Other studies would also use the co-located MF radar to carefully examine meteor/MF-radar biases, apply a developing technique to measure temperature and perform collaborative measurements with the Fe lidar and airglow instruments."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27265,
                    "uuid": "393353f16afd48db94908479a2e5acc1",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Winds, waves, clouds & meteors in the mesosphere (NERC Grant Award: NE/E007384/1)",
                    "abstract": "The mesosphere is that part of the atmosphere at heights of about 50 to 100 km. Unlike the lower atmosphere, the general circulation of the mesosphere is powered, or 'driven' by atmospheric waves. These waves are generated in the lower atmosphere, from where they ascend into the mesosphere and break, rather like waves breaking on a beach. The breaking of these waves transfers energy and momentum into the mesosphere and drives a unique atmospheric circulation. In this circulation, air rises over the summer polar regions of the Earth, crosses the equator and then converges and descends over the opposite, winter, pole. The entire descending air of the mesosphere eventually ends up in the stratosphere, carrying with it chemicals and 'smoke' particles deposited by meteors - thus connecting the mesosphere very directly to the underlying stratosphere and troposphere. The 'meteor smoke' appears to act as the nuclei on which condense the ice crystals of ghostly high-altitude summertime polar mesospheric clouds (also known as noctilucent clouds). However, the clouds also require very cold temperatures of below 150 K (- 123 degrees C) in order to form. These low temperatures are only achieved as a result of the cooling of the air as it rises over the summer polar region in the wave-driven circulation. Larger-scale waves and atmospheric tides then modulate this circulation and so modulate the occurrence of the clouds. This means that winds, waves, polar mesospheric clouds and meteors are all intimately connected, and that attempts to understand one mean understanding the others. This project will use sophisticated meteor radars and airglow cameras to investigate the waves and tides of the mesosphere and to study how it couples to the underlying layers of the atmosphere. The cameras, technically 'airglow imagers', record the emissions from faintly glowing layers in the mesosphere. Bright ripple patterns in these layers reveal the presence of atmospheric waves. The cameras are operated by Utah State University and so our project is a trans-Atlantic collaboration. The meteor radars will measure the drifting of meteors carried by the flow and so reveal the winds, large-scale waves and tides of the mesosphere. The radars will also measure the flux of meteors into the atmosphere and can even measure the temperature of the atmosphere. Our goal is to discover how the large-scale waves and tides interact with the small-scale waves responsible for driving the circulation. Do these waves modulate the wave driving process, and if so how? These observations will be carried out at two very different sites. One is Rothera in the Antarctic and the other is Bear Lake in the USA. The contrasting behaviour of the atmosphere over these two site will help reveal how the polar atmosphere differs from elsewhere on the Earth. Our results will be used by colleagues at University College London who are developing a mathematical model of the atmosphere. We will make collaborative measurements with the NASA AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere) satellite to study polar mesospheric clouds over the Antarctic and to investigate how waves and tides modify the occurrence, brightness and variability of these mysterious clouds. This satellite is due to launch in late 2006. We will also work in a collaborative project with groups from the USA, Argentina and Canada to install a new type of meteor radar in Argentina. This new radar will be optimised to directly measure the wave driving of the mesosphere. Finally, we will compare our measurements made in the Antarctic to measurements made by an identical radar at exactly the same latitude in the Arctic. These measurements will help reveal how and why the mesosphere differ over the two polar regions."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27266,
                    "uuid": "a274dbc117484ee78f92fcb48cd552bc",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Dynamics & coupling of the mesosphere & lower thermosphere - studies with meteor radar and EISCAT (STFC Grant Award: PP/E002218/1)",
                    "abstract": "The mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is that part of the atmosphere at heights of ~ 50 / 110 km. This project used an array of sophisticated meteor radars, the international EISCAT radar in Scandinavia, the NASA Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere satellite and three numerical models to study the winds, tides and waves of the MLT and to investigate how they control Polar Mesospheric Clouds. A particular focus of the work was to understand how solar variability influences the atmosphere at these heights and to study how coupling processes connect the MLT to the underlying lower atmosphere and the upper atmosphere above."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27267,
                    "uuid": "df2f6edc1fd34c65aac55a1e9a6455b2",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Wave dynamics of the mesosphere (NERC Grant Award: NE/H009760/1)",
                    "abstract": "Waves in the atmosphere are able to transport energy and momentum between different layers of the atmosphere. Understanding these waves is thus very important if we want to understand the atmosphere as a whole system in which the layers are coupled together.\r\n\r\nIn this project five radars were used to measure waves in the mesosphere, which is that part of the atmosphere at heights of between about 55 to 100 km. The radars are located at sites ranging from the Arctic to the Antarctic. The project was particularly interested in detecting and measuring waves generated when strong winds blow over the Southern Andes and the Antarctic Peninsula - so-called 'mountain waves'. It was interested in understanding the conditions under which these waves can ascend to the mesosphere and plan to determine the effect they have on the large-scale winds of the mesosphere.\r\n\r\nThe project also studied how the intense, cold winter circulation system known as the stratospheric polar vortex filters and controls waves ascending into the mesosphere. The project also planned to take part in a major international experiment, SAANGRIA, to study these phenomena in collaboration with other instruments. Finally, the project studied how the winds of the equatorial mesosphere control the cross-equator propagation of planetary-scale waves."
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                    "title": "University of Bath Skiymet meteor radar data collection",
                    "abstract": "The University of Bath have operated a number of meteor radars in the northern and southern hemisphere since around 1999. These commercially produced Skiymet meteor radars are all-sky VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar systems. The various instruments have been operated by the University of Bath from October 1999 to present - albeit with some gaps in the data coverage. These were collected in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nThe Skiymet radar detects radio scatter from the ionised trails of individual meteors drifting with the winds of the upper mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere. A low-gain transmitter antenna is used to provide broad illumination of the sky. An array of five receiver antennas act as an interferometer to determine the azimuth and zenith angles of individual meteor echoes. Doppler measurements from each meteor determine the radial drift velocity and the meteor is assumed to be a passive tracer of atmospheric flow. The radar typically detects of order a few thousand meteors per day. These observations can be used to determine zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere at heights of about 80 – 100 km and with height and time resolutions of ~ 3 km and 2 hours.\r\n\r\nThe radar produces daily “meteor position data” data files (mpd files) recording the details of each individual meteor echo. In normal operation a few thousand individual meteors are detected per day. The key data parameters recorded for each meteor echo include:\r\n\r\n1. Date and time of the meteor detection \r\n2. Range to the meteor echo point \r\n3. Height of the meteor echo above the ground \r\n4. Radial drift velocity of the meteor echo and its uncertainty \r\n5. Zenith and azimuth angles of the meteor echo \r\n6. Ambiguity levels in the determined zenith and azimuth angles \r\n7. Decay time of the meteor echo \r\n8. Meteor echo power and S/N ratio\r\n\r\nRecordings are made for each individual meteor detected allowing measurements of zonal and meridional wind speeds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to be obtained. Meteor count rates vary diurnally and with season, but are usually up to a few thousand meteors per day."
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            "abstract": "The University of Bath's Ascension Island meteor radar (7.9 S, 14.4 W) is an all-sky VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar commercially produced Skiymet system. The system was operational from October 2001 to June 2011, albeit with some gaps in the data coverage, in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details. Meteor detection and derived wind data from this instrument were collected in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nThe radar detects radio scatter from the ionised trails of individual meteors drifting with the winds of the upper mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere. A low-gain transmitter antenna is used to provide broad illumination of the sky. An array of five receiver antennas act as an interferometer to determine the azimuth and zenith angles of individual meteor echoes. Doppler measurements from each meteor determine the radial drift velocity and the meteor is assumed to be a passive tracer of atmospheric flow. The radar typically detects of order a few thousand meteors per day. These observations can be used to determine zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere at heights of about 80 – 100 km and with height and time resolutions of ~ 3 km and 2 hours.\r\n\r\nThe radar produces daily “meteor position data” data files (mpd files) recording the details of each individual meteor echo. In normal operation a few thousand individual meteors are detected per day. See parameter list for details of available data.\r\n\r\nRecordings are made for each individual meteor detected allowing measurements of zonal and meridional wind speeds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to be obtained. Meteor count rates vary diurnally and with season, but are usually up to a few thousand meteors per day.",
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                    "ob_id": 27258,
                    "uuid": "191480defa5b4c208b9d0ed4f8d58355",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "A VHF radar on Ascension Island for studies of space debris and mesosphere/lower-thermosphere dynamics",
                    "abstract": "This project deployed a VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar on Ascension Island in the equatorial Atlantic. The radar measures the drifting of meteor trails in the upper mesosphere to make continuous measurements of winds and also uses the pre-t0-phase technique (see linked documentation for details) to estimate the astronomical entry speeds of meteors. The project investigated the hypothesis that meteors of low entry speed might be orbital debris. Measurements of winds were used to investigate the coupling and dynamics of the unique field of equatorial planetary waves and tides, including equatorially-trapped ultra-fast Kelvin Waves and the 8-, 2- and 24-hour solar tides."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27261,
                    "uuid": "733b8f7154304303b76bc07e7eda6785",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Studies of the coupling, dynamics and temperature of the mesosphere & lower thermosphere at equatorial, middle and Arctic latitudes",
                    "abstract": "This project used VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radars to investigate the couling and dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at equatorial, middle and arctic latitudes. At equatorial latitudes studies investigated Kelvin waves, the Mesospheric Intra-Seasonal Oscillations, Mesospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (MSQBO) and the non-linear coupling of tides and Kelvin waves. At middle latitudes the non-linear coupling of tides and planetary waves was investigated and at arctic latitudes studies investigated the structure of tidal oscillations."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27264,
                    "uuid": "a08065edeb7a4ad6a8b9c6671e46de2d",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Radar studies of the mesosphere & lower thermosphere",
                    "abstract": "This project used ground-based meteor radars, satellites and models to study the Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). These are the regions of the atmosphere at heights from about 50-110 km above the ground. The radars measure the winds of the MLT-region by detecting the drifting of meteor trails as they are carried by the winds at these heights. The radars used in the study are sited at Esrange in the Swedish Arctic, at Castle Eaton in the UK, on Ascension Island in the equatorial Atlantic and at Rothera, the British Antarctic Survey base in the Antarctic.\r\n\r\nThe scientific focus of the work was to understand the role of winds, waves and tides in coupling together the lower, middle and upper atmosphere and to investigate the Arctic and Antarctic MLT regions to determine the nature of any differences between to two polar regions of the Earth. A wide range of studies were undertaken. Some of the major results are listed below.\r\n\r\nObservations revealed that there are significant differences in the winds and atmospheric tides of the Arctic and Antarctic. The equatorward flow of the summertime circulation was found to be both stronger and at a lower height over Esrange than over Rothera. Since this circulation is driven by gravity waves launched from the lower atmosphere, these differences suggest that there are systematic differences in the strength of these waves between the Arctic and Antarctic. The atmospheric tides were also found to be very different, with those of the Arctic being of much larger amplitude (factor ~ 2) than their Southern counterparts. This suggests that there are significant differences in the strength of excitation and the propagation of the tides between the two hemispheres.\r\n\r\nData from the NASA TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite were used to examine the underlying mechanisms that cause variability in the tides of the MLT. Surprisingly, it was found that the activity of planetary waves in the Antarctic stratosphere appears to greatly influence the variability of the tides of the Arctic - indicating a planetary-scale control of tidal variability.\r\n\r\nA mysterious 2-day wave observed in the Arctic MLT during winter was shown to be an entirely different phenomenon to the 2-day wave regularly observed in the summer MLT. Data from the AURA satellite revealed it to be a planetary wave that originates in the lower stratosphere and then ascends to the MLT, rather than being generated in situ.\r\n\r\nOther studies revealed that the waves and tides of the MLT appear to influence the Earth's ionosphere, imprinting wave-like signals into its variability. Finally, observations revealed that high-frequency tides of periods 6 and 8 hours and lunar gravitational tides can all reach significant amplitudes in this part of the atmosphere and must be accounted for if it is to be successfully modelled."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27266,
                    "uuid": "a274dbc117484ee78f92fcb48cd552bc",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Dynamics & coupling of the mesosphere & lower thermosphere - studies with meteor radar and EISCAT (STFC Grant Award: PP/E002218/1)",
                    "abstract": "The mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is that part of the atmosphere at heights of ~ 50 / 110 km. This project used an array of sophisticated meteor radars, the international EISCAT radar in Scandinavia, the NASA Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere satellite and three numerical models to study the winds, tides and waves of the MLT and to investigate how they control Polar Mesospheric Clouds. A particular focus of the work was to understand how solar variability influences the atmosphere at these heights and to study how coupling processes connect the MLT to the underlying lower atmosphere and the upper atmosphere above."
