Observation List
Get a list of Observation objects.
GET /api/v3/observations/?format=api&offset=5800
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To what extent are changes in the NA climate system predictable on multi-year timescales?\r\nACSIS was a partnership between six NERC centres (NCAS, NOC, BAS, NCEO, CPOM, PML) and the UK Met Office, exploiting the partners' unique capabilities in observing and simulating the atmosphere including its composition, the ocean, the cryosphere, and the fully coupled climate system.\r\nThe observational component brought together records from Earth-based (e.g. Cape Verde observatory, FAAM missions, RAPID, Argo, OSNAP) and spacebased (e.g. Cryosat, MetOP) platforms with a focus on the sustained observations that are necessary to measure changes on multi-year timescales.\r\nACSIS worked closely with the NERC-Met Office UKESM programme on Earth System Modelling, and contributed to and benefited from UK participation in international observing programmes such as UK-US RAPID, EU ATLANTOS and Global Atmospheric Watch, and modelling programmes such as CMIP6 and EU PRIMAVERA.\r\nThe legacy of ACSIS includes: new long-term multivariate observational datasets and syntheses; new modelling capabilities and simulations with unprecedented fidelity. ACSIS provided advances in understanding and predicting changes in the NA climate system that can be exploited in further research and related activities, for example to assess the impact of these changes on the UK and other countries - e.g. in terms of the consequences for hazardous weather risk, the environment and businesses. ACSIS outputs will also inform policy on climate change adaptation and air quality.\r\nACSIS was fully funded for five years (2016-2021)by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) through National Capability Long Term Science Multiple Centre (NC LTS-M) (grant NE/N018028/1) which aimed to encourage its research centres to work closely together to tackle major scientific and societal challenges. 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Many observed changes are unprecedented in instrumental records. Changes in the NA directly affect the UK’s climate, weather and air quality, with major economic impacts on agriculture, fisheries, water, energy, transport and health. The NA also has global importance, since changes here drive changes in climate, hazardous weather and air quality further afield, such as in North America, Africa and Asia.\r\n\r\nACSIS (the North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study) was an integrated programme of sustained observations, synthesis, and numerical modelling designed to address the overarching objective of enhancing the UK's capability to detect, attribute and predict changes in the North Atlantic (NA) Climate System, comprising: the North Atlantic Ocean, the atmosphere above it including its composition, and interactions with Arctic Sea Ice and the Greenland Ice Sheet. Specific objectives are:\r\n1. To provide the UK science community with sustained observations, data syntheses, leading-edge numerical simulations, and analysis tools, to facilitate world-class research on changes in the NA climate system and their impacts.\r\n2. To provide a quantitative, multivariate, description of how the NA climate system is changing.\r\n3. To determine the primary drivers and processes that are shaping change in the NA climate system now and will shape change in the near future.\r\n4. To determine the extent to which future changes in the NA climate system are predictable.\r\nACSIS enabled and delivered research to address the following research questions:\r\nRQ1. How have changes in natural and anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric circulation combined to shape multiyear trends in NA atmospheric composition and radiative forcing?\r\nRQ2. How have natural variability and radiative forcing combined to shape multi- year trends in the NA physical climate system?\r\nRQ3. 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Many observed changes are unprecedented in instrumental records. Changes in the NA directly affect the UK’s climate, weather and air quality, with major economic impacts on agriculture, fisheries, water, energy, transport and health. The NA also has global importance, since changes here drive changes in climate, hazardous weather and air quality further afield, such as in North America, Africa and Asia.\r\n\r\nACSIS (the North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study) was an integrated programme of sustained observations, synthesis, and numerical modelling designed to address the overarching objective of enhancing the UK's capability to detect, attribute and predict changes in the North Atlantic (NA) Climate System, comprising: the North Atlantic Ocean, the atmosphere above it including its composition, and interactions with Arctic Sea Ice and the Greenland Ice Sheet. Specific objectives are:\r\n1. To provide the UK science community with sustained observations, data syntheses, leading-edge numerical simulations, and analysis tools, to facilitate world-class research on changes in the NA climate system and their impacts.\r\n2. To provide a quantitative, multivariate, description of how the NA climate system is changing.\r\n3. To determine the primary drivers and processes that are shaping change in the NA climate system now and will shape change in the near future.\r\n4. To determine the extent to which future changes in the NA climate system are predictable.\r\nACSIS enabled and delivered research to address the following research questions:\r\nRQ1. How have changes in natural and anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric circulation combined to shape multiyear trends in NA atmospheric composition and radiative forcing?\r\nRQ2. How have natural variability and radiative forcing combined to shape multi- year trends in the NA physical climate system?\r\nRQ3. 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Many observed changes are unprecedented in instrumental records. Changes in the NA directly affect the UK’s climate, weather and air quality, with major economic impacts on agriculture, fisheries, water, energy, transport and health. The NA also has global importance, since changes here drive changes in climate, hazardous weather and air quality further afield, such as in North America, Africa and Asia.\r\n\r\nACSIS (the North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study) was an integrated programme of sustained observations, synthesis, and numerical modelling designed to address the overarching objective of enhancing the UK's capability to detect, attribute and predict changes in the North Atlantic (NA) Climate System, comprising: the North Atlantic Ocean, the atmosphere above it including its composition, and interactions with Arctic Sea Ice and the Greenland Ice Sheet. Specific objectives are:\r\n1. To provide the UK science community with sustained observations, data syntheses, leading-edge numerical simulations, and analysis tools, to facilitate world-class research on changes in the NA climate system and their impacts.\r\n2. To provide a quantitative, multivariate, description of how the NA climate system is changing.\r\n3. To determine the primary drivers and processes that are shaping change in the NA climate system now and will shape change in the near future.\r\n4. To determine the extent to which future changes in the NA climate system are predictable.\r\nACSIS enabled and delivered research to address the following research questions:\r\nRQ1. How have changes in natural and anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric circulation combined to shape multiyear trends in NA atmospheric composition and radiative forcing?\r\nRQ2. How have natural variability and radiative forcing combined to shape multi- year trends in the NA physical climate system?\r\nRQ3. 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Many observed changes are unprecedented in instrumental records. Changes in the NA directly affect the UK’s climate, weather and air quality, with major economic impacts on agriculture, fisheries, water, energy, transport and health. The NA also has global importance, since changes here drive changes in climate, hazardous weather and air quality further afield, such as in North America, Africa and Asia.\r\n\r\nACSIS (the North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study) was an integrated programme of sustained observations, synthesis, and numerical modelling designed to address the overarching objective of enhancing the UK's capability to detect, attribute and predict changes in the North Atlantic (NA) Climate System, comprising: the North Atlantic Ocean, the atmosphere above it including its composition, and interactions with Arctic Sea Ice and the Greenland Ice Sheet. Specific objectives are:\r\n1. To provide the UK science community with sustained observations, data syntheses, leading-edge numerical simulations, and analysis tools, to facilitate world-class research on changes in the NA climate system and their impacts.\r\n2. To provide a quantitative, multivariate, description of how the NA climate system is changing.\r\n3. To determine the primary drivers and processes that are shaping change in the NA climate system now and will shape change in the near future.\r\n4. To determine the extent to which future changes in the NA climate system are predictable.\r\nACSIS enabled and delivered research to address the following research questions:\r\nRQ1. How have changes in natural and anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric circulation combined to shape multiyear trends in NA atmospheric composition and radiative forcing?\r\nRQ2. How have natural variability and radiative forcing combined to shape multi- year trends in the NA physical climate system?\r\nRQ3. To what extent are changes in the NA climate system predictable on multi-year timescales?\r\nACSIS was a partnership between six NERC centres (NCAS, NOC, BAS, NCEO, CPOM, PML) and the UK Met Office, exploiting the partners' unique capabilities in observing and simulating the atmosphere including its composition, the ocean, the cryosphere, and the fully coupled climate system.\r\nThe observational component brought together records from Earth-based (e.g. Cape Verde observatory, FAAM missions, RAPID, Argo, OSNAP) and spacebased (e.g. Cryosat, MetOP) platforms with a focus on the sustained observations that are necessary to measure changes on multi-year timescales.\r\nACSIS worked closely with the NERC-Met Office UKESM programme on Earth System Modelling, and contributed to and benefited from UK participation in international observing programmes such as UK-US RAPID, EU ATLANTOS and Global Atmospheric Watch, and modelling programmes such as CMIP6 and EU PRIMAVERA.\r\nThe legacy of ACSIS includes: new long-term multivariate observational datasets and syntheses; new modelling capabilities and simulations with unprecedented fidelity. 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Many observed changes are unprecedented in instrumental records. Changes in the NA directly affect the UK’s climate, weather and air quality, with major economic impacts on agriculture, fisheries, water, energy, transport and health. The NA also has global importance, since changes here drive changes in climate, hazardous weather and air quality further afield, such as in North America, Africa and Asia.\r\n\r\nACSIS (the North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study) was an integrated programme of sustained observations, synthesis, and numerical modelling designed to address the overarching objective of enhancing the UK's capability to detect, attribute and predict changes in the North Atlantic (NA) Climate System, comprising: the North Atlantic Ocean, the atmosphere above it including its composition, and interactions with Arctic Sea Ice and the Greenland Ice Sheet. Specific objectives are:\r\n1. To provide the UK science community with sustained observations, data syntheses, leading-edge numerical simulations, and analysis tools, to facilitate world-class research on changes in the NA climate system and their impacts.\r\n2. To provide a quantitative, multivariate, description of how the NA climate system is changing.\r\n3. To determine the primary drivers and processes that are shaping change in the NA climate system now and will shape change in the near future.\r\n4. To determine the extent to which future changes in the NA climate system are predictable.\r\nACSIS enabled and delivered research to address the following research questions:\r\nRQ1. How have changes in natural and anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric circulation combined to shape multiyear trends in NA atmospheric composition and radiative forcing?\r\nRQ2. How have natural variability and radiative forcing combined to shape multi- year trends in the NA physical climate system?\r\nRQ3. 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Many observed changes are unprecedented in instrumental records. Changes in the NA directly affect the UK’s climate, weather and air quality, with major economic impacts on agriculture, fisheries, water, energy, transport and health. The NA also has global importance, since changes here drive changes in climate, hazardous weather and air quality further afield, such as in North America, Africa and Asia.\r\n\r\nACSIS (the North Atlantic Climate System Integrated Study) was an integrated programme of sustained observations, synthesis, and numerical modelling designed to address the overarching objective of enhancing the UK's capability to detect, attribute and predict changes in the North Atlantic (NA) Climate System, comprising: the North Atlantic Ocean, the atmosphere above it including its composition, and interactions with Arctic Sea Ice and the Greenland Ice Sheet. Specific objectives are:\r\n1. To provide the UK science community with sustained observations, data syntheses, leading-edge numerical simulations, and analysis tools, to facilitate world-class research on changes in the NA climate system and their impacts.\r\n2. To provide a quantitative, multivariate, description of how the NA climate system is changing.\r\n3. To determine the primary drivers and processes that are shaping change in the NA climate system now and will shape change in the near future.\r\n4. To determine the extent to which future changes in the NA climate system are predictable.\r\nACSIS enabled and delivered research to address the following research questions:\r\nRQ1. How have changes in natural and anthropogenic emissions and atmospheric circulation combined to shape multiyear trends in NA atmospheric composition and radiative forcing?\r\nRQ2. How have natural variability and radiative forcing combined to shape multi- year trends in the NA physical climate system?\r\nRQ3. To what extent are changes in the NA climate system predictable on multi-year timescales?\r\nACSIS was a partnership between six NERC centres (NCAS, NOC, BAS, NCEO, CPOM, PML) and the UK Met Office, exploiting the partners' unique capabilities in observing and simulating the atmosphere including its composition, the ocean, the cryosphere, and the fully coupled climate system.\r\nThe observational component brought together records from Earth-based (e.g. Cape Verde observatory, FAAM missions, RAPID, Argo, OSNAP) and spacebased (e.g. Cryosat, MetOP) platforms with a focus on the sustained observations that are necessary to measure changes on multi-year timescales.\r\nACSIS worked closely with the NERC-Met Office UKESM programme on Earth System Modelling, and contributed to and benefited from UK participation in international observing programmes such as UK-US RAPID, EU ATLANTOS and Global Atmospheric Watch, and modelling programmes such as CMIP6 and EU PRIMAVERA.\r\nThe legacy of ACSIS includes: new long-term multivariate observational datasets and syntheses; new modelling capabilities and simulations with unprecedented fidelity. 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The global climatic impact of all clouds types is estimated as a cooling effect. This net cooling effect results from the opposing impacts from liquid clouds (which cool by reflecting sunlight back into space) and ice clouds (which warm through a \"greenhouse\" effect). Unfortunately there is a lack of understanding of many of the physical processes occurring in ice clouds due to the complexity of ice particle processes and interactions between atmospheric motions, water vapour, and aerosol particles. This means ice clouds are a source of significant uncertainty in climate simulations, and can lead to errors in weather forecasts. Establishing which models are the most accurate remains difficult due to the lack of observations of ice cloud properties. \r\n\r\nRemote sensing techniques (e.g. radar) can provide observations of ice clouds over large areas on a continuous basis, making them ideal for assessing model skill. However, these techniques do not typically directly measure the atmospherically relevant quantity (e.g. mass of condensed water in a volume of air), and a retrieval must be used to obtain comparable data. These retrievals must invoke several assumptions about the properties of the ice clouds, properties which in reality are highly uncertain. We propose a project to collect a new dataset using in-situ observations from a research aircraft to directly observed ice cloud properties. At the same time, three different radars operating at difference wavelengths will scan the same clouds to allow a variety of radar retrievals to be developed and evaluated. We will obtain data during overpasses from a variety of different satellites which observe ice clouds from space. 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The global climatic impact of all clouds types is estimated as a cooling effect. This net cooling effect results from the opposing impacts from liquid clouds (which cool by reflecting sunlight back into space) and ice clouds (which warm through a \"greenhouse\" effect). Unfortunately there is a lack of understanding of many of the physical processes occurring in ice clouds due to the complexity of ice particle processes and interactions between atmospheric motions, water vapour, and aerosol particles. This means ice clouds are a source of significant uncertainty in climate simulations, and can lead to errors in weather forecasts. Establishing which models are the most accurate remains difficult due to the lack of observations of ice cloud properties. \r\n\r\nRemote sensing techniques (e.g. radar) can provide observations of ice clouds over large areas on a continuous basis, making them ideal for assessing model skill. 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This dataset comprises: hyperspectral data collected using Specim Aisa Eagle and Specim Aisa Hawk instruments , full waveform airborne LiDAR collected using a Leica ALS50II, and digital photography data collected using a Leica RCD105.\r\n\r\nData were collected over the Helheim Glacier, Eastern Greenland area.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2018-09-11T16:21:33.263402", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data were collected by instrument scientists during the flight before preparation and delivery for archiving at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA).", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "IG13_21, IG13/21, aircraft, hyperspectral, remote sensing, lidar", "publicationState": "working", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "completed", "dataPublishedTime": null, "doiPublishedTime": null, "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2542, "bboxName": "ARSF flight 2013_223", "eastBoundLongitude": -38.0, "westBoundLongitude": -38.33, "southBoundLatitude": 66.3, "northBoundLatitude": 66.4 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28075, "dataPath": "/neodc/arsf/2013/IG13_21/IG13_21-2013_223_Helheim", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 210413470309, "numberOfFiles": 1295, "fileFormat": "ENVI Binary, LAS" }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7551, "startTime": "2013-08-11T11:50:00", "endTime": "2013-08-11T14:10:00" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3105, "explanation": "Data are processed by the NERC ARSF Data Analysis Node before being uploaded to the CEDA archive", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "NERC ARSF Data Quality Statement", "date": "2018-02-19" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": { "ob_id": 28070, "uuid": "609c6adde5f5413cbc57d51dbc7dabc2", "short_code": "acq", "title": "ARSF 2013_223 - IG13_21 Flight: data acquisition details", "abstract": "ARSF 2013_223 - IG13_21 Flight: data acquisition details." }, "procedureComputation": null, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 18 ], "discoveryKeywords": [], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 28059, "uuid": "304f760f1dcb4913aa5bef4cda2e2261", "short_code": "proj", "title": "ARSF - IG13_21 Project : Greenland, Helheim area", "abstract": "Scientific objective: Testing a theory of glacial calving." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [], "observationcollection_set": [], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118202, 118207, 118203, 118204, 118201, 118205, 118208, 118206, 118209 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27251 ] }, { "ob_id": 28098, "uuid": "43a22be3b71d46f0a5d02c7ee3472d24", "title": "PM10 concentration and composition measurements in Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand", "abstract": "This dataset contains PM10 concentration and composition measurements taken in Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand. Particulate matter under 10 micrometres diametre in size (PM10) was collected in 24 hour and 72 hour samples in a rooftop site in Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand using a Sven Leckel LVS3 PM10 sampler. Samples were weighed and analysed for concentrations of the following elements: Mg, Al, Ca, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu. Zn, As, Se, Mo, Cd, Sb, Ba and Pb. The data covered three seasons in Bangkok, hot, cool and rainy, from 5th March 2018 until 15th November 2018. Meteorological data was measured in the same location using a Gill Maximet 501 and Gill Maximet 100 weather station. Weather parameters measured included rainfall, wind speed, wind direction, pressure, relative humidity, temperature, dew point and solar radiation. \r\n\r\nMeasurements were taken by the staff of the Toxicology group in the Chulabhorn Research Institute, Thailand and the Atmospheric Chemistry Research Group in the University of Bristol, UK as part of the NERC grant Ultrafine and Submicron Particles in the Urban Environment in Thailand.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2020-02-04T16:03:05", "updateFrequency": "", "dataLineage": "Data sent by the project participants to the Centre for Environmental Data Anaylsis (CEDA) for archiving.", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Thailand, PM10, composition, meteorology", "publicationState": "published", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "ongoing", "dataPublishedTime": "2022-01-27T15:34:53", "doiPublishedTime": null, "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2543, "bboxName": "Lak Si", "eastBoundLongitude": 100.577, "westBoundLongitude": 100.577, "southBoundLatitude": 13.879, "northBoundLatitude": 13.879 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28093, "dataPath": "/badc/deposited2019/thailand-particles/data/pm10/", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 35212, "numberOfFiles": 2, "fileFormat": "Data are BADC-CSV formatted." }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7556, "startTime": "2018-03-05T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-11-15T23:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3340, "explanation": "Data are as given by the data provider, no quality control has been performed by the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA)", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "CEDA Data Quality Statement", "date": "2019-10-24" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": { "ob_id": 28096, "uuid": "9133cf0d4a9f4d518941488443cd3cfe", "short_code": "acq", "title": "PM10 concentration and composition measurements in Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand", "abstract": "PM10 concentration and composition measurements in Lak Si, Bangkok, Thailand" }, "procedureComputation": null, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 28097, "uuid": "d753d76d68e946baa19484b2307b7748", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Ultrafine and Submicron Particles in the Urban Environment in Thailand - Size, Concentration, Composition and Health Impacts", "abstract": "This project was the first to report ultrafine particle (UFP) number concentration and size distributions in the submicron (smaller than 1 micrometre) size range in urban Bangkok, Thailand.\r\n\r\nIt is well known that particulate matter (PM) poses a significant health risk, especially to urban dwellers, with often the poorest in society most affected. Ultrafine particles (size smaller than 100 nanometres), as a component of PM, are increasingly implicated in disease and mortality. However, much of the research available in the literature is based on data from the developed world, especially for ultrafine particles, and without robust data it is not possible to determine trends in this important pollutant for Thailand and Bangkok in particular, and strategies for health protection therefore lack this vital information. In addition, aerosol particles provide the single largest source of uncertainty in most global climate models, and production of primary particles and gas precursors e.g. Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) from the transport and industrial sectors contribute significantly to this. Therefore, in order for the impact of these activities on climate to be assessed and reduced, determination of sources and levels of emission of both gases and particles much be undertaken. 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In this product the data has been produced at a spatial resolution of 50km and a time resolution of 1 week. This has then been spatially resampled on a 25km EASE (Equal Area Scalable Earth) grid and 1 day of time sampling. A monthly product is also available.\r\n\r\nThis first version of the CCI+SSS products is a preliminary version issued for evaluation purposes by voluntary scientists and for framing future CCI+SSS products. This product has not been fully validated yet and may contain flaws. In case you discover some, the CCI salinity team (Mngt_CCI-Salinity@argans.co.uk) are very keen to get your feedback. In case you would like to use them in a presentation or publication, please be aware of the following caveats:\r\n\r\nCAVEATS\r\n\r\n- The SSS random error in the weekly product is overestimated by a factor ~1.4. \r\n- The Number of outliers is wrongly set to 'NaN' in the case where it is equal to zero. \r\n- Products have not yet been not optimised for some issues encountered at high latitudes (i.e. remaining ice, RFI pollution, biases due to land-sea contamination and dielectric constant in cold waters).\r\n- The criteria for flagging data close to land (including islands) are conservative and likely to be too restrictive in places. \r\n- There is a systematic global underestimation (-0.08) of SSS starting at the beginning of the data set, and gradually disappearing at the end of 2010.\r\n- There is a seasonal varying bias (~0.1, peaking in the middle of the year) in the Pacific North of 25°N.\r\n\r\nAcknowledgements: The authors thank the CCI+ SSS validation team, in particular S. 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In case you would like to use them in a presentation or publication, please be aware of the following caveats:\r\n\r\nCAVEATS\r\n\r\n- The SSS random error in the weekly product is overestimated by a factor ~1.4. \r\n- The Number of outliers is wrongly set to 'NaN' in the case where it is equal to zero.\r\n- Products have not yet been not optimised for some issues encountered at high latitudes (i.e. remaining ice, RFI pollution, biases due to land-sea contamination and dielectric constant in cold waters).\r\n- The criteria for flagging data close to land (including islands) are conservative and likely to be too restrictive in places. \r\n- There is a systematic global underestimation (-0.08) of SSS starting at the beginning of the data set, and gradually disappearing at the end of 2010.\r\n- There is a seasonal varying bias (~0.1, peaking in the middle of the year) in the Pacific North of 25°N\".\r\n\r\nAcknowledgements: The authors thank the CCI+ SSS validation team, in particular S. Guimbard (ODL) and A. Martin (NOC), for their feedback on the products, R. Catany (ARGANS) for managing the project and P. Cipollini and C. Donlon (ESA) for their sound advice." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118408, 119123, 119124, 119125, 119126, 119127, 119128, 119129, 118409, 119130, 119131, 119132, 119133 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27689, 36760, 36979 ] }, { "ob_id": 28128, "uuid": "893b8a270f924d67af8541011f407b29", "title": "Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory: Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) measurements", "abstract": "This dataset contains measurements taken from the Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR instrument location at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory. The instrument measures CH4, N2O, CO and CO2.\r\n\r\nThe Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) is a Regional station in the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is situated on the North Norfolk coast (52°57’02’’N, 1°07’19’’E, 15 m asl).", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2024-03-09T03:17:44", "updateFrequency": "", "dataLineage": "Data is collected at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO), which operates a range of instruments in its measurement programme. After collection, data is processed and formatted by the station manager, then uploaded as is to the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA).", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, v", "publicationState": "published", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "ongoing", "dataPublishedTime": "2020-03-03T15:05:01", "doiPublishedTime": null, "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 69, "bboxName": "", "eastBoundLongitude": 1.01, "westBoundLongitude": 1.01, "southBoundLatitude": 52.95, "northBoundLatitude": 52.95 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28129, "dataPath": "/badc/weybourne/data/ftir", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 102987651, "numberOfFiles": 10, "fileFormat": "Data are NetCDF formatted." }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7572, "startTime": "2017-07-31T23:00:00", "endTime": null }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 951, "explanation": "Data quality has been logged separately contact the WAO manager for details. Future revision of the data should contain quality flags", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "CEDA Data Quality Statement", "date": "2014-05-20" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": { "ob_id": 28136, "uuid": "c4ed2ce13e8a40db8b48c7077019f7d9", "short_code": "acq", "title": "Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory: Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) measurements", "abstract": "Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory: Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) measurements" }, "procedureComputation": null, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 56 ], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 12057, "uuid": "01784d343c441f4e86064cd772fcb8a2", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO)", "abstract": "WAO is a coastal site located on the North Norfolk coastline near Weybourne. Over the last ten years the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) has become established as a world class facility at which fundamental research, background monitoring and teaching have all been successfully carried forward. WAO has been the focus of many international experiments designed to look into the chemistry of the free troposphere and the planetary boundary layer. \r\n\r\nThe Observatory is located at 52°57'01.5\"N 1°07'19\"E\r\n" } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 50512, 53936, 53937, 53938, 53939, 53940, 53941, 53942, 53943, 53944, 55553, 61137, 61138, 61139, 61140, 74110, 91565, 91566, 91567 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 3818, "uuid": "36517548500e1e4e85c97d99457e268a", "short_code": "coll", "title": "Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO): surface meteorology and atmospheric chemistry data", "abstract": "The Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory (WAO) is a Regional station in the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) programme of the World Meteorological Organization (WMO). It is situated on the North Norfolk coast (52°57’02’’N, 1°07’19’’E, 15 m asl). \r\n\r\nThe dataset collection contains meteorological data such as wind speed, wind direction, humidity, atmospheric pressure, solar irradiance and net irradiance, SoDAR wind profiler data, sonic anemometer data, and Chemistry data such as ozone, carbon monoxide and oxides of nitrogen gas chromatograms for measurements of VOC's and GHG's (Volatile Organic Compounds / Green-House Gases, respectively. In addition, cloud condensation nuclei measurements are available.\r\n\r\nOver the years the parameters measured at Weybourne have varied according to the funding and/or scientific interests and requirements. There have been continuous measurements of ozone, as part of the Defra network, and basic meteorological parameters. There are many years of CO, NOx, NOy, SO2, CN, VOC and H2 data. In 2007 a long term monitoring programme for CO2 and O2 began. In 2012 a new greenhouse gas GC was set up and measurements of CH4 started. This has been developed to also include measurements of N2O and SF6. In 2017 a state-of-the-art Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (FTRI) was added to Weybourne to give very high precision measurements of additional CO2, CH4, N2O and CO. \r\n\r\nThrough the introduction of the FTIR to Weybourne in 2017, the site now forms part of the UK’s commitment to the EU funded Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS). This is a pan-European Research Infrastructure that provides very high quality, harmonised data on the cycles of carbon and other greenhouse gases. Through ICOS Weybourne has been at the forefront of instrument testing and has been fundamental in getting the FTIR instrument approved on the network. \r\n\r\nAs well as being the only UK atmospheric station within the ICOS network and part of the Defra ozone network (AURN), Weybourne has been / is part of the Defra TOMPS network (atmospheric toxic organic samplers), a Defra CH4 network, the EU InGOS network (Integrated non-CO2 Greenhouse gas Observing System) and is now contributing measurements to the NERC funded MOYA and DARE-UK projects." }, { "ob_id": 24762, "uuid": "d309a5ab60b04b6c82eca6d006350ae6", "short_code": "coll", "title": "MOYA: ground station and in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft", "abstract": "This dataset collection contains ground observations and in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for Methane Observations and Yearly Assessments: MOYA.\r\n\r\nThis data was collected as part of the Methane Observations and Yearly Assessments (MOYA) project funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (NE/N016211/1)." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118426, 118428, 118427, 118431, 118432, 118433, 118430, 118429 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27458 ] }, { "ob_id": 28137, "uuid": "d134335808894b2bb249e9f222e2eca8", "title": "HadUK-Grid Gridded Climate Observations on a 1km grid over the UK, v1.0.1.0 (1862-2018)", "abstract": "HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The data sets cover the UK at 1km x 1km resolution. These 1km x 1km data have been used to provide a range of other resolutions and across countries, administrative regions and river basins to allow for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1862 to 2018, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The grids are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.\r\n\r\nThis data set supersedes the UKCP09 gridded observations and the earlier v1.0.0.0 version. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).\r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\". The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2020-05-04T05:09:00", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data provided by the UK Met Office", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Met Office, UKCP18, BEIS, Defra, land surface, climate observations, hadobs", "publicationState": "citable", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "superseded", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-07T11:28:00", "doiPublishedTime": "2019-11-14T17:04:12", "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2305, "bboxName": "HadUK-Grid area", "eastBoundLongitude": 4.59, "westBoundLongitude": -12.61, "southBoundLatitude": 48.83, "northBoundLatitude": 60.57 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28213, "dataPath": "/badc/ukmo-hadobs/data/insitu/MOHC/HadOBS/HadUK-Grid/v1.0.1.0/1km", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 1243540176883, "numberOfFiles": 5995, "fileFormat": "Data are NetCDF formatted" }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7584, "startTime": "1862-01-01T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-12-31T23:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3344, "explanation": "Data quality control details for the HadUK-Grid version 1.0 datasets is available in section 2.2. of Hollis et al. (2018). See linked documentation for further details.", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "HadUK-Grid v1 Data Quality Statement", "date": "2019-11-05" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": null, "procedureComputation": { "ob_id": 26870, "uuid": "b1b352825f5548a8bf0639afe335f5ae", "short_code": "comp", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded climate observations methodology", "abstract": "The gridded data sets are based on the archive of UK weather observations held at the Met Office. The density of the station network used varies through time, and for different climate variables - for example, for the temperature variables the number of stations rises from about 270 in 1910s to 600 in the mid-1990s, before falling to 450 in 2006. Regression and interpolation are used to generate values on a regular grid from the irregular station network, taking into account factors such as latitude and longitude, altitude and terrain shape, coastal influence, and urban land use. This alleviates the impact of station openings and closures on homogeneity, but the impacts of a changing station network cannot be removed entirely, especially in areas of complex topography or sparse station coverage.\r\n\r\nThe methods used to generate the grids are described in more detail in a paper published by Hollis et al. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.78 (see linked documentation on this record).\r\n\r\nTo help users combine the observational data sets with the UKCP18 climate projections, the 1km x 1km grid is averaged to grids at resolutions to match those of the climate projections. Each 5 x 5 km, 12 x 12 km, 25 x 25 km or 60 x 60 km grid box value is an average of the all the 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within it. 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The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 6023, 11484, 11485, 11486, 50512, 50516, 50517, 51186, 51187, 51188, 51189, 51193, 51195, 51196, 51197, 51200, 54988, 54989, 54990, 54991, 54992, 54993, 54994, 54995, 54996, 54997 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [ 10656 ], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 26862, "uuid": "4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb", "short_code": "coll", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK", "abstract": "This Dataset Collection contains a number of different versions of the HadUK-Grid dataset, each of which present a set of gridded climate variables extending from the present back to the 19th Century. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of the UK climate and research into climate variability, climate change, impacts and adaptation. The Met Office uses these data for operational monitoring of the UK's climate.\r\n\r\nThe data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid at 1km by 1km resolution to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The 1km data set has been regridded to different resolutions and regional averages to create a collection allowing for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections.\r\n\r\nA new version of HadUK-Grid is released each year. The latest version is v1.3.1.ceda, released in June 2025 and containing data up to the end of 2024. A summary of previous releases can be found below. Provisional data for more recent months can be found on the Met Office web site https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadukgrid/.\r\n\r\nEach version comprises eight Datasets - gridded data at 1, 5, 12, 25 and 60 km resolution, plus three sets of area averages (UK countries, admin regions and river basins).\r\n\r\nThe earliest year of data varies by variable and has changed as more data are digitised. Currently the start years are:\r\n1836 (monthly rainfall)\r\n1884 (monthly max/mean/min air temperature)\r\n1891 (daily rainfall)\r\n1910 (monthly sunshine)\r\n1931 (daily max/min air temperature)\r\n1961 (monthly days of ground frost, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and vapour pressure)\r\n1969 (monthly mean wind speed)\r\n1971 (monthly days of lying snow)\r\n\r\nThe grids are provided at daily (max/min air temperature and rainfall only), monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods.\r\n\r\nThe latest release has been created by the Met Office funded by the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).\r\n\r\nPrevious versions were created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project.\r\n\r\nFor all versions, the data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\".\r\n\r\nThe data are provided under Open Government Licence v3 (see each dataset for links to licence and associated citations to use).\r\n\r\nList of dataset versions (latest first) and key differences (each release also extends the dataset by one year):\r\n\r\nv1.3.1.ceda (1836-2024) - Daily temperature extended back to 1931 (from 1960). Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1922-1945.\r\nv1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023) - Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1945-1960.\r\nv1.2.0.ceda (1836-2022) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1910 (from 1919). Incorporation of Rainfall Rescue v2.\r\nv1.1.0.0 (1836-2021) - Addition of climate averages for 1991-2020. Rainfall Rescue v1 dataset incorporated into the monthly rainfall grids which are extended back to 1836 (from 1862).