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                    "title": "University of Bath Skiymet meteor radar data collection",
                    "abstract": "The University of Bath have operated a number of meteor radars in the northern and southern hemisphere since around 1999. These commercially produced Skiymet meteor radars are all-sky VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar systems. The various instruments have been operated by the University of Bath from October 1999 to present - albeit with some gaps in the data coverage. These were collected in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nThe Skiymet radar detects radio scatter from the ionised trails of individual meteors drifting with the winds of the upper mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere. A low-gain transmitter antenna is used to provide broad illumination of the sky. An array of five receiver antennas act as an interferometer to determine the azimuth and zenith angles of individual meteor echoes. Doppler measurements from each meteor determine the radial drift velocity and the meteor is assumed to be a passive tracer of atmospheric flow. The radar typically detects of order a few thousand meteors per day. These observations can be used to determine zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere at heights of about 80 – 100 km and with height and time resolutions of ~ 3 km and 2 hours.\r\n\r\nThe radar produces daily “meteor position data” data files (mpd files) recording the details of each individual meteor echo. In normal operation a few thousand individual meteors are detected per day. The key data parameters recorded for each meteor echo include:\r\n\r\n1. Date and time of the meteor detection \r\n2. Range to the meteor echo point \r\n3. Height of the meteor echo above the ground \r\n4. Radial drift velocity of the meteor echo and its uncertainty \r\n5. Zenith and azimuth angles of the meteor echo \r\n6. Ambiguity levels in the determined zenith and azimuth angles \r\n7. Decay time of the meteor echo \r\n8. Meteor echo power and S/N ratio\r\n\r\nRecordings are made for each individual meteor detected allowing measurements of zonal and meridional wind speeds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to be obtained. Meteor count rates vary diurnally and with season, but are usually up to a few thousand meteors per day."
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            "title": "University of Bath: Bear Lake Observatory Skiymet meteor radar data (2008-2018)",
            "abstract": "The University of Bath's Bear Lake Observatory (BLO) meteor radar (42 N, 114 W), Utah, is an all-sky VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar commercially produced Skiymet system. The system has been operational from March 2008, providing meteor detection and derived wind data. Note, however, that there have been with some significant gaps in the data coverage. The data have been produced in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nMeteor detection and derived wind data from this instrument are available from July 2000 to June 2018. These were collected in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nThe radar detects radio scatter from the ionised trails of individual meteors drifting with the winds of the upper mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere. A low-gain transmitter antenna is used to provide broad illumination of the sky. An array of five receiver antennas act as an interferometer to determine the azimuth and zenith angles of individual meteor echoes. Doppler measurements from each meteor determine the radial drift velocity and the meteor is assumed to be a passive tracer of atmospheric flow. The radar typically detects of order a few thousand meteors per day. These observations can be used to determine zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere at heights of about 80 – 100 km and with height and time resolutions of ~ 3 km and 2 hours.\r\n\r\nThe radar produces daily “meteor position data” data files (mpd files) recording the details of each individual meteor echo. In normal operation a few thousand individual meteors are detected per day. See parameter list for details of available data.\r\n\r\nRecordings are made for each individual meteor detected allowing measurements of zonal and meridional wind speeds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to be obtained. Meteor count rates vary diurnally and with season, but are usually up to a few thousand meteors per day.",
            "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554",
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            "projects": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 27260,
                    "uuid": "90caf48518a14c06bbb6ede99ab06cae",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "An Advanced VHF Radar for Studies of the Coupling, Dynamics and Temperature of the Mesosphere and Lower Thermosphere",
                    "abstract": "This UK Joint Research Equipment Initiative (JREI) project installed an advanced VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar at Bear Lake Observatory (BLO) in Utah, USA. The radar measures the winds, waves and tides of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere. The radar design was optimised to make measurements of the variances, fluxes and variability of gravity waves by the use of pulse coding. The pre-t0-phase technique (see linked documentation for details) was employed to estimate meteor astronomical entry speeds and flexible modes of operation were designed into the system. The BLO site hosts complementary optical instruments including optical images and lidars."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27265,
                    "uuid": "393353f16afd48db94908479a2e5acc1",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Winds, waves, clouds & meteors in the mesosphere (NERC Grant Award: NE/E007384/1)",
                    "abstract": "The mesosphere is that part of the atmosphere at heights of about 50 to 100 km. Unlike the lower atmosphere, the general circulation of the mesosphere is powered, or 'driven' by atmospheric waves. These waves are generated in the lower atmosphere, from where they ascend into the mesosphere and break, rather like waves breaking on a beach. The breaking of these waves transfers energy and momentum into the mesosphere and drives a unique atmospheric circulation. In this circulation, air rises over the summer polar regions of the Earth, crosses the equator and then converges and descends over the opposite, winter, pole. The entire descending air of the mesosphere eventually ends up in the stratosphere, carrying with it chemicals and 'smoke' particles deposited by meteors - thus connecting the mesosphere very directly to the underlying stratosphere and troposphere. The 'meteor smoke' appears to act as the nuclei on which condense the ice crystals of ghostly high-altitude summertime polar mesospheric clouds (also known as noctilucent clouds). However, the clouds also require very cold temperatures of below 150 K (- 123 degrees C) in order to form. These low temperatures are only achieved as a result of the cooling of the air as it rises over the summer polar region in the wave-driven circulation. Larger-scale waves and atmospheric tides then modulate this circulation and so modulate the occurrence of the clouds. This means that winds, waves, polar mesospheric clouds and meteors are all intimately connected, and that attempts to understand one mean understanding the others. This project will use sophisticated meteor radars and airglow cameras to investigate the waves and tides of the mesosphere and to study how it couples to the underlying layers of the atmosphere. The cameras, technically 'airglow imagers', record the emissions from faintly glowing layers in the mesosphere. Bright ripple patterns in these layers reveal the presence of atmospheric waves. The cameras are operated by Utah State University and so our project is a trans-Atlantic collaboration. The meteor radars will measure the drifting of meteors carried by the flow and so reveal the winds, large-scale waves and tides of the mesosphere. The radars will also measure the flux of meteors into the atmosphere and can even measure the temperature of the atmosphere. Our goal is to discover how the large-scale waves and tides interact with the small-scale waves responsible for driving the circulation. Do these waves modulate the wave driving process, and if so how? These observations will be carried out at two very different sites. One is Rothera in the Antarctic and the other is Bear Lake in the USA. The contrasting behaviour of the atmosphere over these two site will help reveal how the polar atmosphere differs from elsewhere on the Earth. Our results will be used by colleagues at University College London who are developing a mathematical model of the atmosphere. We will make collaborative measurements with the NASA AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere) satellite to study polar mesospheric clouds over the Antarctic and to investigate how waves and tides modify the occurrence, brightness and variability of these mysterious clouds. This satellite is due to launch in late 2006. We will also work in a collaborative project with groups from the USA, Argentina and Canada to install a new type of meteor radar in Argentina. This new radar will be optimised to directly measure the wave driving of the mesosphere. Finally, we will compare our measurements made in the Antarctic to measurements made by an identical radar at exactly the same latitude in the Arctic. These measurements will help reveal how and why the mesosphere differ over the two polar regions."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27266,
                    "uuid": "a274dbc117484ee78f92fcb48cd552bc",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Dynamics & coupling of the mesosphere & lower thermosphere - studies with meteor radar and EISCAT (STFC Grant Award: PP/E002218/1)",
                    "abstract": "The mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is that part of the atmosphere at heights of ~ 50 / 110 km. This project used an array of sophisticated meteor radars, the international EISCAT radar in Scandinavia, the NASA Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere satellite and three numerical models to study the winds, tides and waves of the MLT and to investigate how they control Polar Mesospheric Clouds. A particular focus of the work was to understand how solar variability influences the atmosphere at these heights and to study how coupling processes connect the MLT to the underlying lower atmosphere and the upper atmosphere above."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27267,
                    "uuid": "df2f6edc1fd34c65aac55a1e9a6455b2",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Wave dynamics of the mesosphere (NERC Grant Award: NE/H009760/1)",
                    "abstract": "Waves in the atmosphere are able to transport energy and momentum between different layers of the atmosphere. Understanding these waves is thus very important if we want to understand the atmosphere as a whole system in which the layers are coupled together.\r\n\r\nIn this project five radars were used to measure waves in the mesosphere, which is that part of the atmosphere at heights of between about 55 to 100 km. The radars are located at sites ranging from the Arctic to the Antarctic. The project was particularly interested in detecting and measuring waves generated when strong winds blow over the Southern Andes and the Antarctic Peninsula - so-called 'mountain waves'. It was interested in understanding the conditions under which these waves can ascend to the mesosphere and plan to determine the effect they have on the large-scale winds of the mesosphere.\r\n\r\nThe project also studied how the intense, cold winter circulation system known as the stratospheric polar vortex filters and controls waves ascending into the mesosphere. The project also planned to take part in a major international experiment, SAANGRIA, to study these phenomena in collaboration with other instruments. Finally, the project studied how the winds of the equatorial mesosphere control the cross-equator propagation of planetary-scale waves."
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                    "abstract": "The University of Bath have operated a number of meteor radars in the northern and southern hemisphere since around 1999. These commercially produced Skiymet meteor radars are all-sky VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar systems. The various instruments have been operated by the University of Bath from October 1999 to present - albeit with some gaps in the data coverage. These were collected in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nThe Skiymet radar detects radio scatter from the ionised trails of individual meteors drifting with the winds of the upper mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere. A low-gain transmitter antenna is used to provide broad illumination of the sky. An array of five receiver antennas act as an interferometer to determine the azimuth and zenith angles of individual meteor echoes. Doppler measurements from each meteor determine the radial drift velocity and the meteor is assumed to be a passive tracer of atmospheric flow. The radar typically detects of order a few thousand meteors per day. These observations can be used to determine zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere at heights of about 80 – 100 km and with height and time resolutions of ~ 3 km and 2 hours.\r\n\r\nThe radar produces daily “meteor position data” data files (mpd files) recording the details of each individual meteor echo. In normal operation a few thousand individual meteors are detected per day. The key data parameters recorded for each meteor echo include:\r\n\r\n1. Date and time of the meteor detection \r\n2. Range to the meteor echo point \r\n3. Height of the meteor echo above the ground \r\n4. Radial drift velocity of the meteor echo and its uncertainty \r\n5. Zenith and azimuth angles of the meteor echo \r\n6. Ambiguity levels in the determined zenith and azimuth angles \r\n7. Decay time of the meteor echo \r\n8. Meteor echo power and S/N ratio\r\n\r\nRecordings are made for each individual meteor detected allowing measurements of zonal and meridional wind speeds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to be obtained. Meteor count rates vary diurnally and with season, but are usually up to a few thousand meteors per day."
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            "title": "University of Bath: Esrange Skiymet meteor radar data (2000-2018)",
            "abstract": "The University of Bath's meteor radar located at the Esrange Space Centre in Northern Sweden (67.88 N, 21.07E) , is an all-sky VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar commercially produced Skiymet system. It was operated by the University of Bath from October 1999 to October 2015 - albeit with some gaps in the data coverage. In October 2015, Esrange took over operation of the radar. Meteor detection and derived wind data from this instrument are available from July 2000 to June 2018. These were collected in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nThe radar detects radio scatter from the ionised trails of individual meteors drifting with the winds of the upper mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere. A low-gain transmitter antenna is used to provide broad illumination of the sky. An array of five receiver antennas act as an interferometer to determine the azimuth and zenith angles of individual meteor echoes. Doppler measurements from each meteor determine the radial drift velocity and the meteor is assumed to be a passive tracer of atmospheric flow. The radar typically detects of order a few thousand meteors per day. These observations can be used to determine zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere at heights of about 80 – 100 km and with height and time resolutions of ~ 3 km and 2 hours.\r\n\r\nThe radar produces daily “meteor position data” data files (mpd files) recording the details of each individual meteor echo. In normal operation a few thousand individual meteors are detected per day. See parameter list for details of available data.\r\n\r\nRecordings are made for each individual meteor detected allowing measurements of zonal and meridional wind speeds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to be obtained. Meteor count rates vary diurnally and with season, but are usually up to a few thousand meteors per day.",
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                    "uuid": "df1f4eceef7b4e9bbaafdee7a0733ea4",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Radar studies of the high-latitude mesosphere and lower thermosphere",
                    "abstract": "This project investigated the coupling and dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at arctic latitudes. A VHF meteor radar was deployed at Esrange (68N, 21E) to measure the and winds, waves and tides of the atmosphere at heights of ~ 80 - 100 km. The observations were used to determine the climatology and variability of the zonal and meridional winds, to measure the amplitudes, phases and variability of the 8-, 12- and 24-hour tides and to characterise the rich field of arctic planetary waves."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27261,
                    "uuid": "733b8f7154304303b76bc07e7eda6785",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Studies of the coupling, dynamics and temperature of the mesosphere & lower thermosphere at equatorial, middle and Arctic latitudes",
                    "abstract": "This project used VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radars to investigate the couling and dynamics of the mesosphere and lower thermosphere at equatorial, middle and arctic latitudes. At equatorial latitudes studies investigated Kelvin waves, the Mesospheric Intra-Seasonal Oscillations, Mesospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation (MSQBO) and the non-linear coupling of tides and Kelvin waves. At middle latitudes the non-linear coupling of tides and planetary waves was investigated and at arctic latitudes studies investigated the structure of tidal oscillations."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27264,
                    "uuid": "a08065edeb7a4ad6a8b9c6671e46de2d",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Radar studies of the mesosphere & lower thermosphere",
                    "abstract": "This project used ground-based meteor radars, satellites and models to study the Earth's mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT). These are the regions of the atmosphere at heights from about 50-110 km above the ground. The radars measure the winds of the MLT-region by detecting the drifting of meteor trails as they are carried by the winds at these heights. The radars used in the study are sited at Esrange in the Swedish Arctic, at Castle Eaton in the UK, on Ascension Island in the equatorial Atlantic and at Rothera, the British Antarctic Survey base in the Antarctic.\r\n\r\nThe scientific focus of the work was to understand the role of winds, waves and tides in coupling together the lower, middle and upper atmosphere and to investigate the Arctic and Antarctic MLT regions to determine the nature of any differences between to two polar regions of the Earth. A wide range of studies were undertaken. Some of the major results are listed below.\r\n\r\nObservations revealed that there are significant differences in the winds and atmospheric tides of the Arctic and Antarctic. The equatorward flow of the summertime circulation was found to be both stronger and at a lower height over Esrange than over Rothera. Since this circulation is driven by gravity waves launched from the lower atmosphere, these differences suggest that there are systematic differences in the strength of these waves between the Arctic and Antarctic. The atmospheric tides were also found to be very different, with those of the Arctic being of much larger amplitude (factor ~ 2) than their Southern counterparts. This suggests that there are significant differences in the strength of excitation and the propagation of the tides between the two hemispheres.\r\n\r\nData from the NASA TIMED (Thermosphere, Ionosphere, Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics) satellite were used to examine the underlying mechanisms that cause variability in the tides of the MLT. Surprisingly, it was found that the activity of planetary waves in the Antarctic stratosphere appears to greatly influence the variability of the tides of the Arctic - indicating a planetary-scale control of tidal variability.\r\n\r\nA mysterious 2-day wave observed in the Arctic MLT during winter was shown to be an entirely different phenomenon to the 2-day wave regularly observed in the summer MLT. Data from the AURA satellite revealed it to be a planetary wave that originates in the lower stratosphere and then ascends to the MLT, rather than being generated in situ.\r\n\r\nOther studies revealed that the waves and tides of the MLT appear to influence the Earth's ionosphere, imprinting wave-like signals into its variability. Finally, observations revealed that high-frequency tides of periods 6 and 8 hours and lunar gravitational tides can all reach significant amplitudes in this part of the atmosphere and must be accounted for if it is to be successfully modelled."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27265,
                    "uuid": "393353f16afd48db94908479a2e5acc1",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Winds, waves, clouds & meteors in the mesosphere (NERC Grant Award: NE/E007384/1)",
                    "abstract": "The mesosphere is that part of the atmosphere at heights of about 50 to 100 km. Unlike the lower atmosphere, the general circulation of the mesosphere is powered, or 'driven' by atmospheric waves. These waves are generated in the lower atmosphere, from where they ascend into the mesosphere and break, rather like waves breaking on a beach. The breaking of these waves transfers energy and momentum into the mesosphere and drives a unique atmospheric circulation. In this circulation, air rises over the summer polar regions of the Earth, crosses the equator and then converges and descends over the opposite, winter, pole. The entire descending air of the mesosphere eventually ends up in the stratosphere, carrying with it chemicals and 'smoke' particles deposited by meteors - thus connecting the mesosphere very directly to the underlying stratosphere and troposphere. The 'meteor smoke' appears to act as the nuclei on which condense the ice crystals of ghostly high-altitude summertime polar mesospheric clouds (also known as noctilucent clouds). However, the clouds also require very cold temperatures of below 150 K (- 123 degrees C) in order to form. These low temperatures are only achieved as a result of the cooling of the air as it rises over the summer polar region in the wave-driven circulation. Larger-scale waves and atmospheric tides then modulate this circulation and so modulate the occurrence of the clouds. This means that winds, waves, polar mesospheric clouds and meteors are all intimately connected, and that attempts to understand one mean understanding the others. This project will use sophisticated meteor radars and airglow cameras to investigate the waves and tides of the mesosphere and to study how it couples to the underlying layers of the atmosphere. The cameras, technically 'airglow imagers', record the emissions from faintly glowing layers in the mesosphere. Bright ripple patterns in these layers reveal the presence of atmospheric waves. The cameras are operated by Utah State University and so our project is a trans-Atlantic collaboration. The meteor radars will measure the drifting of meteors carried by the flow and so reveal the winds, large-scale waves and tides of the mesosphere. The radars will also measure the flux of meteors into the atmosphere and can even measure the temperature of the atmosphere. Our goal is to discover how the large-scale waves and tides interact with the small-scale waves responsible for driving the circulation. Do these waves modulate the wave driving process, and if so how? These observations will be carried out at two very different sites. One is Rothera in the Antarctic and the other is Bear Lake in the USA. The contrasting behaviour of the atmosphere over these two site will help reveal how the polar atmosphere differs from elsewhere on the Earth. Our results will be used by colleagues at University College London who are developing a mathematical model of the atmosphere. We will make collaborative measurements with the NASA AIM (Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere) satellite to study polar mesospheric clouds over the Antarctic and to investigate how waves and tides modify the occurrence, brightness and variability of these mysterious clouds. This satellite is due to launch in late 2006. We will also work in a collaborative project with groups from the USA, Argentina and Canada to install a new type of meteor radar in Argentina. This new radar will be optimised to directly measure the wave driving of the mesosphere. Finally, we will compare our measurements made in the Antarctic to measurements made by an identical radar at exactly the same latitude in the Arctic. These measurements will help reveal how and why the mesosphere differ over the two polar regions."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27266,
                    "uuid": "a274dbc117484ee78f92fcb48cd552bc",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Dynamics & coupling of the mesosphere & lower thermosphere - studies with meteor radar and EISCAT (STFC Grant Award: PP/E002218/1)",
                    "abstract": "The mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) is that part of the atmosphere at heights of ~ 50 / 110 km. This project used an array of sophisticated meteor radars, the international EISCAT radar in Scandinavia, the NASA Aeronomy of Ice in the Mesosphere satellite and three numerical models to study the winds, tides and waves of the MLT and to investigate how they control Polar Mesospheric Clouds. A particular focus of the work was to understand how solar variability influences the atmosphere at these heights and to study how coupling processes connect the MLT to the underlying lower atmosphere and the upper atmosphere above."
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                    "title": "University of Bath Skiymet meteor radar data collection",
                    "abstract": "The University of Bath have operated a number of meteor radars in the northern and southern hemisphere since around 1999. These commercially produced Skiymet meteor radars are all-sky VHF (Very High Frequency) meteor radar systems. The various instruments have been operated by the University of Bath from October 1999 to present - albeit with some gaps in the data coverage. These were collected in support of a number of research projects - see linked Project records for further details.\r\n\r\nThe Skiymet radar detects radio scatter from the ionised trails of individual meteors drifting with the winds of the upper mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere. A low-gain transmitter antenna is used to provide broad illumination of the sky. An array of five receiver antennas act as an interferometer to determine the azimuth and zenith angles of individual meteor echoes. Doppler measurements from each meteor determine the radial drift velocity and the meteor is assumed to be a passive tracer of atmospheric flow. The radar typically detects of order a few thousand meteors per day. These observations can be used to determine zonal and meridional winds in the mesosphere, mesopause and lower thermosphere at heights of about 80 – 100 km and with height and time resolutions of ~ 3 km and 2 hours.\r\n\r\nThe radar produces daily “meteor position data” data files (mpd files) recording the details of each individual meteor echo. In normal operation a few thousand individual meteors are detected per day. The key data parameters recorded for each meteor echo include:\r\n\r\n1. Date and time of the meteor detection \r\n2. Range to the meteor echo point \r\n3. Height of the meteor echo above the ground \r\n4. Radial drift velocity of the meteor echo and its uncertainty \r\n5. Zenith and azimuth angles of the meteor echo \r\n6. Ambiguity levels in the determined zenith and azimuth angles \r\n7. Decay time of the meteor echo \r\n8. Meteor echo power and S/N ratio\r\n\r\nRecordings are made for each individual meteor detected allowing measurements of zonal and meridional wind speeds in the mesosphere and lower thermosphere to be obtained. Meteor count rates vary diurnally and with season, but are usually up to a few thousand meteors per day."
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            "title": "Southern OceaN optimal Approach To Assess the carbon state, variability and climatic drivers (SONATA): Atmospheric carbon dioxide, oxygen and atmospheric potential oxygen data from the Cap San Lorenzo container ship 2018",
            "abstract": "This dataset contains atmospheric carbon dioxide, oxygen and atmospheric potential oxygen data from the Cap San Lorenzo container ship. A Li-6252 CO2 analyser and Oxzilla II O2 analyser was used for measurement. The UK participation of Southern OceaN optimal Approach To Assess the carbon state, variability and climatic drivers (SONATA) was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC, grant: NE/P021360/1).",
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                "abstract": "Acquisition for: Atmospheric carbon dioxide, oxygen and atmospheric potential oxygen data from the Cap San Lorenzo container ship 2018"
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                    "ob_id": 26626,
                    "uuid": "fc6b1773c9874b27b334f8446c808d11",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Southern OceaN optimal Approach To Assess the carbon state, variability and climatic drivers (SONATA)",
                    "abstract": "The Southern Ocean (SO) is the most exciting and extreme region of the world ocean, with the strongest winds, coldest temperatures, and most intense storms. It is believed also to be among the largest 'sink' for atmospheric CO2, accounting for about one third of the uptake of CO2 by the global ocean and nearly one tenth of the global emissions of CO2 on average each year. Thus the evolution of the SO carbon sink has the potential to alter the rate and extent of climate change.\r\n\r\nIn spite of its importance, we don't know the state, variability, or climatic drivers of the contemporary SO carbon sink and there is much controversy over its recent evolution. The climate of the SO has been changing over recent decades: in particular, winds have intensified, (attributed in part to the depletion of stratospheric ozone and in part to increasing temperature gradients arising from climate change), ocean acidification is occurring, and there is a long term decline in krill stocks. These effects take place on top of large natural variability and poorly quantified climatic trends.\r\n\r\nSONATA will achieve a step change in our understanding of the contemporary SO carbon sink by delivering new data and new insights, integrating observations from the ocean, from the atmosphere, and model results. We will develop three complementary streams of research, an 'Oceanic', an 'Atmospheric', and a 'Processes and drivers' view, and will bring them together using advanced mathematical frameworks to provide a single assessment with multiple constraints and reduction of uncertainties.\r\n\r\nThe Oceanic view will use existing and new observations of ocean carbon. We will undertake a new calibration experiment to better assess the large number of pH measurements now being made by about 200 sophisticated profiling floats introduced by the US SOCCOM programme. These have the potential to greatly increase the number of observations that can be used to calculate air-sea CO2 fluxes, but only if adequately calibrated. In addition we will develop and use a new technique to construct estimates of the seasonal and temporal evolution of the air-sea flux, using a model of the upper water column constrained with available hydrographic and carbon-system observations. \r\n\r\nThe Atmospheric view will collect new atmospheric CO2 data in remote SO locations comprising Halley Station (75S), the Falkland Islands (51S), and aboard the BAS research ship James Clark Ross; new atmospheric O2 data will come from a ship track that repeats a SO transect every 8 weeks, as well as from Halley Station in coastal Antarctica. Using these data and an inverse framework approach, SONATA will provide an independent assessment of the SO carbon sink, which will deliver particularly on the geographic distribution of the changes, with O2 data helping to inform the drivers.\r\n\r\nThe Processes and drivers view will use two climate-scale carbon models and a series of hindcast simulations to identify the relative contributions of (a) atmospheric CO2 concentration, (b) natural climate variability, (c) climate change, and (d) stratospheric ozone depletion to recent SO carbon trends and variability. Ocean and atmosphere observations, including new data from SONATA and SOCCOM, will be used to optimise the model and validate the results. Idealised forcing with climate models will provide the 'fingerprints' of climatic drivers that are needed to understand the observed patterns of change.\r\n\r\nFinally the three streams of research will be integrated using a Bayesian fusion mathematical approach that considers the strengths and weaknesses of each stream of information and minimises the joint uncertainty. The SO ocean carbon sink will be assessed annually in this way. We will then test the added value of including new streams of observations in the future, including from floats, gliders, drifters, Autonomous Surface Vehicles, additional ground-based observations and satellite CO2 data.\r\n\r\nGrant Ref: NE/P021417/1"
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            "abstract": "This dataset is comprised of raw data from the NERC-funded, full waveform terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) deployed at sites on three continents, multiple countries and plot locations which, have been re-surveyed at different times. This plot site was situated in Gabon Estuaire l'Arboretum Raponda Walker. The plot site had the following  geographical features; Moisture type: Monodominant,  Elevation: Lowland, Edaphic Type: Terra Firma, Forrestry: Secondary, older. \r\n\r\nThe project scanned all trees in the  permanent sample plot (PSP) spanning a range of soil fertility and productivity gradients (24 x 1 ha PSPs in total).  The aim of the weighing trees with lasers project is to test if current allometric relationships are invariant across continents, or whether they differ significantly, and require continental level models; quantify the impact of assumptions of tree shape and wood density on tropical forest allometry; test hypotheses relating to pan-tropical differences in observed AGB (Above Ground Biomass) from satellite and field data. It also aims to apply new knowledge to assessing retrieval accuracy of forthcoming ESA BIOMASS and NASA GEDI (Global Ecosystem Dynamics Investigation Lidar) missions and providing calibration datasets; In addition to testing the capability of low-cost instruments to augment TLS data including: UAVs (unmanned aerial vehicle) for mapping cover and canopy height; low-cost lidar instruments to assess biomass rapidly, at lower accuracy.",