\r\nv1.0.3.0 (1862-2020)\r\nv1.0.2.1 (1862-2019) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1919 (from 1929). Historical data recovery has also improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1891-1910 and monthly temperature 1900-1909. Correction to the grid definition for 12 km grid product to match the UKCP18 climate model products.\r\nv1.0.1.0 (1862-2018) - Addition of 5km data.\r\nv1.0.0.0 (1862-2017) - Initial release.\r\n\r\nSee the change log file for each version for further details.\r\n\r\nNote: The introduction of the '.ceda' suffix was done to highlight that CEDA is the source of these data files compared to other potential sources (e.g. the UKCP User Interface https://ukclimateprojections-ui.metoffice.gov.uk/ui/home) The data values are the same - it is the way the data are packaged that may differ between sources.\r\n\r\nEach version following the initial release is accompanied by change log files. These list new files in the version compared with the previous version plus summary totals of the number of files that remained the same, modified and removed. Links to these change logs are available in the 'Details/Docs' section of each dataset. Additionally, a summary change log file is provided which gives an overview of all changes to the data sources and processing methods since the initial release. This summary can be found in the 'Details/Docs' section below or via the individual datasets.\r\n\r\nThis collection supersedes the UKCP09 Dataset Collection and contains all datasets within the major version 1 release (i.e. v1.#.#.#). See Hollis et al. (2019; linked documentation) for details on the version numbering utilised." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118469, 118470, 118472, 118473, 118467, 118468, 119099, 118471, 118474, 118999, 119087, 119088, 119089, 119090, 119091 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27471, 27522, 89474, 89475, 89476, 89477, 89478, 89479, 89480, 89481, 89482, 89483, 89484, 89485, 89486, 89487, 89488, 89489, 89490, 89491, 89492, 89493, 89497, 89498, 89499, 89500, 89501, 89502, 89503, 89504, 89494, 89495, 89496, 87536, 87537, 87538, 87539, 87540, 87541 ] }, { "ob_id": 28138, "uuid": "8929d37209c24f44ba33a5e11910c363", "title": "HadUK-Grid Gridded Climate Observations on a 12km grid over the UK, v1.0.1.0 (1862-2018)", "abstract": "HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The data set at 12 km resolution is derived from the associated 1km x 1km resolution to allow for comparison to data from climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1862 to 2018, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The grids are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.\r\n\r\nThis data set supersedes the UKCP09 gridded observations and the earlier v1.0.0.0 version. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).\r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\". The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2019-11-04T13:47:04", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data provided by the UK Met Office", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Met Office, UKCP18, BEIS, Defra, land surface, climate observations, hadobs", "publicationState": "citable", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "superseded", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-07T11:27:39", "doiPublishedTime": "2019-11-14T17:11:03", "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2305, "bboxName": "HadUK-Grid area", "eastBoundLongitude": 4.59, "westBoundLongitude": -12.61, "southBoundLatitude": 48.83, "northBoundLatitude": 60.57 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28212, "dataPath": "/badc/ukmo-hadobs/data/insitu/MOHC/HadOBS/HadUK-Grid/v1.0.1.0/12km", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 8870591079, "numberOfFiles": 5995, "fileFormat": "Data are NetCDF formatted" }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7584, "startTime": "1862-01-01T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-12-31T23:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3344, "explanation": "Data quality control details for the HadUK-Grid version 1.0 datasets is available in section 2.2. of Hollis et al. 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This alleviates the impact of station openings and closures on homogeneity, but the impacts of a changing station network cannot be removed entirely, especially in areas of complex topography or sparse station coverage.\r\n\r\nThe methods used to generate the grids are described in more detail in a paper published by Hollis et al. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.78 (see linked documentation on this record).\r\n\r\nTo help users combine the observational data sets with the UKCP18 climate projections, the 1km x 1km grid is averaged to grids at resolutions to match those of the climate projections. Each 5 x 5 km, 12 x 12 km, 25 x 25 km or 60 x 60 km grid box value is an average of the all the 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within it. A set of regional values for UK administrative regions, river basins and countries are calculated as the average of all 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within the defined geography." }, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 69 ], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 13164, "uuid": "ce252c81a7bd4717834055e31716b265", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Observations and Climate", "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre is one of the UK's foremost climate change research centres.\r\n\r\nThe Hadley Centre produces world-class guidance on the science of climate change and provide a focus in the UK for the scientific issues associated with climate science.\r\n\r\nLargely co-funded by Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), the centre provides in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate science issues.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world's leading centres for climate science research, the Hadley Centre scientists make significant contributions to peer-reviewed literature and to a variety of climate science reports, including the Assessment Report of the IPCC. The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 1633, 6023, 7026, 7028, 11482, 11483, 11484, 11485, 11486, 11520, 11521, 11522, 21577, 21581, 21634, 21635, 21637, 21638, 21642, 21663, 21664, 21665, 21666, 21667, 21669, 21671 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [ 10660 ], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 26862, "uuid": "4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb", "short_code": "coll", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK", "abstract": "This Dataset Collection contains a number of different versions of the HadUK-Grid dataset, each of which present a set of gridded climate variables extending from the present back to the 19th Century. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of the UK climate and research into climate variability, climate change, impacts and adaptation. The Met Office uses these data for operational monitoring of the UK's climate.\r\n\r\nThe data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid at 1km by 1km resolution to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The 1km data set has been regridded to different resolutions and regional averages to create a collection allowing for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections.\r\n\r\nA new version of HadUK-Grid is released each year. The latest version is v1.3.1.ceda, released in June 2025 and containing data up to the end of 2024. A summary of previous releases can be found below. Provisional data for more recent months can be found on the Met Office web site https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadukgrid/.\r\n\r\nEach version comprises eight Datasets - gridded data at 1, 5, 12, 25 and 60 km resolution, plus three sets of area averages (UK countries, admin regions and river basins).\r\n\r\nThe earliest year of data varies by variable and has changed as more data are digitised. Currently the start years are:\r\n1836 (monthly rainfall)\r\n1884 (monthly max/mean/min air temperature)\r\n1891 (daily rainfall)\r\n1910 (monthly sunshine)\r\n1931 (daily max/min air temperature)\r\n1961 (monthly days of ground frost, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and vapour pressure)\r\n1969 (monthly mean wind speed)\r\n1971 (monthly days of lying snow)\r\n\r\nThe grids are provided at daily (max/min air temperature and rainfall only), monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods.\r\n\r\nThe latest release has been created by the Met Office funded by the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).\r\n\r\nPrevious versions were created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project.\r\n\r\nFor all versions, the data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\".\r\n\r\nThe data are provided under Open Government Licence v3 (see each dataset for links to licence and associated citations to use).\r\n\r\nList of dataset versions (latest first) and key differences (each release also extends the dataset by one year):\r\n\r\nv1.3.1.ceda (1836-2024) - Daily temperature extended back to 1931 (from 1960). Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1922-1945.\r\nv1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023) - Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1945-1960.\r\nv1.2.0.ceda (1836-2022) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1910 (from 1919). Incorporation of Rainfall Rescue v2.\r\nv1.1.0.0 (1836-2021) - Addition of climate averages for 1991-2020. Rainfall Rescue v1 dataset incorporated into the monthly rainfall grids which are extended back to 1836 (from 1862).\r\nv1.0.3.0 (1862-2020)\r\nv1.0.2.1 (1862-2019) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1919 (from 1929). Historical data recovery has also improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1891-1910 and monthly temperature 1900-1909. Correction to the grid definition for 12 km grid product to match the UKCP18 climate model products.\r\nv1.0.1.0 (1862-2018) - Addition of 5km data.\r\nv1.0.0.0 (1862-2017) - Initial release.\r\n\r\nSee the change log file for each version for further details.\r\n\r\nNote: The introduction of the '.ceda' suffix was done to highlight that CEDA is the source of these data files compared to other potential sources (e.g. the UKCP User Interface https://ukclimateprojections-ui.metoffice.gov.uk/ui/home) The data values are the same - it is the way the data are packaged that may differ between sources.\r\n\r\nEach version following the initial release is accompanied by change log files. These list new files in the version compared with the previous version plus summary totals of the number of files that remained the same, modified and removed. Links to these change logs are available in the 'Details/Docs' section of each dataset. Additionally, a summary change log file is provided which gives an overview of all changes to the data sources and processing methods since the initial release. This summary can be found in the 'Details/Docs' section below or via the individual datasets.\r\n\r\nThis collection supersedes the UKCP09 Dataset Collection and contains all datasets within the major version 1 release (i.e. v1.#.#.#). See Hollis et al. (2019; linked documentation) for details on the version numbering utilised." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118477, 118478, 118475, 118476, 118480, 118481, 119098, 118479, 118482, 118998, 119082, 119083, 119084, 119085, 119086 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27472, 27524, 92042, 92043, 92044, 92045, 92046, 92047, 92048, 92049, 92050, 92051, 92052, 92053, 92054, 92055, 92056, 92057, 92058, 92059, 92060, 92061, 92062, 92063, 92064, 92065, 92066, 92067, 92068 ] }, { "ob_id": 28139, "uuid": "e84aabcd886c41c488b4bd84558ab974", "title": "HadUK-Grid Gridded Climate Observations on a 25km grid over the UK, v1.0.1.0 (1862-2018)", "abstract": "HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The data set at 25 km resolution is derived from the associated 1km x 1km resolution to allow for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1862 to 2018, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The grids are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.\r\n\r\nThis data set supersedes the UKCP09 gridded observations and the earlier v1.0.0.0 version. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).\r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\". The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2019-11-04T22:10:31", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data provided by the UK Met Office", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Met Office, UKCP18, BEIS, Defra, land surface, climate observations, hadobs", "publicationState": "citable", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "superseded", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-07T11:27:17", "doiPublishedTime": "2019-11-14T17:09:22", "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2305, "bboxName": "HadUK-Grid area", "eastBoundLongitude": 4.59, "westBoundLongitude": -12.61, "southBoundLatitude": 48.83, "northBoundLatitude": 60.57 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28211, "dataPath": "/badc/ukmo-hadobs/data/insitu/MOHC/HadOBS/HadUK-Grid/v1.0.1.0/25km", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 2088019091, "numberOfFiles": 5995, "fileFormat": "Data are NetCDF formatted" }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7584, "startTime": "1862-01-01T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-12-31T23:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3344, "explanation": "Data quality control details for the HadUK-Grid version 1.0 datasets is available in section 2.2. of Hollis et al. (2018). See linked documentation for further details.", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "HadUK-Grid v1 Data Quality Statement", "date": "2019-11-05" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": null, "procedureComputation": { "ob_id": 26870, "uuid": "b1b352825f5548a8bf0639afe335f5ae", "short_code": "comp", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded climate observations methodology", "abstract": "The gridded data sets are based on the archive of UK weather observations held at the Met Office. The density of the station network used varies through time, and for different climate variables - for example, for the temperature variables the number of stations rises from about 270 in 1910s to 600 in the mid-1990s, before falling to 450 in 2006. Regression and interpolation are used to generate values on a regular grid from the irregular station network, taking into account factors such as latitude and longitude, altitude and terrain shape, coastal influence, and urban land use. This alleviates the impact of station openings and closures on homogeneity, but the impacts of a changing station network cannot be removed entirely, especially in areas of complex topography or sparse station coverage.