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                    "title": "Weighing Trees with Lasers",
                    "abstract": "Measuring the volume and structure of a tree accurately allows us to calculate the total above-ground carbon (C) stored in the tree, a very important property. Trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and can store this C for decades or even centuries until the tree dies, when some of it is released back to the atmosphere through decomposition. Tropical forests store around half of all above-ground terrestrial C, but are at particular risk due to deforestation and degradation, as well as from changing rainfall and temperature patterns. Surprisingly, our knowledge of tropical forest C stocks is quite poor, and errors in these stocks are large and uncertain. This uncertainty feeds into estimates of CO2 emissions due to deforestation, degradation and land use change. We will address this major uncertainty in the terrestrial C cycle by deploying a new, NERC-funded terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to scan 1000s of trees in tropical forests on three continents: Amazonia, the Congo Basin and SE Asia. The laser data will allow us to measure 3D tree volume and biomass non-destructively to within a few percent of the best current estimates, made by destructive harvesting and weighing. The current, large uncertainties arise because weighing a tree is extremely difficult: tropical trees may be over 50m tall, and weigh 100 tonnes or more. Harvesting also precludes revisiting trees over time to measure change. In practice, a small sample of trees that have been harvested and weighed are related to easy-to-measure parameters of diameter and height, using empirical 'allometric' (size-to-mass) relationships. These relationships are then used to translate diameter and height measurements made over wider areas into estimates of biomass. Allometry is also the only way to infer biomass at very large (pan-tropical) scales, from remote sensing measurements. Unfortunately, the sample of harvested trees underpinning global allometric relationships is geographically limited, and contains very few large trees. Current estimates of tropical forest C stocks from satellite and ground data, all based on these very limited allometry samples, diverge significantly in size and pattern, leading to heated debate as to why this should be.\r\n\r\nThe project hopes to settle this debate, given that our lidar-derived estimates of biomass are completely independent of allometry and unbiased in terms of tree size. We will 'weigh' more trees than are currently included in all global pan-tropical allometries and quantify uncertainty in the allometry models. We will also test assumptions made in allometric models regarding tree shape and wood density. Our measurements will also answer fundamental questions about geographical differences in structural characteristics across tropical forests. Our data will be vital for testing new estimates of biomass from remote sensing; the UK-led ESA BIOMASS RADAR and NASA GEDI laser missions will both estimate pan-tropical C stocks by relying on allometric relationships between forest height and biomass. Our work will feed into these two missions through long-standing collaborations with the lead scientists. More generally, the large number of tree measurements we will collect would be of great interest to researchers in tropical ecology, forestry, biodiversity, remote sensing and C mapping, among others.\r\n\r\nA key aim of the project is to ensure the widest use of our results, by making our data and tools publicly available. We will work with partners to explore routes for commercial developments and input into government policy, particularly relating to forest management and C mapping and mitigation. Lastly, we will make our work accessible through a range of outreach activities, including developing links between a school in the Amazon and UK schools, to raise awareness of scientific, conservation and policy issues surrounding tropical forests.\r\n\r\nThis project was funded by NERC through grant: NE/N00373X/1"
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                    "abstract": "Measuring the volume and structure of a tree accurately allows us to calculate the total above-ground carbon (C) stored in the tree, a very important property. Trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and can store this C for decades or even centuries until the tree dies, when some of it is released back to the atmosphere through decomposition. Tropical forests store around half of all above-ground terrestrial C, but are at particular risk due to deforestation and degradation, as well as from changing rainfall and temperature patterns. Surprisingly, our knowledge of tropical forest C stocks is quite poor, and errors in these stocks are large and uncertain. This uncertainty feeds into estimates of CO2 emissions due to deforestation, degradation and land use change. We will address this major uncertainty in the terrestrial C cycle by deploying a new, NERC-funded terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to scan 1000s of trees in tropical forests on three continents: Amazonia, the Congo Basin and SE Asia. The laser data will allow us to measure 3D tree volume and biomass non-destructively to within a few percent of the best current estimates, made by destructive harvesting and weighing. The current, large uncertainties arise because weighing a tree is extremely difficult: tropical trees may be over 50m tall, and weigh 100 tonnes or more. Harvesting also precludes revisiting trees over time to measure change. In practice, a small sample of trees that have been harvested and weighed are related to easy-to-measure parameters of diameter and height, using empirical 'allometric' (size-to-mass) relationships. These relationships are then used to translate diameter and height measurements made over wider areas into estimates of biomass. Allometry is also the only way to infer biomass at very large (pan-tropical) scales, from remote sensing measurements. Unfortunately, the sample of harvested trees underpinning global allometric relationships is geographically limited, and contains very few large trees. Current estimates of tropical forest C stocks from satellite and ground data, all based on these very limited allometry samples, diverge significantly in size and pattern, leading to heated debate as to why this should be.\r\n\r\nThe project hopes to settle this debate, given that our lidar-derived estimates of biomass are completely independent of allometry and unbiased in terms of tree size. We will 'weigh' more trees than are currently included in all global pan-tropical allometries and quantify uncertainty in the allometry models. We will also test assumptions made in allometric models regarding tree shape and wood density. Our measurements will also answer fundamental questions about geographical differences in structural characteristics across tropical forests. Our data will be vital for testing new estimates of biomass from remote sensing; the UK-led ESA BIOMASS RADAR and NASA GEDI laser missions will both estimate pan-tropical C stocks by relying on allometric relationships between forest height and biomass. Our work will feed into these two missions through long-standing collaborations with the lead scientists. More generally, the large number of tree measurements we will collect would be of great interest to researchers in tropical ecology, forestry, biodiversity, remote sensing and C mapping, among others.\r\n\r\nA key aim of the project is to ensure the widest use of our results, by making our data and tools publicly available. We will work with partners to explore routes for commercial developments and input into government policy, particularly relating to forest management and C mapping and mitigation. Lastly, we will make our work accessible through a range of outreach activities, including developing links between a school in the Amazon and UK schools, to raise awareness of scientific, conservation and policy issues surrounding tropical forests.\r\n\r\nThis project was funded by NERC through grant: NE/N00373X/1"
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                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has a proud tradition of being involved with some of the most successful international collaborations in the Earth observation. This Collection contains dataset generated and/or archived with the support of NCEO resource or scientific expertise. Some notable collaboration which generated data within this collection are as follows:\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. The program goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modelers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) project is produced publicly available daily estimates of surface air temperature since 1850 across the globe for the first time by combining surface and satellite data using novel statistical techniques.\r\n\r\nFIDUCEO has created new climate datasets from Earth Observations with a rigorous treatment of uncertainty informed by the discipline of metrology. This response to the need for enhanced credibility for climate data, to support rigorous science, decision-making and climate services. The project approach was to develop methodologies for generating Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs) and Climate Data Records (CDRs) that are widely applicable and metrologically rigorous. \r\n\r\nThe “BACI” project translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThe UK Natural Environment Research Council has established a knowledge transfer network called NCAVEO (Network for Calibration and Validation of EO data - NCAVEO) which has as its aim the promotion and support of methodologies based upon quantitative, traceable measurements in Earth observation. \r\n\r\nThe Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget 1 & 2 instruments (GERB-1 and GERB-2) make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. They are specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and are carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites operated by EUMETSAT. They were produced by a European consortium led by the UK (NERC) together with Belgium, Italy, and EUMETSAT, with funding from national agencies.\r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions.\r\n\r\nThis SPEI collaboration consists of high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset over the whole of Africa at different time scales from 1 month to 48 months. It is calculated based on precipitation estimates from the satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and potential evaporation estimates by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)."
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                    "title": "Weighing Trees with Lasers",
                    "abstract": "Measuring the volume and structure of a tree accurately allows us to calculate the total above-ground carbon (C) stored in the tree, a very important property. Trees remove CO2 from the atmosphere during photosynthesis and can store this C for decades or even centuries until the tree dies, when some of it is released back to the atmosphere through decomposition. Tropical forests store around half of all above-ground terrestrial C, but are at particular risk due to deforestation and degradation, as well as from changing rainfall and temperature patterns. Surprisingly, our knowledge of tropical forest C stocks is quite poor, and errors in these stocks are large and uncertain. This uncertainty feeds into estimates of CO2 emissions due to deforestation, degradation and land use change. We will address this major uncertainty in the terrestrial C cycle by deploying a new, NERC-funded terrestrial laser scanner (TLS) to scan 1000s of trees in tropical forests on three continents: Amazonia, the Congo Basin and SE Asia. The laser data will allow us to measure 3D tree volume and biomass non-destructively to within a few percent of the best current estimates, made by destructive harvesting and weighing. The current, large uncertainties arise because weighing a tree is extremely difficult: tropical trees may be over 50m tall, and weigh 100 tonnes or more. Harvesting also precludes revisiting trees over time to measure change. In practice, a small sample of trees that have been harvested and weighed are related to easy-to-measure parameters of diameter and height, using empirical 'allometric' (size-to-mass) relationships. These relationships are then used to translate diameter and height measurements made over wider areas into estimates of biomass. Allometry is also the only way to infer biomass at very large (pan-tropical) scales, from remote sensing measurements. Unfortunately, the sample of harvested trees underpinning global allometric relationships is geographically limited, and contains very few large trees. Current estimates of tropical forest C stocks from satellite and ground data, all based on these very limited allometry samples, diverge significantly in size and pattern, leading to heated debate as to why this should be.\r\n\r\nThe project hopes to settle this debate, given that our lidar-derived estimates of biomass are completely independent of allometry and unbiased in terms of tree size. We will 'weigh' more trees than are currently included in all global pan-tropical allometries and quantify uncertainty in the allometry models. We will also test assumptions made in allometric models regarding tree shape and wood density. Our measurements will also answer fundamental questions about geographical differences in structural characteristics across tropical forests. Our data will be vital for testing new estimates of biomass from remote sensing; the UK-led ESA BIOMASS RADAR and NASA GEDI laser missions will both estimate pan-tropical C stocks by relying on allometric relationships between forest height and biomass. Our work will feed into these two missions through long-standing collaborations with the lead scientists. More generally, the large number of tree measurements we will collect would be of great interest to researchers in tropical ecology, forestry, biodiversity, remote sensing and C mapping, among others.\r\n\r\nA key aim of the project is to ensure the widest use of our results, by making our data and tools publicly available. We will work with partners to explore routes for commercial developments and input into government policy, particularly relating to forest management and C mapping and mitigation. Lastly, we will make our work accessible through a range of outreach activities, including developing links between a school in the Amazon and UK schools, to raise awareness of scientific, conservation and policy issues surrounding tropical forests.\r\n\r\nThis project was funded by NERC through grant: NE/N00373X/1"
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                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has a proud tradition of being involved with some of the most successful international collaborations in the Earth observation. This Collection contains dataset generated and/or archived with the support of NCEO resource or scientific expertise. Some notable collaboration which generated data within this collection are as follows:\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. The program goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modelers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) project is produced publicly available daily estimates of surface air temperature since 1850 across the globe for the first time by combining surface and satellite data using novel statistical techniques.\r\n\r\nFIDUCEO has created new climate datasets from Earth Observations with a rigorous treatment of uncertainty informed by the discipline of metrology. This response to the need for enhanced credibility for climate data, to support rigorous science, decision-making and climate services. The project approach was to develop methodologies for generating Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs) and Climate Data Records (CDRs) that are widely applicable and metrologically rigorous. \r\n\r\nThe “BACI” project translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThe UK Natural Environment Research Council has established a knowledge transfer network called NCAVEO (Network for Calibration and Validation of EO data - NCAVEO) which has as its aim the promotion and support of methodologies based upon quantitative, traceable measurements in Earth observation. \r\n\r\nThe Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget 1 & 2 instruments (GERB-1 and GERB-2) make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. They are specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and are carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites operated by EUMETSAT. They were produced by a European consortium led by the UK (NERC) together with Belgium, Italy, and EUMETSAT, with funding from national agencies.\r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions.\r\n\r\nThis SPEI collaboration consists of high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset over the whole of Africa at different time scales from 1 month to 48 months. It is calculated based on precipitation estimates from the satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and potential evaporation estimates by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)."
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                    "abstract": "BITMAP was an Indo-UK-German project (NERC Grant award: NE/P006795/1) to develop better understanding of processes linking the Arctic and Asian monsoon, leading to better prospects for prediction on short, seasonal and decadal scales in both regions.  Recent work had suggested that the pole-to-equator temperature difference is an essential ingredient driving variations in the monsoon.  \r\n\r\nBITMAP's initial focus was on the impact of the temperature difference between pole and equator on the establishment and variation of regional circulations. The project used existing databases of multiple climate models to unpack the impact of different forcing agents (e.g. greenhouse gases and polluting aerosols) on the relative warming of the northern and southern hemispheres and pole-to-equator temperature gradients.  \r\n\r\nThe project then related the gradient to position of the strongest rainfall and strength and position of monsoon circulation.  The project also examined the impact of different pole-to-equator temperatures on hydroclimates of the vulnerable Hindu Kush-Himalaya (HKH) region in High Asia.  \r\n\r\nNext the project tested the impact on Arctic circulation patterns of \"diabatic\" heating arising from the monsoon rainfall (via waves in the atmosphere) by conducting novel experiments with climate models.  The project also helped evaluate and improve these models by determining the problems caused by typical monsoon errors (e.g. misplaced tropical rainfall) on simulation of polar climates; the project also explored how errors in model Arctic sea-ice distribution affect the monsoon.  Finally the project analyzed effects of variations in climate. \r\n\r\nThe project measured and modelled the impact of typical strong and weak Asian monsoon summers on atmospheric waves that travel to the poles and thereby develop a better understanding of the pathways to Arctic circulation, with implications for predicting sea-ice extent.  In the other direction, the project used observations and models to assess the role of the changing Arctic temperatures on the jet stream and on the regularity of heavy rainfall and flooding events that affect South Asia.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of the BITMAP project were as follows: \r\n(1) Better understand the impact of the South Asian monsoon on temperature and circulation structure in the Arctic, including the role of changes in monsoon diabatic heating; \r\n\r\n(2) Better understand the impact of the changing equator-to-pole temperature gradient on the establishment, maintenance and variation of regional circulations over the poles and monsoons; \r\n\r\n(3) Analyze the impacts of the changing equator-to-pole temperature gradient in a warming climate on subseasonal-to-seasonal monsoon variability, with the express impact of improved scientific underpinning of forecasting at NCMRWF; \r\n\r\n(4) Better understand how dynamical connections between high- and low-latitude regions influence moisture transports reaching high Asia from higher latitudes."