\r\n\r\nThe methods used to generate the grids are described in more detail in a paper published by Hollis et al. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.78 (see linked documentation on this record).\r\n\r\nTo help users combine the observational data sets with the UKCP18 climate projections, the 1km x 1km grid is averaged to grids at resolutions to match those of the climate projections. Each 5 x 5 km, 12 x 12 km, 25 x 25 km or 60 x 60 km grid box value is an average of the all the 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within it. A set of regional values for UK administrative regions, river basins and countries are calculated as the average of all 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within the defined geography." }, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 69 ], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 13164, "uuid": "ce252c81a7bd4717834055e31716b265", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Observations and Climate", "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre is one of the UK's foremost climate change research centres.\r\n\r\nThe Hadley Centre produces world-class guidance on the science of climate change and provide a focus in the UK for the scientific issues associated with climate science.\r\n\r\nLargely co-funded by Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), the centre provides in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate science issues.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world's leading centres for climate science research, the Hadley Centre scientists make significant contributions to peer-reviewed literature and to a variety of climate science reports, including the Assessment Report of the IPCC. The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 6023, 11484, 11485, 11486, 50512, 50516, 50517, 51186, 51187, 51188, 51189, 51193, 51195, 51196, 51197, 51200, 54988, 54989, 54990, 54991, 54992, 54993, 54994, 54995, 54996, 54997 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [ 10659 ], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 26862, "uuid": "4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb", "short_code": "coll", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK", "abstract": "This Dataset Collection contains a number of different versions of the HadUK-Grid dataset, each of which present a set of gridded climate variables extending from the present back to the 19th Century. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of the UK climate and research into climate variability, climate change, impacts and adaptation. The Met Office uses these data for operational monitoring of the UK's climate.\r\n\r\nThe data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid at 1km by 1km resolution to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The 1km data set has been regridded to different resolutions and regional averages to create a collection allowing for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections.\r\n\r\nA new version of HadUK-Grid is released each year. The latest version is v1.3.1.ceda, released in June 2025 and containing data up to the end of 2024. A summary of previous releases can be found below. Provisional data for more recent months can be found on the Met Office web site https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadukgrid/.\r\n\r\nEach version comprises eight Datasets - gridded data at 1, 5, 12, 25 and 60 km resolution, plus three sets of area averages (UK countries, admin regions and river basins).\r\n\r\nThe earliest year of data varies by variable and has changed as more data are digitised. Currently the start years are:\r\n1836 (monthly rainfall)\r\n1884 (monthly max/mean/min air temperature)\r\n1891 (daily rainfall)\r\n1910 (monthly sunshine)\r\n1931 (daily max/min air temperature)\r\n1961 (monthly days of ground frost, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and vapour pressure)\r\n1969 (monthly mean wind speed)\r\n1971 (monthly days of lying snow)\r\n\r\nThe grids are provided at daily (max/min air temperature and rainfall only), monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods.\r\n\r\nThe latest release has been created by the Met Office funded by the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).\r\n\r\nPrevious versions were created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project.\r\n\r\nFor all versions, the data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\".\r\n\r\nThe data are provided under Open Government Licence v3 (see each dataset for links to licence and associated citations to use).\r\n\r\nList of dataset versions (latest first) and key differences (each release also extends the dataset by one year):\r\n\r\nv1.3.1.ceda (1836-2024) - Daily temperature extended back to 1931 (from 1960). Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1922-1945.\r\nv1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023) - Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1945-1960.\r\nv1.2.0.ceda (1836-2022) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1910 (from 1919). Incorporation of Rainfall Rescue v2.\r\nv1.1.0.0 (1836-2021) - Addition of climate averages for 1991-2020. Rainfall Rescue v1 dataset incorporated into the monthly rainfall grids which are extended back to 1836 (from 1862).\r\nv1.0.3.0 (1862-2020)\r\nv1.0.2.1 (1862-2019) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1919 (from 1929). Historical data recovery has also improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1891-1910 and monthly temperature 1900-1909. Correction to the grid definition for 12 km grid product to match the UKCP18 climate model products.\r\nv1.0.1.0 (1862-2018) - Addition of 5km data.\r\nv1.0.0.0 (1862-2017) - Initial release.\r\n\r\nSee the change log file for each version for further details.\r\n\r\nNote: The introduction of the '.ceda' suffix was done to highlight that CEDA is the source of these data files compared to other potential sources (e.g. the UKCP User Interface https://ukclimateprojections-ui.metoffice.gov.uk/ui/home) The data values are the same - it is the way the data are packaged that may differ between sources.\r\n\r\nEach version following the initial release is accompanied by change log files. These list new files in the version compared with the previous version plus summary totals of the number of files that remained the same, modified and removed. Links to these change logs are available in the 'Details/Docs' section of each dataset. Additionally, a summary change log file is provided which gives an overview of all changes to the data sources and processing methods since the initial release. This summary can be found in the 'Details/Docs' section below or via the individual datasets.\r\n\r\nThis collection supersedes the UKCP09 Dataset Collection and contains all datasets within the major version 1 release (i.e. v1.#.#.#). See Hollis et al. (2019; linked documentation) for details on the version numbering utilised." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118486, 118483, 118484, 118487, 118485, 118490, 119097, 118488, 118489, 118997, 119077, 119078, 119079, 119080, 119081 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27473, 27525, 92069, 92070, 92071, 92072, 92073, 92074, 92075, 92076, 92077, 92078, 92079, 92080, 92081, 92082, 92083, 92084, 92085, 92086, 92087, 92088, 92089, 92090, 92091, 92092, 92093, 92094, 92095, 92096, 92097 ] }, { "ob_id": 28140, "uuid": "75f2c9746d8245b29ad80c04a6a202fd", "title": "HadUK-Grid Gridded Climate Observations on a 60km grid over the UK, v1.0.1.0 (1862-2018)", "abstract": "HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The data set at 60 km resolution is derived from the associated 1km x 1km resolution to allow for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1862 to 2018, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The grids are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.\r\n\r\nThis data set supersedes the UKCP09 gridded observations and the earlier v1.0.0.0 version. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).\r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\". The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2024-03-09T03:17:48", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data provided by the UK Met Office", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Met Office, UKCP18, BEIS, Defra, land surface, climate observations, hadobs", "publicationState": "citable", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "superseded", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-07T11:26:50", "doiPublishedTime": "2019-11-14T17:07:56", "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2305, "bboxName": "HadUK-Grid area", "eastBoundLongitude": 4.59, "westBoundLongitude": -12.61, "southBoundLatitude": 48.83, "northBoundLatitude": 60.57 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28210, "dataPath": "/badc/ukmo-hadobs/data/insitu/MOHC/HadOBS/HadUK-Grid/v1.0.1.0/60km", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 524476095, "numberOfFiles": 5995, "fileFormat": "Data are NetCDF formatted" }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7584, "startTime": "1862-01-01T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-12-31T23:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3344, "explanation": "Data quality control details for the HadUK-Grid version 1.0 datasets is available in section 2.2. of Hollis et al. (2018). See linked documentation for further details.", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "HadUK-Grid v1 Data Quality Statement", "date": "2019-11-05" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": null, "procedureComputation": { "ob_id": 26870, "uuid": "b1b352825f5548a8bf0639afe335f5ae", "short_code": "comp", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded climate observations methodology", "abstract": "The gridded data sets are based on the archive of UK weather observations held at the Met Office. The density of the station network used varies through time, and for different climate variables - for example, for the temperature variables the number of stations rises from about 270 in 1910s to 600 in the mid-1990s, before falling to 450 in 2006. Regression and interpolation are used to generate values on a regular grid from the irregular station network, taking into account factors such as latitude and longitude, altitude and terrain shape, coastal influence, and urban land use. This alleviates the impact of station openings and closures on homogeneity, but the impacts of a changing station network cannot be removed entirely, especially in areas of complex topography or sparse station coverage.\r\n\r\nThe methods used to generate the grids are described in more detail in a paper published by Hollis et al. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.78 (see linked documentation on this record).\r\n\r\nTo help users combine the observational data sets with the UKCP18 climate projections, the 1km x 1km grid is averaged to grids at resolutions to match those of the climate projections. Each 5 x 5 km, 12 x 12 km, 25 x 25 km or 60 x 60 km grid box value is an average of the all the 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within it. A set of regional values for UK administrative regions, river basins and countries are calculated as the average of all 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within the defined geography." }, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 69 ], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 13164, "uuid": "ce252c81a7bd4717834055e31716b265", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Observations and Climate", "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre is one of the UK's foremost climate change research centres.\r\n\r\nThe Hadley Centre produces world-class guidance on the science of climate change and provide a focus in the UK for the scientific issues associated with climate science.\r\n\r\nLargely co-funded by Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), the centre provides in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate science issues.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world's leading centres for climate science research, the Hadley Centre scientists make significant contributions to peer-reviewed literature and to a variety of climate science reports, including the Assessment Report of the IPCC. The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 6023, 11484, 11485, 11486, 50512, 50516, 50517, 51186, 51187, 51188, 51189, 51193, 51195, 51196, 51197, 51200, 54988, 54989, 54990, 54991, 54992, 54993, 54994, 54995, 54996, 54997 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [ 10658 ], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 26862, "uuid": "4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb", "short_code": "coll", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK", "abstract": "This Dataset Collection contains a number of different versions of the HadUK-Grid dataset, each of which present a set of gridded climate variables extending from the present back to the 19th Century. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of the UK climate and research into climate variability, climate change, impacts and adaptation. The Met Office uses these data for operational monitoring of the UK's climate.\r\n\r\nThe data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid at 1km by 1km resolution to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The 1km data set has been regridded to different resolutions and regional averages to create a collection allowing for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections.\r\n\r\nA new version of HadUK-Grid is released each year. The latest version is v1.3.1.ceda, released in June 2025 and containing data up to the end of 2024. A summary of previous releases can be found below. Provisional data for more recent months can be found on the Met Office web site https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadukgrid/.