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                    "abstract": "Western disturbances (WDs) are upper-level vortices that can significantly impact the weather over Pakistan and north India. This collection contains a catalogue of the tracks of WDs passing through the region (specifically 20-36.5N, 60-80E) produced from various model outputs. This work was undertaken as part of the NERC funded BITMAP (Better understanding of Interregional Teleconnections for prediction in the Monsoon and Poles) project. \r\n\r\nBITMAP was an Indo-UK-German project (NERC grant award: NE/P006795/1) to develop better understanding of processes linking the Arctic and Asian monsoon, leading to better prospects for prediction on short, seasonal and decadal scales in both regions.  Recent work had suggested that the pole-to-equator temperature difference is an essential ingredient driving variations in the monsoon. \r\n\r\nTracks of these WDs were generated using a bespoke tracking algorithm within the project applied to data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' (ECMWF) ERA-Interim reanalysis data and model output from various experiments of the World Climate Research Programme's Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (WCRP CMIP5). The algorithm, described in Hunt et al, 2017, QJRMS (see linked documentation), identified and linked upper-tropospheric vortices from the data and are available within this dataset collection. Additional details of the CMIP5 tracking algorithm are available in the  Hunt et al. paper 'Representation of western disturbances in CMIP5 models' paper (see linked documentation). The principal difference between the algorithm used for the ERA-Interim data and the CMIP5 data is the choice of pressure levels on which the algorithm was run: 500 hPa for the ERA-Interim data and 450-300 hPa layer for the CMIP5 data."
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            "ob_id": 27405,
            "uuid": "004a2953edbc4c2e9b89bda0e2009e55",
            "title": "ESA Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (SST_cci): Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) Level 3 Collated (L3C) Climate Data Record, version 2.0",
            "abstract": "This v2.0 SST_cci Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) Level 3 Collated (L3C) Climate Data Record (CDR) consists of stable, low-bias sea surface temperature (SST) data from the ATSR series of satellite instruments. It covers the period 11/1991 - 04/2012.  This L3C product provides these SST data on a 0.05 regular latitude-longitude grid and collated to include all orbits for a day (separated into daytime and nighttime files).\r\n\r\nThe dataset has been produced as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Sea Surface Temperature project(ESA SST_cci). The data products from SST CCI accurately map the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nData are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .",
            "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554",
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                "title": "CCI SST retrieval process from the (A)ATSR series of instruments",
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                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (SST_cci) project is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative programme,  It aims to accurately mapping the surface temperature of the global oceans  using observations from many satellites, and to independently quantify SST to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nThe team brings together European expertise in creating climate quality records of ocean temperatures from satellite data, with expertise in climate applications and computer engineering. Through the ESA funded Climate Change Initiative, the team have created a climate record of global sea surface temperature (SST) for the period 1981 to 2016. Based on satellite data, this record is independent of thermometer based measurements from ships and buoys. The new climate SST record complements and challenges existing knowledge of how ocean temperatures have evolved. \r\n\r\nThe project started in August 2010. It is part of a wider initiative by the European Space Agency (ESA) addressing several essential climate variables in addition to SST."
                }
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Collection of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Data of the Global Oceans as part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI)",
                    "abstract": "The ESA Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (ESA SST_cci) datasets accurately map the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nThe latest version (v2.1) of the data are described in the data paper:  Merchant, C.J., Embury, O., Bulgin, C.E., Block T., Corlett, G.K., Fiedler, E., Good, S.A., Mittaz, J., Rayner, N.A., Berry, D., Eastwood, S., Taylor, M., Tsushima, Y., Waterfall, A., Wilson, R., Donlon, C. Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications, Scientific Data 6:223 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0236-x\r\n\r\nData are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . To comply with the attribution aspect, please cite the above reference and the dataset citation given on the relevant dataset page."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 30128,
                    "uuid": "7fe9f59731ab47b6a20e792e0cba4641",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) partnered datasets",
                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has a proud tradition of being involved with some of the most successful international collaborations in the Earth observation. This Collection contains dataset generated and/or archived with the support of NCEO resource or scientific expertise. Some notable collaboration which generated data within this collection are as follows:\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. The program goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modelers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) project is produced publicly available daily estimates of surface air temperature since 1850 across the globe for the first time by combining surface and satellite data using novel statistical techniques.\r\n\r\nFIDUCEO has created new climate datasets from Earth Observations with a rigorous treatment of uncertainty informed by the discipline of metrology. This response to the need for enhanced credibility for climate data, to support rigorous science, decision-making and climate services. The project approach was to develop methodologies for generating Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs) and Climate Data Records (CDRs) that are widely applicable and metrologically rigorous. \r\n\r\nThe “BACI” project translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThe UK Natural Environment Research Council has established a knowledge transfer network called NCAVEO (Network for Calibration and Validation of EO data - NCAVEO) which has as its aim the promotion and support of methodologies based upon quantitative, traceable measurements in Earth observation. \r\n\r\nThe Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget 1 & 2 instruments (GERB-1 and GERB-2) make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. They are specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and are carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites operated by EUMETSAT. They were produced by a European consortium led by the UK (NERC) together with Belgium, Italy, and EUMETSAT, with funding from national agencies.\r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions.\r\n\r\nThis SPEI collaboration consists of high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset over the whole of Africa at different time scales from 1 month to 48 months. It is calculated based on precipitation estimates from the satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and potential evaporation estimates by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)."
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            "ob_id": 27406,
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            "title": "Vertical wind profile data from 10th September 2005 to 1st April 2006 measured by the University of Manchester 1290 mhz mobile wind profiler deployed on long term observations at Capel Dewi, Wales",
            "abstract": "Vertical profiles of horizontal and vertical wind components as well as signal-to-noise (SNR) and spectal width measurements were collected at the NERC Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere radar facility site, Capel Dewi, near Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, between 10th September 2005 and 1st April 2006  as part of ongoing long term observations made by the NERC National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS). These data were collected by the NCAS Atmospheric Measreument Facility's (AMF) 1290 MHz Mobile Wind Profiler, owned and operated by the University of Manchester and previously known as the aber-radar-1290mhz at the time of these observations. The data are available at 15 minute intervals as netCDF files to all registered BADC users under the Open Government License.\r\n\r\nThe dataset contains the following measurements:\r\n\r\nEastward wind velocity component\r\nNorthward wind velocity component\r\nUpward air velocity\r\nDirection the wind is from\r\nSignal to noise ratio\r\nAltitude of instrument above the ground\r\nLongitude of instrument\r\nLatitude of instrument\r\nSpectral width",
            "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554",
            "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326",
            "latestDataUpdateTime": null,
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            "dataLineage": "Data were collected by the wind profiler before being processed by the instrument scientist, Emily Norton, and then provided to the BADC for archiving.",
            "removedDataReason": "",
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            "publicationState": "preview",
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                "short_code": "acq",
                "title": "Acquisition Process for: Vertical wind profile data from 31st August 2004 to 1st June 2005 measured by the University of Manchester 1290 mhz mobile wind profiler deployed on long term observations at Capel Dewi, Wales",
                "abstract": "This acquisition is comprised of the following: INSTRUMENTS: University of Manchester Degreane 1290mhz Mobile Wind Profiler Radar - formerly aber-radar-1290mhz; PLATFORMS: Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) Radar Facility, Capel Dewi, UK; "
            },
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                    "uuid": "03349c8b2c6c456c9a07c1b828f8b1dc",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "NCAS-AMF: Long term observations at the Capel Dewi Atmospheric Observatory, Mid-Wales",
                    "abstract": "The Natural Environment Research Council's (NERC) National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) undertake a number of long term measurements by a suite of instruments to support ongoing atmospheric research at a variety of locations. These include a long-term observation mode of instruments from the NCAS Atmospheric Measurement Facility (AMF) when not deployed on specific field campaign duties for other projects.\r\n\r\nOne such long-term deployment covers the NCAS AMF mobile wind profiler deployed at the NERC Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere (MST) radar facility located near Aberystwyth, mid-Wales. This complements other long-term wind profilers in the UK, and also an alternative long-term observation site for this instrument at the Met Office's Cardington site in Bedfordshire."
                }
            ],
            "inspireTheme": [],
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                    "uuid": "a0c7a4c46a83992cfdf9820a4b253923",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NCAS Long Term Observations of atmospheric dynamics and composition",
                    "abstract": "The UK's Natural Environment Research Council's (NERC) National Centre for Atmospheric Sciences (NCAS) operates a suite of instrumentation to monitor the atmospheric dynamics and composition of the atmosphere. This dataset brings together all the long term routine observations made by NCAS instruments covering surface based instruments as well as remote sensing instruments such as radars and lidars. Some of the instruments may also be deployed elsewhere on field campaigns, for which the data will be available under the associated field campaign dataset. Links are also available to pages describing the instruments from which links to all data from that particular instrument can be found."
                }
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        {
            "ob_id": 27408,
            "uuid": "b7d9ce30a3054402b4cf8374e1cf8a73",
            "title": "Vertical wind profile data from 11th October 2006 to 31st December 2006 measured by the University of Manchester 1290 mhz mobile wind profiler deployed on long term observations at Capel Dewi, Wales",
            "abstract": "Vertical profiles of horizontal and vertical wind components as well as signal-to-noise (SNR) and spectal width measurements were collected at the NERC Mesosphere-Stratosphere-Troposphere radar facility site, Capel Dewi, near Aberystwyth, Ceredigion, Wales, between 11th October 2006 and 31st December 2006 as part of ongoing long term observations made by the NERC National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS). These data were collected by the NCAS Atmospheric Measurement Facility's (AMF) 1290 MHz Mobile Wind Profiler, owned and operated by the University of Manchester and previously known as the aber-radar-1290mhz at the time of these observations. The data are available at 15 minute intervals as netCDF files to all registered BADC users under the Open Government License.\r\n\r\nThe dataset contains the following measurements:\r\n\r\nEastward wind velocity component\r\nNorthward wind velocity component\r\nUpward air velocity\r\nDirection the wind is from\r\nSignal to noise ratio\r\nAltitude of instrument above the ground\r\nLongitude of instrument\r\nLatitude of instrument\r\nSpectral width",
            "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554",
            "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326",
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            "abstract": "The BACI Surface State Vector (SSV) dataset for West Africa provides a description of the surface state from a combination of satellite observations across wavelength domains i.e. albedo (visible), Land Surface Temperature (LST) (passive/thermal microwave) and backscatter (active microwave). The dataset contains a unique spatially and temporally consistent (as far as the observations allow) series of observations of the land surface, across optical and microwave domains. The innovation of this approach is in providing a SSV in a common space/time framework, containing information from multiple, independent data streams, with associated uncertainty. The methods used can be used to combine data from multiple different satellite sources. The resulting dataset is intended to make the best use of all available observations to detect changes in the land surface state: the combination of data is likely to show changes that would not be apparent from data in a single wavelength region. The inclusion of uncertainty also allows the strength of the resulting changes to be properly quantified.",
            "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554",
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            "dataLineage": "Provided by Mathias  Disney of  the University College London BACI projcet team to CEDA for publication",
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            "keywords": "BACI, TOWARDS A BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE CHANGE INDEX, State Surface Vector, West Africa, albedo, mircrowave, backscatter",
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                "volume": 136494044470,
                "numberOfFiles": 437,
                "fileFormat": "All files are NetCDF 4.0;\r\nDirectory lst  - contains Land Surface Temperature Data plus uncertainty measurements;\r\nDirectory optical  - contains Albedo Data plus uncertainity measurments;\r\nDirectory sar - contains Backscatter Data form Sentinel-1 with uncertainties;\r\n\r\nSee iPython notebook in dataset documnetation for futher information"
            },
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                "ob_id": 7365,
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                "endTime": "2015-12-31T00:00:00"
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                "explanation": "BACI data validated by Maxim Chernetskiy UCL project team",
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                "uuid": "5a3bc525bb384291881b16c9aff89365",
                "short_code": "comp",
                "title": "BACI State Surface Vector Computation (SSV)",
                "abstract": "The main requirement for BACI SSV dataset was  to provide frequent time series of remote sensing information in different domains of electromagnetic spectrum covering largest possible regions. It was important to have data which allows  change detection to be as precise as possible without attribution. The dataset  combines layers of optical, thermal infrared and microwave data providing comprehensive set of information. \r\n\r\nThe process used MODIS reflectance, MODIS land surface temperature and Sentinel-1 VV/VH backscatter. It also employed  linear Kernel BRDF models to normalise reflectance to nadir view. i.e.and an inversion of the Kernel models to obtain kernels and then it is easy to calculate reflectance at nadir. In the case of thermal and SAR information the process used identity operator i.e. smoother to fill gaps and estimate uncertainty. This allows minimum loss of information and makes data sets compatible.\r\nThe main difference between SSV datasets and conventional way of representing data is availability of information about associated uncertainties.  This allows to see the extent to which we can trust specific pixel at specific date/time. Most of the conventional change detection and time series decomposition methods do not take uncertainty into account. This can lead to misinterpretation of data due to atmospheric effects, processing or model errors. The result was smooth continuous time series with associated uncertainties and restored time/space gaps. We exploit temporal regularization which was presented in see {Quaife2010} and {Lewis2012a} in data set documentation). This technique allows filling gaps in the time series of parameters and explicitly characterize the output uncertainties.\r\n\r\nInputs to the BACI SSV are MODIS daily reflectance and LST data, Sentinel 1 backscatter and historical microwave (ENVISAT ASAR). A  key  innovation  of  the  BACI  SSV  processing  chain  is  the  use  of  the  multitasking  facilities  of  CEMS/JASMIN cluster to process almost 20 years of EO data across domains ."
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                    "ob_id": 27702,
                    "uuid": "79d5be6f496e4166b2d2a7d2f1716476",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Towards a Biosphere Atmosphere Change Index (BACI) H2020 project",
                    "abstract": "The  “BACI” baci  translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity. Other key elements are, firstly attributing ecosystem transformations to societal transformations, and secondly developing a prototype early warning system for detecting disturbances at the interface of land ecosystems and atmosphere.\r\n\r\nUniversity College London lead work package 2, provided the core requirement of timely and consistent spatial data to be used as input to the BACI analysis framework. This was primarily Earth Observation Sattelite  data, but also additional spatial data such as elevation and slope/aspect. WP2 will provide a generic, scaleable framework for combining data from multiple streams for input into BACI index analysis, effectively a multi-source, surface change detection system. \r\n\r\nThe output of  work package 2 was a system ‘state vector’ representing the state of a point/region on the land surface at a given time as a function of input data (reflectance, Δreflectance i.e. change in reflectance since the last observation, LST, backscatter and multi-temporal backscatter statistics, interferometric coherence, soil moisture, freeze/thaw, snow characteristics, albedo, vegetation state, ancillary), with uncertainty archived at CEDA. \r\n\r\nThe project co-ordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry ran from April 2015 - March 2019\r\n\r\nThis project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 640176"
                }
            ],
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                {
                    "ob_id": 27434,
                    "uuid": "1452fa13390549f5a6794840b948a8d1",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Regularised optical, thermal and backscatter land surface System State Vector (SSV) time series data collection from the BACI ( Towards a Biosphere Atmosphere  Change Index) project.",
                    "abstract": "The BACI System State Vector datasets cover large regional sites in Europe, West, Eastern and Southern Africa in addition to smaller fast track sites in Denmark, Wytham Forest, Kruger National Park, Hainich, Viterbo, Romania, Slovenia, Ethiopia and Southern/Central/Northern Somalia.  \r\n\r\nThe BACI datasets address one of main complications in combining different Earth Observation (EO) data streams is a requirement of common time and space resolution. These data are gap free time series, of EO data across optical (reflectance, albedo), passive microwave (LST) and active microwave (backscatter) domains. This collection contains optimally smoothed and filtered time series of reflectance, albedo and backscatter datasets, starting in 2000 and running to the present, as the core SSV output. \r\n\r\nCrucially, the SSV data is provided with consistent uncertainties, which is key for use in downstream quantitative modelling and change detection applications, particularly to help attribute and explain detected change. Changes in the Earth’s surface can have very different properties and so can influence very different domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. As a result these datasets are  particularly useful for trying to detect changes in ecosystem structure and function, a potentially vital application for satellite monitoring of the Earth system."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 30128,
                    "uuid": "7fe9f59731ab47b6a20e792e0cba4641",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) partnered datasets",
                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has a proud tradition of being involved with some of the most successful international collaborations in the Earth observation. This Collection contains dataset generated and/or archived with the support of NCEO resource or scientific expertise. Some notable collaboration which generated data within this collection are as follows:\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. The program goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modelers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) project is produced publicly available daily estimates of surface air temperature since 1850 across the globe for the first time by combining surface and satellite data using novel statistical techniques.\r\n\r\nFIDUCEO has created new climate datasets from Earth Observations with a rigorous treatment of uncertainty informed by the discipline of metrology. This response to the need for enhanced credibility for climate data, to support rigorous science, decision-making and climate services. The project approach was to develop methodologies for generating Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs) and Climate Data Records (CDRs) that are widely applicable and metrologically rigorous. \r\n\r\nThe “BACI” project translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThe UK Natural Environment Research Council has established a knowledge transfer network called NCAVEO (Network for Calibration and Validation of EO data - NCAVEO) which has as its aim the promotion and support of methodologies based upon quantitative, traceable measurements in Earth observation. \r\n\r\nThe Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget 1 & 2 instruments (GERB-1 and GERB-2) make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. They are specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and are carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites operated by EUMETSAT. They were produced by a European consortium led by the UK (NERC) together with Belgium, Italy, and EUMETSAT, with funding from national agencies.\r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions.\r\n\r\nThis SPEI collaboration consists of high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset over the whole of Africa at different time scales from 1 month to 48 months. It is calculated based on precipitation estimates from the satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and potential evaporation estimates by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)."
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        {
            "ob_id": 27438,
            "uuid": "e838a628dacc438ab4749b011ae7225f",
            "title": "South Asian Monsoon: whole air sample halocarbon measurements onboard FAAM aircraft flights",
            "abstract": "This dataset contains halocarbon measurements made from whole air samples collected on board the FAAM (Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements) aircraft during the NERC (National Environmental Research Council) South West Asian Aerosol Monsoon Interactions (SWAAMI) project and the Interaction of Convective Organization and Monsoon Precipitation, Atmosphere, Surface and Sea (INCOMPASS) project - both of which were funded under the 'Drivers of Variability in the South Asian Monsoon' programme.\r\nWhole air samples were collected in 3 L stainless steel cylinders (WAS flasks) aboard the FAAM aircraft during 11 flights (b957, b959, b963, b966, b968, b969, b971, b972, b974, b975, b976). In total, 176 samples were collected above India and the Indian Ocean, from the 12th June - 10th July 2016. Samples were returned to the University of Bristol for analysis by Medusa Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry, resulting in concentration (mole fraction) data for chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), perfluorocarbons (PFCs) and chlorocarbons (e.g. dichloromethane). Each sample was analysed three times in total, with the reported mole fraction taken to be the average of these three analyses. Samples were collected by Daniel Say, with significant input from Anita Ganesan (flight planning) and Simon O'Doherty (interpretation of measurements).",
            "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554",
            "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326",
            "latestDataUpdateTime": "2019-04-04T14:06:14",
            "updateFrequency": "notPlanned",
            "dataLineage": "Flask samples were collected by Daniel Say on board the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) aircraft. Samples were analysed using a Medusa Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry instrument at the University of Bristol. Data were deposited at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) for archiving.",
            "removedDataReason": "",
            "keywords": "b957, b959, b963, b966, b968, b969, b971, b972, b974, b975, b976, halocarbons, HCFC, HFC, FAAM, SWAAMI, INCOMPASS, whole air sample, WAS",
            "publicationState": "published",
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            "resolution": "",
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            "dataPublishedTime": "2019-03-28T16:07:36",
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            },
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                "endTime": "2016-07-09T23:00:00"
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                "explanation": "Data are as given by the data provider, no quality control has been performed by the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA).",
                "passesTest": true,
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                "date": "2019-03-25"
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                "short_code": "acq",
                "title": "Acquisition for: Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements: South Asian whole air sample halocarbon measurements",
                "abstract": "Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements: South Asian whole air sample halocarbon measurements"
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            "projects": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 19201,
                    "uuid": "2fb5f31126a3425f9af15e3ea85c552f",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Interaction of Convective Organization and Monsoon Precipitation, Atmosphere, Surface and Sea (INCOMPASS)",
                    "abstract": "The monsoon supplies the majority of water for agriculture and industry in South Asia, and is therefore critical to the well-being of a billion people. Active and break periods in the monsoon have a major influence on the success of farming, while year-to-year variations in the rainfall have economic consequences on an international scale. The growing population and developing economy mean that understanding and predicting the monsoon is therefore vital. Despite this, our capability to model the monsoon, and to make forecasts on scales from days to the season ahead is limited by large errors that develop quickly. The relatively poor performance of weather prediction models over India is due to a very strong and complex relationship between the land, ocean and atmosphere, which are linked by the process of convection, in the form of the rain-bringing cumulonimbus clouds. Forecast errors occur primarily because the convective clouds are not accurately linked to the large-scale circulation or to the surface conditions, and these errors persist to long time scales. Worldwide, weather and climate forecast models are gaining resolution, and yet the errors in monsoon rainfall are not diminishing. A lack of detailed observations of the land, ocean and atmospheric parts of the monsoon system, on a range of temporal and spatial scales, is preventing a more thorough understanding of processes in monsoon convective clouds and at the land surface, and their interaction with the large-scale circulation. \r\n\r\nThe project used a programme of new measurements over India and the adjacent oceans to advance monsoon forecasting capability in the Indo-UK community. The first detachment of the FAAM research aircraft to India, in combination with an intensive ground-based observation campaign, will gather new observations of the land surface, the boundary layer structure over land and ocean, and atmospheric profiles. We will institute a new long-term series of measurements of energy and water exchanges at the land surface. Research measurements from one monsoon season will be combined with long-term observations on the Indian operational networks. Observations will be focused on two transects: in the northern plains of India, covering a range of surface types from irrigated to rain-fed agriculture, and wet to dry climatic zones; and across the Western Ghats, with transitions from land to ocean and across orography. The observational analysis will represent a unique and unprecedented characterization of monsoon processes linking the land, ocean and atmospheric patterns which control the rainfall. Long-term measurements will allow the computation of statistical relationships between the various factors. \r\n\r\nThe observational analysis fed directly into improved forecasting at the Met Office and NCMRWF. The Met Office Unified Model, which is used for weather forecasting at both institutions, was set up in a range of different ways for the observational period. In particular, the project pioneered the test development of a new 100m-resolution atmospheric model, which greatly improved the representation of land-ocean-atmosphere interactions. Another priority was to improve land surface modelling in monsoon forecasts. By comparing the results of the very high resolution models on small domains with lower-resolution models representing the global weather patterns, it was possible to describe the key processes controlling monsoon rainfall, and to indicate how these need to be represented in different applications, such as weather predictions or climate predictions. Through model evaluation at a range of scales, the development of simple theoretical understanding of the rainfall processes, and working with groups responsible for operational model improvement, the project led directly to improvements in monsoon forecasts. \r\n\r\nObjectives: The grand objective of this project was to improve the skill of rainfall prediction in operational weather and climate models by way of better understanding and representation of interactions between the land surface, boundary layer, convection, the large-scale environment and monsoon variability on a range of scales.\r\n\r\nSpecific objectives:\r\n\r\n1a) To document and evaluate the characteristics of monsoon rainfall on sub-daily to intraseasonal time scales, as influenced by surface, thermodynamic and dynamic forcing, as monsoon air moves from the ocean inland and across the subcontinent.\r\n1b) To evaluate the representation of these rainfall processes in the Met Office Unified Model at a range of resolutions, and thereby to indicate the priorities for model development.\r\n\r\n2) Quantify land surface properties and fluxes, using in-situ and remote sensing measurements, as they interact with the monsoon on hourly to monthly time scales and from kilometre to continental spatial scales. \r\n\r\n3a) Quantify the role of the Indian land surface in the progression of the monsoon during the onset, and in monsoon variability, and relate it to the role of the ocean.\r\n3b) Evaluate the impact of improved land-surface representation on monsoon prediction and make recommendations for future land-atmosphere modelling strategy.\r\n\r\n4a) Evaluate the influence of local and short-term structures in convection and the boundary layer, on rainfall variability on intraseasonal and seasonal timescales, using observations, idealized models and a range of operational models. \r\n4b) Make recommendations for priorities in the parametrization of convective rainfall in the monsoon system."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 19202,
                    "uuid": "3f348e446ee040c6a7f293d8e2e75f80",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "South West Asian Aerosol Monsoon Interactions (SWAAMI)",
                    "abstract": "SWAAMI contributed to the joint NERC-MoES programme: Drivers of Variability in the Asian Monsoon, through a detailed determination of aerosol physical and chemical properties across India in the advance of, and during, the Indian monsoon using UK and Indian research aircraft.  The measurements delivered a chemical and physical characterisation of the aerosol that is considerably more detailed than any previous and enabled an assessment of aerosol composition and mixing state, provided source characterisation and deliver quantification of aerosol optical properties such as extinction, absorption and single scattering albedo.  Such detailed characterisation allowed representations of aerosol properties in regional and global climate models.  Aircraft measurements were combined with syntheses of long term data from across the continent and previous field studies to provide a data set that can challenge how well models represent aerosol across the region.  Improving model representations of aerosol properties and testing the extent to which this improves model performance against data provided a framework for ensuring model aerosol schemes improve and in doing so allowed more reliable predictions of aerosols effects on the heat budget of the region and hence improve our knowledge of how aerosols may influence the Indian monsoon.\r\n\r\nSWAAMI combined measurements of the properties of aerosols across northern India and the Bay of Bengal during the pre-monsoon in unprecedented detail with long term measurements from ground based networks and data from previous intensive campaigns in order to challenge model representations of aerosols over India and their effects on the monsoon.\r\nKey objectives of SWAAMI were to:\r\n*Assess the impact of mineral dust, black carbon aerosol and co-emitted organic and inorganic species on the radiation budget via the direct, semi-direct and indirect effects\r\n*Assess the impact of the aerosol radiative forcing on the local energy budget, atmospheric dynamics and hydrological cycle over India\r\n*Assess the impact of the forcings and feedbacks arising from aerosols over Indian region on regional and global climate.\r\n\r\nGrant ref: NE/L013886/1"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27440,
                    "uuid": "a36266fd19f5419eb9e5cdffe8ec58f9",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Drivers of Variability in the South Asian Monsoon - MONSOON",
                    "abstract": "Drivers of Variability in the South Asian Monsoon (MONSOON). This project aims to improve our understanding of variability in the South Asian monsoon. The focus is on developing a better understanding of processes driving variability, seasonality and predictability."