\r\n\r\nEach version comprises eight Datasets - gridded data at 1, 5, 12, 25 and 60 km resolution, plus three sets of area averages (UK countries, admin regions and river basins).\r\n\r\nThe earliest year of data varies by variable and has changed as more data are digitised. Currently the start years are:\r\n1836 (monthly rainfall)\r\n1884 (monthly max/mean/min air temperature)\r\n1891 (daily rainfall)\r\n1910 (monthly sunshine)\r\n1931 (daily max/min air temperature)\r\n1961 (monthly days of ground frost, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and vapour pressure)\r\n1969 (monthly mean wind speed)\r\n1971 (monthly days of lying snow)\r\n\r\nThe grids are provided at daily (max/min air temperature and rainfall only), monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods.\r\n\r\nThe latest release has been created by the Met Office funded by the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).\r\n\r\nPrevious versions were created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project.\r\n\r\nFor all versions, the data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\".\r\n\r\nThe data are provided under Open Government Licence v3 (see each dataset for links to licence and associated citations to use).\r\n\r\nList of dataset versions (latest first) and key differences (each release also extends the dataset by one year):\r\n\r\nv1.3.1.ceda (1836-2024) - Daily temperature extended back to 1931 (from 1960). Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1922-1945.\r\nv1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023) - Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1945-1960.\r\nv1.2.0.ceda (1836-2022) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1910 (from 1919). Incorporation of Rainfall Rescue v2.\r\nv1.1.0.0 (1836-2021) - Addition of climate averages for 1991-2020. Rainfall Rescue v1 dataset incorporated into the monthly rainfall grids which are extended back to 1836 (from 1862).\r\nv1.0.3.0 (1862-2020)\r\nv1.0.2.1 (1862-2019) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1919 (from 1929). Historical data recovery has also improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1891-1910 and monthly temperature 1900-1909. Correction to the grid definition for 12 km grid product to match the UKCP18 climate model products.\r\nv1.0.1.0 (1862-2018) - Addition of 5km data.\r\nv1.0.0.0 (1862-2017) - Initial release.\r\n\r\nSee the change log file for each version for further details.\r\n\r\nNote: The introduction of the '.ceda' suffix was done to highlight that CEDA is the source of these data files compared to other potential sources (e.g. the UKCP User Interface https://ukclimateprojections-ui.metoffice.gov.uk/ui/home) The data values are the same - it is the way the data are packaged that may differ between sources.\r\n\r\nEach version following the initial release is accompanied by change log files. These list new files in the version compared with the previous version plus summary totals of the number of files that remained the same, modified and removed. Links to these change logs are available in the 'Details/Docs' section of each dataset. Additionally, a summary change log file is provided which gives an overview of all changes to the data sources and processing methods since the initial release. This summary can be found in the 'Details/Docs' section below or via the individual datasets.\r\n\r\nThis collection supersedes the UKCP09 Dataset Collection and contains all datasets within the major version 1 release (i.e. v1.#.#.#). See Hollis et al. (2019; linked documentation) for details on the version numbering utilised." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118491, 118492, 118493, 118494, 118496, 118497, 119096, 118495, 118498, 118996, 119072, 119073, 119074, 119075, 119076 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27474, 27526, 92128, 92129, 92130, 92131, 92132, 92133, 92134, 92135, 92136, 92137, 92138, 92139, 92140, 92141, 92142, 92143, 92144, 92145, 92146, 92147, 92148, 92149, 92150, 92151, 92152, 92153, 92154 ] }, { "ob_id": 28141, "uuid": "e4d28cddec7b4e1ab50eae189070f7dc", "title": "HadUK-Grid Climate Observations by Administrative Regions over the UK, v1.0.1.0 (1862-2018)", "abstract": "HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. These data at 1km resolution have been averaged across a set of discrete geographies defining UK administrative regions consistent with data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1862 to 2018, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The grids are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.\r\n\r\nThis data set supersedes the UKCP09 gridded observations and the earlier v1.0.0.0 version. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).\r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\". The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2024-03-09T03:17:47", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data provided by the UK Met Office", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Met Office, UKCP18, BEIS, Defra, land surface, climate observations, hadobs", "publicationState": "citable", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "superseded", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-07T11:26:30", "doiPublishedTime": "2019-11-14T17:06:13", "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2307, "bboxName": "", "eastBoundLongitude": 1.76, "westBoundLongitude": -8.18, "southBoundLatitude": 49.86, "northBoundLatitude": 60.86 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28209, "dataPath": "/badc/ukmo-hadobs/data/insitu/MOHC/HadOBS/HadUK-Grid/v1.0.1.0/region", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 19380338, "numberOfFiles": 133, "fileFormat": "Data are NetCDF formatted" }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7584, "startTime": "1862-01-01T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-12-31T23:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3344, "explanation": "Data quality control details for the HadUK-Grid version 1.0 datasets is available in section 2.2. of Hollis et al. (2018). See linked documentation for further details.", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "HadUK-Grid v1 Data Quality Statement", "date": "2019-11-05" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": null, "procedureComputation": { "ob_id": 26870, "uuid": "b1b352825f5548a8bf0639afe335f5ae", "short_code": "comp", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded climate observations methodology", "abstract": "The gridded data sets are based on the archive of UK weather observations held at the Met Office. The density of the station network used varies through time, and for different climate variables - for example, for the temperature variables the number of stations rises from about 270 in 1910s to 600 in the mid-1990s, before falling to 450 in 2006. Regression and interpolation are used to generate values on a regular grid from the irregular station network, taking into account factors such as latitude and longitude, altitude and terrain shape, coastal influence, and urban land use. This alleviates the impact of station openings and closures on homogeneity, but the impacts of a changing station network cannot be removed entirely, especially in areas of complex topography or sparse station coverage.\r\n\r\nThe methods used to generate the grids are described in more detail in a paper published by Hollis et al. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.78 (see linked documentation on this record).\r\n\r\nTo help users combine the observational data sets with the UKCP18 climate projections, the 1km x 1km grid is averaged to grids at resolutions to match those of the climate projections. Each 5 x 5 km, 12 x 12 km, 25 x 25 km or 60 x 60 km grid box value is an average of the all the 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within it. A set of regional values for UK administrative regions, river basins and countries are calculated as the average of all 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within the defined geography." }, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 69 ], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 13164, "uuid": "ce252c81a7bd4717834055e31716b265", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Observations and Climate", "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre is one of the UK's foremost climate change research centres.\r\n\r\nThe Hadley Centre produces world-class guidance on the science of climate change and provide a focus in the UK for the scientific issues associated with climate science.\r\n\r\nLargely co-funded by Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), the centre provides in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate science issues.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world's leading centres for climate science research, the Hadley Centre scientists make significant contributions to peer-reviewed literature and to a variety of climate science reports, including the Assessment Report of the IPCC. The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 6023, 50511, 50516, 50517, 51193, 51195, 51196, 51197, 51200, 54988, 54990, 54991, 54992, 54993, 54994, 54995, 54997, 61133, 61134, 61135, 61136, 62353 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [ 10657 ], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 26862, "uuid": "4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb", "short_code": "coll", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK", "abstract": "This Dataset Collection contains a number of different versions of the HadUK-Grid dataset, each of which present a set of gridded climate variables extending from the present back to the 19th Century. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of the UK climate and research into climate variability, climate change, impacts and adaptation. The Met Office uses these data for operational monitoring of the UK's climate.\r\n\r\nThe data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid at 1km by 1km resolution to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The 1km data set has been regridded to different resolutions and regional averages to create a collection allowing for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections.\r\n\r\nA new version of HadUK-Grid is released each year. The latest version is v1.3.1.ceda, released in June 2025 and containing data up to the end of 2024. A summary of previous releases can be found below. Provisional data for more recent months can be found on the Met Office web site https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadukgrid/.\r\n\r\nEach version comprises eight Datasets - gridded data at 1, 5, 12, 25 and 60 km resolution, plus three sets of area averages (UK countries, admin regions and river basins).\r\n\r\nThe earliest year of data varies by variable and has changed as more data are digitised. Currently the start years are:\r\n1836 (monthly rainfall)\r\n1884 (monthly max/mean/min air temperature)\r\n1891 (daily rainfall)\r\n1910 (monthly sunshine)\r\n1931 (daily max/min air temperature)\r\n1961 (monthly days of ground frost, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and vapour pressure)\r\n1969 (monthly mean wind speed)\r\n1971 (monthly days of lying snow)\r\n\r\nThe grids are provided at daily (max/min air temperature and rainfall only), monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods.\r\n\r\nThe latest release has been created by the Met Office funded by the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).\r\n\r\nPrevious versions were created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project.\r\n\r\nFor all versions, the data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\".\r\n\r\nThe data are provided under Open Government Licence v3 (see each dataset for links to licence and associated citations to use).\r\n\r\nList of dataset versions (latest first) and key differences (each release also extends the dataset by one year):\r\n\r\nv1.3.1.ceda (1836-2024) - Daily temperature extended back to 1931 (from 1960). Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1922-1945.\r\nv1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023) - Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1945-1960.\r\nv1.2.0.ceda (1836-2022) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1910 (from 1919). Incorporation of Rainfall Rescue v2.\r\nv1.1.0.0 (1836-2021) - Addition of climate averages for 1991-2020. Rainfall Rescue v1 dataset incorporated into the monthly rainfall grids which are extended back to 1836 (from 1862).\r\nv1.0.3.0 (1862-2020)\r\nv1.0.2.1 (1862-2019) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1919 (from 1929). Historical data recovery has also improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1891-1910 and monthly temperature 1900-1909. Correction to the grid definition for 12 km grid product to match the UKCP18 climate model products.\r\nv1.0.1.0 (1862-2018) - Addition of 5km data.\r\nv1.0.0.0 (1862-2017) - Initial release.\r\n\r\nSee the change log file for each version for further details.\r\n\r\nNote: The introduction of the '.ceda' suffix was done to highlight that CEDA is the source of these data files compared to other potential sources (e.g. the UKCP User Interface https://ukclimateprojections-ui.metoffice.gov.uk/ui/home) The data values are the same - it is the way the data are packaged that may differ between sources.\r\n\r\nEach version following the initial release is accompanied by change log files. These list new files in the version compared with the previous version plus summary totals of the number of files that remained the same, modified and removed. Links to these change logs are available in the 'Details/Docs' section of each dataset. Additionally, a summary change log file is provided which gives an overview of all changes to the data sources and processing methods since the initial release. This summary can be found in the 'Details/Docs' section below or via the individual datasets.\r\n\r\nThis collection supersedes the UKCP09 Dataset Collection and contains all datasets within the major version 1 release (i.e. v1.#.#.#). See Hollis et al. (2019; linked documentation) for details on the version numbering utilised." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118499, 118500, 118501, 118502, 118504, 118505, 119095, 118503, 118506, 118995, 119067, 119068, 119069, 119070, 119071 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27475, 27527, 87675, 87676, 92098, 92099, 92100, 92101, 92102, 92103, 92104, 92105, 92106, 92107, 92108, 92109, 92110, 92111, 92112, 92113, 92114, 92115, 92116, 92117, 92118, 92119, 92120, 92121, 92122, 92123, 92124, 92125, 92126, 92127 ] }, { "ob_id": 28142, "uuid": "131fd45e37d74bcc82d9a6e12fc1d366", "title": "HadUK-Grid Climate Observations by UK river basins, v1.0.1.0 (1862-2018)", "abstract": "HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. These data at 1km resolution have been averaged across a set of discrete geographies defining UK river basins consistent with data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1862 to 2018, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The grids are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.\r\n\r\nThis data set supersedes the UKCP09 gridded observations and the earlier v1.0.0.0 version. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).\r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\". The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2019-11-05T02:08:20", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data provided by the UK Met Office", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Met Office, UKCP18, BEIS, Defra, land surface, climate observations, hadobs", "publicationState": "citable", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "superseded", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-07T11:26:06", "doiPublishedTime": "2019-11-14T17:13:57", "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2308, "bboxName": "", "eastBoundLongitude": 1.76, "westBoundLongitude": -8.84, "southBoundLatitude": 49.86, "northBoundLatitude": 60.86 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28208, "dataPath": "/badc/ukmo-hadobs/data/insitu/MOHC/HadOBS/HadUK-Grid/v1.0.1.0/river", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 25362322, "numberOfFiles": 133, "fileFormat": "Data are NetCDF formatted" }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7584, "startTime": "1862-01-01T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-12-31T23:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3344, "explanation": "Data quality control details for the HadUK-Grid version 1.0 datasets is available in section 2.2. of Hollis et al. (2018). See linked documentation for further details.", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "HadUK-Grid v1 Data Quality Statement", "date": "2019-11-05" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": null, "procedureComputation": { "ob_id": 26870, "uuid": "b1b352825f5548a8bf0639afe335f5ae", "short_code": "comp", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded climate observations methodology", "abstract": "The gridded data sets are based on the archive of UK weather observations held at the Met Office. The density of the station network used varies through time, and for different climate variables - for example, for the temperature variables the number of stations rises from about 270 in 1910s to 600 in the mid-1990s, before falling to 450 in 2006. Regression and interpolation are used to generate values on a regular grid from the irregular station network, taking into account factors such as latitude and longitude, altitude and terrain shape, coastal influence, and urban land use. This alleviates the impact of station openings and closures on homogeneity, but the impacts of a changing station network cannot be removed entirely, especially in areas of complex topography or sparse station coverage.\r\n\r\nThe methods used to generate the grids are described in more detail in a paper published by Hollis et al. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.78 (see linked documentation on this record).\r\n\r\nTo help users combine the observational data sets with the UKCP18 climate projections, the 1km x 1km grid is averaged to grids at resolutions to match those of the climate projections. Each 5 x 5 km, 12 x 12 km, 25 x 25 km or 60 x 60 km grid box value is an average of the all the 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within it. A set of regional values for UK administrative regions, river basins and countries are calculated as the average of all 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within the defined geography." }, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 69 ], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 13164, "uuid": "ce252c81a7bd4717834055e31716b265", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Observations and Climate", "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre is one of the UK's foremost climate change research centres.\r\n\r\nThe Hadley Centre produces world-class guidance on the science of climate change and provide a focus in the UK for the scientific issues associated with climate science.\r\n\r\nLargely co-funded by Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), the centre provides in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate science issues.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world's leading centres for climate science research, the Hadley Centre scientists make significant contributions to peer-reviewed literature and to a variety of climate science reports, including the Assessment Report of the IPCC. The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 1633, 6023, 11521, 11522, 21577, 21581, 21632, 21634, 21635, 21637, 21638, 21642, 21661, 21662, 21663, 21664, 21665, 21666, 21667, 21668, 21669, 21670 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [ 10662 ], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 26862, "uuid": "4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb", "short_code": "coll", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK", "abstract": "This Dataset Collection contains a number of different versions of the HadUK-Grid dataset, each of which present a set of gridded climate variables extending from the present back to the 19th Century. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of the UK climate and research into climate variability, climate change, impacts and adaptation. The Met Office uses these data for operational monitoring of the UK's climate.\r\n\r\nThe data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid at 1km by 1km resolution to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The 1km data set has been regridded to different resolutions and regional averages to create a collection allowing for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections.\r\n\r\nA new version of HadUK-Grid is released each year. The latest version is v1.3.1.ceda, released in June 2025 and containing data up to the end of 2024. A summary of previous releases can be found below. Provisional data for more recent months can be found on the Met Office web site https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadukgrid/.\r\n\r\nEach version comprises eight Datasets - gridded data at 1, 5, 12, 25 and 60 km resolution, plus three sets of area averages (UK countries, admin regions and river basins).\r\n\r\nThe earliest year of data varies by variable and has changed as more data are digitised. Currently the start years are:\r\n1836 (monthly rainfall)\r\n1884 (monthly max/mean/min air temperature)\r\n1891 (daily rainfall)\r\n1910 (monthly sunshine)\r\n1931 (daily max/min air temperature)\r\n1961 (monthly days of ground frost, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and vapour pressure)\r\n1969 (monthly mean wind speed)\r\n1971 (monthly days of lying snow)\r\n\r\nThe grids are provided at daily (max/min air temperature and rainfall only), monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods.\r\n\r\nThe latest release has been created by the Met Office funded by the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).\r\n\r\nPrevious versions were created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project.\r\n\r\nFor all versions, the data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\".\r\n\r\nThe data are provided under Open Government Licence v3 (see each dataset for links to licence and associated citations to use).\r\n\r\nList of dataset versions (latest first) and key differences (each release also extends the dataset by one year):\r\n\r\nv1.3.1.ceda (1836-2024) - Daily temperature extended back to 1931 (from 1960). Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1922-1945.\r\nv1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023) - Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1945-1960.\r\nv1.2.0.ceda (1836-2022) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1910 (from 1919). Incorporation of Rainfall Rescue v2.\r\nv1.1.0.0 (1836-2021) - Addition of climate averages for 1991-2020. Rainfall Rescue v1 dataset incorporated into the monthly rainfall grids which are extended back to 1836 (from 1862).\r\nv1.0.3.0 (1862-2020)\r\nv1.0.2.1 (1862-2019) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1919 (from 1929). Historical data recovery has also improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1891-1910 and monthly temperature 1900-1909. Correction to the grid definition for 12 km grid product to match the UKCP18 climate model products.\r\nv1.0.1.0 (1862-2018) - Addition of 5km data.\r\nv1.0.0.0 (1862-2017) - Initial release.\r\n\r\nSee the change log file for each version for further details.\r\n\r\nNote: The introduction of the '.ceda' suffix was done to highlight that CEDA is the source of these data files compared to other potential sources (e.g. the UKCP User Interface https://ukclimateprojections-ui.metoffice.gov.uk/ui/home) The data values are the same - it is the way the data are packaged that may differ between sources.\r\n\r\nEach version following the initial release is accompanied by change log files. These list new files in the version compared with the previous version plus summary totals of the number of files that remained the same, modified and removed. Links to these change logs are available in the 'Details/Docs' section of each dataset. Additionally, a summary change log file is provided which gives an overview of all changes to the data sources and processing methods since the initial release. This summary can be found in the 'Details/Docs' section below or via the individual datasets.\r\n\r\nThis collection supersedes the UKCP09 Dataset Collection and contains all datasets within the major version 1 release (i.e. v1.#.#.#). See Hollis et al. (2019; linked documentation) for details on the version numbering utilised." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118507, 118508, 118509, 118510, 118512, 118513, 119094, 118511, 119062, 118514, 118994, 119063, 119064, 119065, 119066 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27476, 27528, 91994, 91995, 91989, 91990, 91991, 91992, 91993, 91996, 91997, 91998, 91999, 92000, 92001, 92002, 92003, 92004, 92005, 92006, 92007, 92008, 92009, 92010, 92011, 92012, 92013, 92014, 92015 ] }, { "ob_id": 28143, "uuid": "1715a1c03e544f47a3e803324f0bf4ca", "title": "HadUK-Grid Climate Observations by UK countries, v1.0.1.0 (1862-2018)", "abstract": "HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. These data at 1km resolution have been averaged across a set of discrete geographies defining UK countries consistent with data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1862 to 2018, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The grids are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.\r\n\r\nThis data set supersedes the UKCP09 gridded observations and the earlier v1.0.0.0 version. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).\r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\". The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2019-11-05T01:58:25", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data provided by the UK Met Office", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Met Office, UKCP18, BEIS, Defra, land surface, climate observations, hadobs", "publicationState": "citable", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "superseded", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-07T11:25:57", "doiPublishedTime": "2019-11-14T17:02:34", "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2309, "bboxName": "", "eastBoundLongitude": 1.76, "westBoundLongitude": -8.18, "southBoundLatitude": 49.16, "northBoundLatitude": 60.86 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28207, "dataPath": "/badc/ukmo-hadobs/data/insitu/MOHC/HadOBS/HadUK-Grid/v1.0.1.0/country", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 12484775, "numberOfFiles": 133, "fileFormat": "Data are NetCDF formatted" }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7584, "startTime": "1862-01-01T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-12-31T23:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3344, "explanation": "Data quality control details for the HadUK-Grid version 1.0 datasets is available in section 2.2. of Hollis et al. (2018). See linked documentation for further details.", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "HadUK-Grid v1 Data Quality Statement", "date": "2019-11-05" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": null, "procedureComputation": { "ob_id": 26870, "uuid": "b1b352825f5548a8bf0639afe335f5ae", "short_code": "comp", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded climate observations methodology", "abstract": "The gridded data sets are based on the archive of UK weather observations held at the Met Office. The density of the station network used varies through time, and for different climate variables - for example, for the temperature variables the number of stations rises from about 270 in 1910s to 600 in the mid-1990s, before falling to 450 in 2006. Regression and interpolation are used to generate values on a regular grid from the irregular station network, taking into account factors such as latitude and longitude, altitude and terrain shape, coastal influence, and urban land use. This alleviates the impact of station openings and closures on homogeneity, but the impacts of a changing station network cannot be removed entirely, especially in areas of complex topography or sparse station coverage.\r\n\r\nThe methods used to generate the grids are described in more detail in a paper published by Hollis et al. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.78 (see linked documentation on this record).