                }
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                    "title": "INCOMPASS: radiosonde and in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "Radiosonde and in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for Interaction of Convective Organization and Monsoon Precipitation, Atmosphere, Surface and Sea (INCOMPASS)."
                },
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "SWAAMI: in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "In-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for South West Asian Aerosol Monsoon Interactions (SWAAMI)."
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            "title": "BACI: System State Vector (SSV)  land surface time series dataset for the Horn of Africa regional site, 2000-2015,  v1.0",
            "abstract": "The BACI Surface State Vector (SSV) dataset for the Horn of Africa provides a description of the surface state from a combination of satellite observations across wavelength domains i.e. albedo (visible), Land Surface Temperature (LST) (passive/thermal microwave) and backscatter (active microwave). The dataset contains a unique spatially and temporally consistent (as far as the observations allow) series of observations of the land surface, across optical and microwave domains. The innovation of this approach is in providing a SSV in a common space/time framework, containing information from multiple, independent data streams, with associated uncertainty. The methods used can be used to combine data from multiple different satellite sources. The resulting dataset is intended to make the best use of all available observations to detect changes in the land surface state: the combination of data is likely to show changes that would not be apparent from data in a single wavelength region. The inclusion of uncertainty also allows the strength of the resulting changes to be properly quantified.",
            "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554",
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            "dataLineage": "Provided by Mathias Disney of  the UCL BACI projcet team to CEDA for publication",
            "removedDataReason": "",
            "keywords": "BACI, TOWARDS A BIOSPHERE ATMOSPHERE CHANGE INDEX, State Surface Vector, Horn of Africa, albedo, mircrowave, backscatter",
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            "language": "English",
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            "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-14T12:31:02",
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                "endTime": "2015-12-31T00:00:00"
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                "explanation": "BACI data validated by Maxim Chernetskiy UCL project team",
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                "resultTitle": "BACI Data Quality Statement",
                "date": "2019-08-20"
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                "title": "BACI State Surface Vector Computation (SSV)",
                "abstract": "The main requirement for BACI SSV dataset was  to provide frequent time series of remote sensing information in different domains of electromagnetic spectrum covering largest possible regions. It was important to have data which allows  change detection to be as precise as possible without attribution. The dataset  combines layers of optical, thermal infrared and microwave data providing comprehensive set of information. \r\n\r\nThe process used MODIS reflectance, MODIS land surface temperature and Sentinel-1 VV/VH backscatter. It also employed  linear Kernel BRDF models to normalise reflectance to nadir view. i.e.and an inversion of the Kernel models to obtain kernels and then it is easy to calculate reflectance at nadir. In the case of thermal and SAR information the process used identity operator i.e. smoother to fill gaps and estimate uncertainty. This allows minimum loss of information and makes data sets compatible.\r\nThe main difference between SSV datasets and conventional way of representing data is availability of information about associated uncertainties.  This allows to see the extent to which we can trust specific pixel at specific date/time. Most of the conventional change detection and time series decomposition methods do not take uncertainty into account. This can lead to misinterpretation of data due to atmospheric effects, processing or model errors. The result was smooth continuous time series with associated uncertainties and restored time/space gaps. We exploit temporal regularization which was presented in see {Quaife2010} and {Lewis2012a} in data set documentation). This technique allows filling gaps in the time series of parameters and explicitly characterize the output uncertainties.\r\n\r\nInputs to the BACI SSV are MODIS daily reflectance and LST data, Sentinel 1 backscatter and historical microwave (ENVISAT ASAR). A  key  innovation  of  the  BACI  SSV  processing  chain  is  the  use  of  the  multitasking  facilities  of  CEMS/JASMIN cluster to process almost 20 years of EO data across domains ."
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                    "title": "Towards a Biosphere Atmosphere Change Index (BACI) H2020 project",
                    "abstract": "The  “BACI” baci  translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity. Other key elements are, firstly attributing ecosystem transformations to societal transformations, and secondly developing a prototype early warning system for detecting disturbances at the interface of land ecosystems and atmosphere.\r\n\r\nUniversity College London lead work package 2, provided the core requirement of timely and consistent spatial data to be used as input to the BACI analysis framework. This was primarily Earth Observation Sattelite  data, but also additional spatial data such as elevation and slope/aspect. WP2 will provide a generic, scaleable framework for combining data from multiple streams for input into BACI index analysis, effectively a multi-source, surface change detection system. \r\n\r\nThe output of  work package 2 was a system ‘state vector’ representing the state of a point/region on the land surface at a given time as a function of input data (reflectance, Δreflectance i.e. change in reflectance since the last observation, LST, backscatter and multi-temporal backscatter statistics, interferometric coherence, soil moisture, freeze/thaw, snow characteristics, albedo, vegetation state, ancillary), with uncertainty archived at CEDA. \r\n\r\nThe project co-ordinated by the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry ran from April 2015 - March 2019\r\n\r\nThis project has received funding from the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreement No. 640176"
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                    "uuid": "1452fa13390549f5a6794840b948a8d1",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Regularised optical, thermal and backscatter land surface System State Vector (SSV) time series data collection from the BACI ( Towards a Biosphere Atmosphere  Change Index) project.",
                    "abstract": "The BACI System State Vector datasets cover large regional sites in Europe, West, Eastern and Southern Africa in addition to smaller fast track sites in Denmark, Wytham Forest, Kruger National Park, Hainich, Viterbo, Romania, Slovenia, Ethiopia and Southern/Central/Northern Somalia.  \r\n\r\nThe BACI datasets address one of main complications in combining different Earth Observation (EO) data streams is a requirement of common time and space resolution. These data are gap free time series, of EO data across optical (reflectance, albedo), passive microwave (LST) and active microwave (backscatter) domains. This collection contains optimally smoothed and filtered time series of reflectance, albedo and backscatter datasets, starting in 2000 and running to the present, as the core SSV output. \r\n\r\nCrucially, the SSV data is provided with consistent uncertainties, which is key for use in downstream quantitative modelling and change detection applications, particularly to help attribute and explain detected change. Changes in the Earth’s surface can have very different properties and so can influence very different domains of the electromagnetic spectrum. As a result these datasets are  particularly useful for trying to detect changes in ecosystem structure and function, a potentially vital application for satellite monitoring of the Earth system."
                },
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                    "ob_id": 30128,
                    "uuid": "7fe9f59731ab47b6a20e792e0cba4641",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) partnered datasets",
                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has a proud tradition of being involved with some of the most successful international collaborations in the Earth observation. This Collection contains dataset generated and/or archived with the support of NCEO resource or scientific expertise. Some notable collaboration which generated data within this collection are as follows:\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. The program goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modelers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) project is produced publicly available daily estimates of surface air temperature since 1850 across the globe for the first time by combining surface and satellite data using novel statistical techniques.\r\n\r\nFIDUCEO has created new climate datasets from Earth Observations with a rigorous treatment of uncertainty informed by the discipline of metrology. This response to the need for enhanced credibility for climate data, to support rigorous science, decision-making and climate services. The project approach was to develop methodologies for generating Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs) and Climate Data Records (CDRs) that are widely applicable and metrologically rigorous. \r\n\r\nThe “BACI” project translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThe UK Natural Environment Research Council has established a knowledge transfer network called NCAVEO (Network for Calibration and Validation of EO data - NCAVEO) which has as its aim the promotion and support of methodologies based upon quantitative, traceable measurements in Earth observation. \r\n\r\nThe Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget 1 & 2 instruments (GERB-1 and GERB-2) make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. They are specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and are carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites operated by EUMETSAT. They were produced by a European consortium led by the UK (NERC) together with Belgium, Italy, and EUMETSAT, with funding from national agencies.\r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions.\r\n\r\nThis SPEI collaboration consists of high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset over the whole of Africa at different time scales from 1 month to 48 months. It is calculated based on precipitation estimates from the satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and potential evaporation estimates by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)."
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            "uuid": "aced40d7cb964f23a0fd3e85772f2d48",
            "title": "ESA Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (SST_cci): Level 4 Analysis Climate Data Record, version 2.0",
            "abstract": "This v2.0 SST_cci Level 4 Analysis Climate Data Record (CDR) provides a globally-complete daily analysis of sea surface temperature (SST) on a  0.05 degree regular latitude-longitude grid. It combines the orbit data from the Advanced High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and Along Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) SST_cci Climate Data Records, using a data assimilation method to provide SSTs where there were no measurements.  These data cover the period between 09/1981 and 12/2016.\r\n\r\nThe dataset has been produced as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Sea Surface Temperature project(ESA SST_cci). The data products from SST CCI accurately map the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nData are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .",
            "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554",
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            "updateFrequency": "notPlanned",
            "dataLineage": "Data were processed by the ESA CCI SST project team and supplied to the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) for archiving in the context of the ESA CCI Open Data Portal project and the National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO).",
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            "status": "superseded",
            "dataPublishedTime": "2019-08-02T21:47:49",
            "doiPublishedTime": "2019-08-22T12:25:04",
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                "explanation": "As provided by the CCI SST team",
                "passesTest": true,
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                "abstract": "The L4 Sea Surface Temperature Analysis data produced by the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) consistes of daily, spatially complete estimated daily SST data, derived using the Operational Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Analysis (OSTIA) processing system.  This creates the L4 data from the ATSR and AVHRR Level 2 and Level 3 data sets also produced in the SST CCI.\r\n\r\nFor further information please see the SST CCI product user guide."
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                    "title": "Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (SST_cci) project is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative programme,  It aims to accurately mapping the surface temperature of the global oceans  using observations from many satellites, and to independently quantify SST to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nThe team brings together European expertise in creating climate quality records of ocean temperatures from satellite data, with expertise in climate applications and computer engineering. Through the ESA funded Climate Change Initiative, the team have created a climate record of global sea surface temperature (SST) for the period 1981 to 2016. Based on satellite data, this record is independent of thermometer based measurements from ships and buoys. The new climate SST record complements and challenges existing knowledge of how ocean temperatures have evolved. \r\n\r\nThe project started in August 2010. It is part of a wider initiative by the European Space Agency (ESA) addressing several essential climate variables in addition to SST."
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Collection of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Data of the Global Oceans as part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI)",
                    "abstract": "The ESA Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (ESA SST_cci) datasets accurately map the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nThe latest version (v2.1) of the data are described in the data paper:  Merchant, C.J., Embury, O., Bulgin, C.E., Block T., Corlett, G.K., Fiedler, E., Good, S.A., Mittaz, J., Rayner, N.A., Berry, D., Eastwood, S., Taylor, M., Tsushima, Y., Waterfall, A., Wilson, R., Donlon, C. Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications, Scientific Data 6:223 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0236-x\r\n\r\nData are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . To comply with the attribution aspect, please cite the above reference and the dataset citation given on the relevant dataset page."
                },
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) partnered datasets",
                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has a proud tradition of being involved with some of the most successful international collaborations in the Earth observation. This Collection contains dataset generated and/or archived with the support of NCEO resource or scientific expertise. Some notable collaboration which generated data within this collection are as follows:\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. The program goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modelers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) project is produced publicly available daily estimates of surface air temperature since 1850 across the globe for the first time by combining surface and satellite data using novel statistical techniques.\r\n\r\nFIDUCEO has created new climate datasets from Earth Observations with a rigorous treatment of uncertainty informed by the discipline of metrology. This response to the need for enhanced credibility for climate data, to support rigorous science, decision-making and climate services. The project approach was to develop methodologies for generating Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs) and Climate Data Records (CDRs) that are widely applicable and metrologically rigorous. \r\n\r\nThe “BACI” project translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThe UK Natural Environment Research Council has established a knowledge transfer network called NCAVEO (Network for Calibration and Validation of EO data - NCAVEO) which has as its aim the promotion and support of methodologies based upon quantitative, traceable measurements in Earth observation. \r\n\r\nThe Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget 1 & 2 instruments (GERB-1 and GERB-2) make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. They are specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and are carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites operated by EUMETSAT. They were produced by a European consortium led by the UK (NERC) together with Belgium, Italy, and EUMETSAT, with funding from national agencies.\r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions.\r\n\r\nThis SPEI collaboration consists of high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset over the whole of Africa at different time scales from 1 month to 48 months. It is calculated based on precipitation estimates from the satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and potential evaporation estimates by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)."
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            "title": "Sentinel 1A C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar: Wave (WV) mode Ocean (OCN) Level 2 data, Instrument Processing Facility (IPF) v2",
            "abstract": "This dataset contains Level-2, Wave mode (WV) Ocean (OCN) C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data from the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 1A satellite.  Level-2 data consists of geolocated geophysical products derived from Level-1. \r\n\r\nFrom WV modes, the OCN product will only contain Ocean Swell Spectra (OSW) and Surface Radial Velocity (RVL). \r\n\r\nThe OSW component is a two-dimensional ocean surface swell spectrum and includes an estimate of wind speed and direction per swell spectrum. The OSW component provides continuity measurement of SAR swell spectra at C-band. OSW is estimated from Sentinel-1 SLC images by inversion of the corresponding image cross-spectra.\r\n\r\nThe OSW is generated from Stripmap and Wave modes only and is not available from the TOPSAR IW and EW modes. For Stripmap mode, there are multiple spectra derived from the Level-1 SLC image. For Wave mode, there is one spectrum per vignette.\r\n\r\nOcean wave height spectra are provided in units of m4 and given on a polar grid of wavenumber in rad/m and direction in degrees with respect to North.\r\n\r\nThe OSW product also contains one estimate of the wind speed in m/s and direction in degrees (meteorological convention) per ocean wave spectrum, as well as parameters derived from the ocean wave spectra (integrated wave parameters) and from the imagette (image statistics).\r\n\r\nThe spatial coverage of the OSW product is equal to the spatial coverage of the corresponding Level-1 WV SLC or Level-1 SM SLC product, limited to ocean areas.\r\n\r\nThe RVL surface radial velocity component is a ground range gridded difference between the measured Level-2 Doppler grid and the Level-1 calculated geometrical Doppler. The RVL component provides continuity of the ASAR Doppler grid. The RVL estimates are produced on a ground-range grid.\r\n\r\nThe Level-2 Doppler is computed on a grid similar to the OWI component grid and provides an estimate of the Doppler frequency and the Doppler spectral width. For TOPS, one grid is provided by swath (additional dimension in the NetCDF). The uncertainties of the estimates are also provided for both the Doppler and radial velocity. The Doppler frequency and the Doppler spectral width are estimated based on fitting the azimuth spectral profile of the data to the antenna model taking into account additive noise, aliasing, and sideband effects. The Doppler frequency provided in the product is the pure Doppler frequency estimated from the SLC data without correcting for geometry and mispointing errors.\r\n\r\nSentinel 1A was launched on 3rd April 2014 and provides continuous all-weather, day and night imaging radar data. These data are available via CEDA to any registered CEDA user.",
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                    "abstract": "Hurricane Maria and Dominica: geomorphological change and infrastructure damage baseline surveys is a NERC funded project to assess the damage caused   by hurricane Maria. During 18-19 September, Category 5 Hurricane Maria devastated the small island developing state of Dominica. Sustained winds of 257 Km/h almost completely stripped the island of its forest cover and caused much destruction of buildings and infrastructure. Intense rainfall and uprooting of  trees caused numerous landslides, debris flows and river floods. Debris carried by the floods jammed under bridges, exacerbating overbank flooding and damage to infrastructure. Coarse sediment and tree debris discharged to the sea were transported back onto the coastline by the storm surge, damaging shoreline infrastructure. The impact of Hurricane Maria upon the landscape of Dominica and the consequences for disaster risk reduction in Dominica are the focus of this research. This work is urgent because it must be completed before the landscape is further modified by intense rainfall events in the next hurricane season (June-November 2018). To understand how this either decreases or increases geomorphological hazards, as much survey work as possible needs to be done during the debris clearance phase of the recovery operations. We therefore aim to produce a detailed post-event survey, combining remote sensing and fieldwork, of the geomorphological changes caused by Hurricane Maria and an understanding of their effects on post-hurricane  landscape instability, focusing on the damage done to critical infrastructure by flooding, debris flows and storm surge erosion. There are three phases to the project: 1) processing of satellite imagery (both optical and radar), evaluating the effectiveness of remote sensing for damage mapping; 2) Fieldwork  and verification survey of slope instability features and damaged infrastructure; 3) Analysis of stakeholder perceptions of vulnerability and resilience,  with collation of survey results into an assessment of future geohazards, with recommendations on improved disaster risk reduction and enhanced resilience.  The project will have many applications: (i) providing a valuable baseline inventory of hurricane impacts in Dominica's landscape and the ensuing damage to  infrastructure; (ii) enabling an accuracy assessment of the hurricane damage maps produced from inspection of satellite remote sensing imagery during the  disaster response phase; (iii) enabling an examination of the interaction between hurricane-driven geomorphic processes and ensuing damage to critical  infrastructure; (iv) improving our understanding of post-hurricane landscape instability and the DRR implications for reconstruction in Dominica."
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            "abstract": "The gridded Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Time-series (TS) data version 4.03 data are month-by-month variations in climate over the period 1901-2018, provided on high-resolution (0.5x0.5 degree) grids, produced by CRU at the University of East Anglia.\r\n\r\nThe CRU TS4.03 variables are cloud cover, diurnal temperature range, frost day frequency, potential evapotranspiration (PET), precipitation, daily mean temperature, monthly average daily maximum and minimum temperature, and vapour pressure for the period January 1901 - December 2018.\r\n\r\nThe CRU TS4.03 data were produced using angular-distance weighting (ADW) interpolation. All version 4 releases used triangulation routines in IDL. Please see the release notes for full details of this version update. \r\n\r\nThe CRU TS4.03 data are monthly gridded fields based on monthly observational data calculated from daily or sub-daily data by National Meteorological Services and other external agents. The ASCII and NetCDF data files both contain monthly mean values for the various parameters. The NetCDF versions contain an additional integer variable, ’stn’, which provides, for each datum in the main variable, a count (between 0 and 8) of the number of stations used in that interpolation. The missing value code for 'stn' is -999.\r\n\r\nAll CRU TS output files are actual values - NOT anomalies.",
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                    "abstract": "The ESA Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (ESA SST_cci) datasets accurately map the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nThe latest version (v2.1) of the data are described in the data paper:  Merchant, C.J., Embury, O., Bulgin, C.E., Block T., Corlett, G.K., Fiedler, E., Good, S.A., Mittaz, J., Rayner, N.A., Berry, D., Eastwood, S., Taylor, M., Tsushima, Y., Waterfall, A., Wilson, R., Donlon, C. Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications, Scientific Data 6:223 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0236-x\r\n\r\nData are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . To comply with the attribution aspect, please cite the above reference and the dataset citation given on the relevant dataset page."
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                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has a proud tradition of being involved with some of the most successful international collaborations in the Earth observation. This Collection contains dataset generated and/or archived with the support of NCEO resource or scientific expertise. Some notable collaboration which generated data within this collection are as follows:\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. The program goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modelers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) project is produced publicly available daily estimates of surface air temperature since 1850 across the globe for the first time by combining surface and satellite data using novel statistical techniques.\r\n\r\nFIDUCEO has created new climate datasets from Earth Observations with a rigorous treatment of uncertainty informed by the discipline of metrology. This response to the need for enhanced credibility for climate data, to support rigorous science, decision-making and climate services. The project approach was to develop methodologies for generating Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs) and Climate Data Records (CDRs) that are widely applicable and metrologically rigorous. \r\n\r\nThe “BACI” project translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThe UK Natural Environment Research Council has established a knowledge transfer network called NCAVEO (Network for Calibration and Validation of EO data - NCAVEO) which has as its aim the promotion and support of methodologies based upon quantitative, traceable measurements in Earth observation. \r\n\r\nThe Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget 1 & 2 instruments (GERB-1 and GERB-2) make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. They are specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and are carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites operated by EUMETSAT. They were produced by a European consortium led by the UK (NERC) together with Belgium, Italy, and EUMETSAT, with funding from national agencies.\r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions.\r\n\r\nThis SPEI collaboration consists of high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset over the whole of Africa at different time scales from 1 month to 48 months. It is calculated based on precipitation estimates from the satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and potential evaporation estimates by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)."
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                    "title": "ESA Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (SST_cci):  Climate Data Record version 3.0",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Sea Surface Temperature (ESA SST_cci) Climate Data Record (CDR) accurately maps the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1980 to 2021 using observations from many satellites, with a high degree of independence from in situ measurements. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nData from 2022 onwards are provided as an Interim Climate Data Record (ICDR) and will be updated daily at one month behind present. The Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S) funded the development of the ICDR extension and production of the ICDR during 2022. From 2023 onwards the production of the ICDR is funded by the UK Earth Observation Climate Information Service (EOCIS) and UK Marine and Climate Advisory Service (UKMCAS).\r\n\r\nThis CDR Version 3.0 product supersedes the CDR v2.1 product. Compared to the previous version the major changes are:\r\n\r\n* Longer time series: 1980 to 2021 (previous CDR was Sept 1981 to 2016)\r\n\r\n* Improved retrieval to reduce systematic biases using bias-aware optimal methods (for single view sensors)\r\n\r\n* Improved retrieval with respect to desert-dust aerosols\r\n\r\n* Addition of dual-view SLSTR data from 2016 onwards\r\n\r\n* Addition of early AVHRR/1 data in 1980s, and improved AVHRR processing to reduce data gaps in 1980s\r\n\r\n* Use of full-resolution MetOp AVHRR data (previously used ‘global area coverage’ Level 1 data)\r\n\r\n* Inclusion of L2P passive microwave AMSR data\r\n\r\nData are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/\r\n\r\nWhen citing this dataset please also cite the associated data paper:\r\n\r\nEmbury, O., Merchant, C.J., Good, S.A., Rayner, N.A., Høyer, J.L., Atkinson, C., Block, T., Alerskans, E., Pearson, K.J., Worsfold, M., McCarroll, N., Donlon, C. Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1980 for climate applications. Scientific Data 11, 326 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-024-03147-w"
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            "title": "ESA Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (SST_cci): Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) Level 2 Preprocessed (L2P) Climate Data Record, version 2.1",
            "abstract": "This v2.1 SST_cci Along-Track Scanning Radiometer (ATSR) Level 2 Preprocessed (L2P) Climate Data Record (CDR) consists of stable, low-bias sea surface temperature (SST) data from the ATSR series of satellite instruments.  It covers the period between 11/1991 and 04/2012.  This L2P product provides these SST data on the original satellite swath with a single orbit of data per file.\r\n\r\nThe dataset has been produced as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative Sea Surface Temperature project(ESA SST_cci). The data products from SST_cci accurately map the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified SST's to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nThis CDR Version 2.1 product supercedes the CDR Version 2.0 product.  Data are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .\r\n\r\nWhen citing this dataset please also cite the associated data paper: Merchant, C.J., Embury, O., Bulgin, C.E., Block T., Corlett, G.K., Fiedler, E., Good, S.A., Mittaz, J., Rayner, N.A., Berry, D., Eastwood, S., Taylor, M., Tsushima, Y., Waterfall, A., Wilson, R., Donlon, C. Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications, Scientific Data 6:223 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0236-x",
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                },
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                },
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                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has a proud tradition of being involved with some of the most successful international collaborations in the Earth observation. This Collection contains dataset generated and/or archived with the support of NCEO resource or scientific expertise. Some notable collaboration which generated data within this collection are as follows:\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. The program goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modelers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) project is produced publicly available daily estimates of surface air temperature since 1850 across the globe for the first time by combining surface and satellite data using novel statistical techniques.\r\n\r\nFIDUCEO has created new climate datasets from Earth Observations with a rigorous treatment of uncertainty informed by the discipline of metrology. This response to the need for enhanced credibility for climate data, to support rigorous science, decision-making and climate services. The project approach was to develop methodologies for generating Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs) and Climate Data Records (CDRs) that are widely applicable and metrologically rigorous. \r\n\r\nThe “BACI” project translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThe UK Natural Environment Research Council has established a knowledge transfer network called NCAVEO (Network for Calibration and Validation of EO data - NCAVEO) which has as its aim the promotion and support of methodologies based upon quantitative, traceable measurements in Earth observation. \r\n\r\nThe Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget 1 & 2 instruments (GERB-1 and GERB-2) make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. They are specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and are carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites operated by EUMETSAT. They were produced by a European consortium led by the UK (NERC) together with Belgium, Italy, and EUMETSAT, with funding from national agencies.\r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions.\r\n\r\nThis SPEI collaboration consists of high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset over the whole of Africa at different time scales from 1 month to 48 months. It is calculated based on precipitation estimates from the satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and potential evaporation estimates by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)."
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                    "abstract": "The core UK Deriving Emissions linked to Climate Change (DECC) Network consists of five sites in the UK and Ireland measuring greenhouse and ozone-depleting gases. The four UK-based sites (Ridge Hill, Herefordshire; Tacolneston, Norfolk; Bilsdale, North Yorkshire; and Heathfield, East Sussex) sample air from elevated inlets on tall telecommunications towers. Mace Head, situated on the west coast of Ireland, samples from an inlet within 10 metres of ground level and is ideally situated to intercept baseline air from the North Atlantic Ocean. High frequency measurements of all major greenhouse gases are made at the four UK stations, including carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride. \r\n\r\nData from the UK DECC network are used to assess atmospheric trends and quantify UK emissions, and feed into other international research programs, including the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) and Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) networks. This work is funded by the UK Government Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (DESNZ)  under contracts TRN1028/06/2015, TRN1537/06/2018, TRN5488/11/2021 and and prj_1604 to the University of Bristol and through the National Measurement System at the National Physical Laboratory."
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                {
                    "ob_id": 27499,
                    "uuid": "f5b38d1654d84b03ba79060746541e4f",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "UK DECC (Deriving Emissions linked to Climate Change) Network",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection consists of atmospheric trace gas observations made as part of the UK Deriving Emissions linked to Climate Change (DECC) Network. It includes core DECC Network measurements, funded by the UK Government Department for Energy Security and Net Zero (TRN1028/06/2015, TRN1537/06/2018, TRN5488/11/2021 and prj_1604) and through the National Measurement System at the National Physical Laboratory, supplemented by observations funded through other associated projects. \r\n\r\nThe core DECC network consists of five sites in the UK and Ireland measuring greenhouse and ozone-depleting gases. The four UK-based sites (Ridge Hill, Herefordshire; Tacolneston, Norfolk; Bilsdale, North Yorkshire; and Heathfield, East Sussex) sample air from elevated inlets on tall telecommunications towers. Mace Head, situated on the west coast of Ireland, samples from an inlet within 10 metres of ground level and is ideally situated to intercept baseline air from the North Atlantic Ocean. The measurement site at Weybourne, Norfolk, funded by the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) and operated by the University of East Anglia, is also affiliated with the network. Mace Head and Weybourne data are archived separately - see links in documentation. Data from the UK DECC network are used to assess atmospheric trends and quantify UK emissions, and feed into other international research programs, including the Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) and Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment (AGAGE) networks."
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