\r\n\r\nTo help users combine the observational data sets with the UKCP18 climate projections, the 1km x 1km grid is averaged to grids at resolutions to match those of the climate projections. Each 5 x 5 km, 12 x 12 km, 25 x 25 km or 60 x 60 km grid box value is an average of the all the 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within it. A set of regional values for UK administrative regions, river basins and countries are calculated as the average of all 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within the defined geography." }, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 69 ], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 13164, "uuid": "ce252c81a7bd4717834055e31716b265", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Observations and Climate", "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre is one of the UK's foremost climate change research centres.\r\n\r\nThe Hadley Centre produces world-class guidance on the science of climate change and provide a focus in the UK for the scientific issues associated with climate science.\r\n\r\nLargely co-funded by Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), the centre provides in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate science issues.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world's leading centres for climate science research, the Hadley Centre scientists make significant contributions to peer-reviewed literature and to a variety of climate science reports, including the Assessment Report of the IPCC. The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 1633, 6023, 11521, 11522, 21577, 21581, 21632, 21634, 21635, 21637, 21638, 21642, 21660, 21661, 21662, 21663, 21664, 21665, 21666, 21667, 21668, 21669 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [ 10655 ], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 26862, "uuid": "4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb", "short_code": "coll", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK", "abstract": "This Dataset Collection contains a number of different versions of the HadUK-Grid dataset, each of which present a set of gridded climate variables extending from the present back to the 19th Century. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of the UK climate and research into climate variability, climate change, impacts and adaptation. The Met Office uses these data for operational monitoring of the UK's climate.\r\n\r\nThe data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid at 1km by 1km resolution to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The 1km data set has been regridded to different resolutions and regional averages to create a collection allowing for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections.\r\n\r\nA new version of HadUK-Grid is released each year. The latest version is v1.3.1.ceda, released in June 2025 and containing data up to the end of 2024. A summary of previous releases can be found below. Provisional data for more recent months can be found on the Met Office web site https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadukgrid/.\r\n\r\nEach version comprises eight Datasets - gridded data at 1, 5, 12, 25 and 60 km resolution, plus three sets of area averages (UK countries, admin regions and river basins).\r\n\r\nThe earliest year of data varies by variable and has changed as more data are digitised. Currently the start years are:\r\n1836 (monthly rainfall)\r\n1884 (monthly max/mean/min air temperature)\r\n1891 (daily rainfall)\r\n1910 (monthly sunshine)\r\n1931 (daily max/min air temperature)\r\n1961 (monthly days of ground frost, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and vapour pressure)\r\n1969 (monthly mean wind speed)\r\n1971 (monthly days of lying snow)\r\n\r\nThe grids are provided at daily (max/min air temperature and rainfall only), monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods.\r\n\r\nThe latest release has been created by the Met Office funded by the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).\r\n\r\nPrevious versions were created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project.\r\n\r\nFor all versions, the data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\".\r\n\r\nThe data are provided under Open Government Licence v3 (see each dataset for links to licence and associated citations to use).\r\n\r\nList of dataset versions (latest first) and key differences (each release also extends the dataset by one year):\r\n\r\nv1.3.1.ceda (1836-2024) - Daily temperature extended back to 1931 (from 1960). Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1922-1945.\r\nv1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023) - Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1945-1960.\r\nv1.2.0.ceda (1836-2022) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1910 (from 1919). Incorporation of Rainfall Rescue v2.\r\nv1.1.0.0 (1836-2021) - Addition of climate averages for 1991-2020. Rainfall Rescue v1 dataset incorporated into the monthly rainfall grids which are extended back to 1836 (from 1862).\r\nv1.0.3.0 (1862-2020)\r\nv1.0.2.1 (1862-2019) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1919 (from 1929). Historical data recovery has also improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1891-1910 and monthly temperature 1900-1909. Correction to the grid definition for 12 km grid product to match the UKCP18 climate model products.\r\nv1.0.1.0 (1862-2018) - Addition of 5km data.\r\nv1.0.0.0 (1862-2017) - Initial release.\r\n\r\nSee the change log file for each version for further details.\r\n\r\nNote: The introduction of the '.ceda' suffix was done to highlight that CEDA is the source of these data files compared to other potential sources (e.g. the UKCP User Interface https://ukclimateprojections-ui.metoffice.gov.uk/ui/home) The data values are the same - it is the way the data are packaged that may differ between sources.\r\n\r\nEach version following the initial release is accompanied by change log files. These list new files in the version compared with the previous version plus summary totals of the number of files that remained the same, modified and removed. Links to these change logs are available in the 'Details/Docs' section of each dataset. Additionally, a summary change log file is provided which gives an overview of all changes to the data sources and processing methods since the initial release. This summary can be found in the 'Details/Docs' section below or via the individual datasets.\r\n\r\nThis collection supersedes the UKCP09 Dataset Collection and contains all datasets within the major version 1 release (i.e. v1.#.#.#). See Hollis et al. (2019; linked documentation) for details on the version numbering utilised." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118515, 118516, 118517, 118518, 118520, 118521, 119093, 118519, 118522, 118993, 119057, 119058, 119059, 119060, 119061 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27477, 27529, 92155, 92156, 92157, 92158, 92159, 92160, 92161, 92162, 92163, 92164, 92165, 92166, 92167, 92168, 92169, 92170, 92171, 92172, 92173, 92174, 92175, 92176, 92177, 92178, 92179, 92180, 92181, 92182 ] }, { "ob_id": 28144, "uuid": "d715d2ac53f14f21acc6952a0278817d", "title": "HadUK-Grid Gridded Climate Observations on a 5km grid over the UK, v1.0.1.0 (1862-2018)", "abstract": "HadUK-Grid is a collection of gridded climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The data set at 5 km resolution is derived from the associated 1km x 1km resolution to allow for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections. The dataset spans the period from 1862 to 2018, but the start time is dependent on climate variable and temporal resolution. The grids are produced for daily, monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods. Variables include air temperature (maximum, minimum and mean), precipitation, sunshine, mean sea level pressure, wind speed, relative humidity, vapour pressure, days of snow lying, and days of ground frost.\r\n\r\nThis data set supersedes the UKCP09 gridded observations and the earlier v1.0.0.0 version. Subsequent versions may be released in due course and will follow the version numbering as outlined by Hollis et al. (2018, see linked documentation).\r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of UK climate and research into climate change, impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project. The data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\". The dataset is provided under Open Government Licence.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2019-11-05T00:13:21", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data provided by the UK Met Office", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Met Office, UKCP18, BEIS, Defra, land surface, climate observations, hadobs", "publicationState": "citable", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "superseded", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-07T11:31:38", "doiPublishedTime": "2019-11-14T17:12:04", "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2305, "bboxName": "HadUK-Grid area", "eastBoundLongitude": 4.59, "westBoundLongitude": -12.61, "southBoundLatitude": 48.83, "northBoundLatitude": 60.57 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28214, "dataPath": "/badc/ukmo-hadobs/data/insitu/MOHC/HadOBS/HadUK-Grid/v1.0.1.0/5km", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 49940034058, "numberOfFiles": 5995, "fileFormat": "Data are NetCDF formatted" }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7584, "startTime": "1862-01-01T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-12-31T23:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3344, "explanation": "Data quality control details for the HadUK-Grid version 1.0 datasets is available in section 2.2. of Hollis et al. (2018). See linked documentation for further details.", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "HadUK-Grid v1 Data Quality Statement", "date": "2019-11-05" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": null, "procedureComputation": { "ob_id": 26870, "uuid": "b1b352825f5548a8bf0639afe335f5ae", "short_code": "comp", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded climate observations methodology", "abstract": "The gridded data sets are based on the archive of UK weather observations held at the Met Office. The density of the station network used varies through time, and for different climate variables - for example, for the temperature variables the number of stations rises from about 270 in 1910s to 600 in the mid-1990s, before falling to 450 in 2006. Regression and interpolation are used to generate values on a regular grid from the irregular station network, taking into account factors such as latitude and longitude, altitude and terrain shape, coastal influence, and urban land use. This alleviates the impact of station openings and closures on homogeneity, but the impacts of a changing station network cannot be removed entirely, especially in areas of complex topography or sparse station coverage.\r\n\r\nThe methods used to generate the grids are described in more detail in a paper published by Hollis et al. (2019) https://doi.org/10.1002/gdj3.78 (see linked documentation on this record).\r\n\r\nTo help users combine the observational data sets with the UKCP18 climate projections, the 1km x 1km grid is averaged to grids at resolutions to match those of the climate projections. Each 5 x 5 km, 12 x 12 km, 25 x 25 km or 60 x 60 km grid box value is an average of the all the 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within it. A set of regional values for UK administrative regions, river basins and countries are calculated as the average of all 1 × 1 km grid cell values that fall within the defined geography." }, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 69 ], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 13164, "uuid": "ce252c81a7bd4717834055e31716b265", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Observations and Climate", "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre is one of the UK's foremost climate change research centres.\r\n\r\nThe Hadley Centre produces world-class guidance on the science of climate change and provide a focus in the UK for the scientific issues associated with climate science.\r\n\r\nLargely co-funded by Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), the centre provides in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate science issues.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world's leading centres for climate science research, the Hadley Centre scientists make significant contributions to peer-reviewed literature and to a variety of climate science reports, including the Assessment Report of the IPCC. The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 6023, 11484, 11485, 11486, 50512, 50516, 50517, 51186, 51187, 51188, 51189, 51193, 51195, 51196, 51197, 51200, 54988, 54989, 54990, 54991, 54992, 54993, 54994, 54995, 54996, 54997 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [ 10661 ], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 26862, "uuid": "4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb", "short_code": "coll", "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK", "abstract": "This Dataset Collection contains a number of different versions of the HadUK-Grid dataset, each of which present a set of gridded climate variables extending from the present back to the 19th Century. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of the UK climate and research into climate variability, climate change, impacts and adaptation. The Met Office uses these data for operational monitoring of the UK's climate.\r\n\r\nThe data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid at 1km by 1km resolution to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The 1km data set has been regridded to different resolutions and regional averages to create a collection allowing for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections.\r\n\r\nA new version of HadUK-Grid is released each year. The latest version is v1.3.1.ceda, released in June 2025 and containing data up to the end of 2024. A summary of previous releases can be found below. Provisional data for more recent months can be found on the Met Office web site https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadukgrid/.\r\n\r\nEach version comprises eight Datasets - gridded data at 1, 5, 12, 25 and 60 km resolution, plus three sets of area averages (UK countries, admin regions and river basins).\r\n\r\nThe earliest year of data varies by variable and has changed as more data are digitised. Currently the start years are:\r\n1836 (monthly rainfall)\r\n1884 (monthly max/mean/min air temperature)\r\n1891 (daily rainfall)\r\n1910 (monthly sunshine)\r\n1931 (daily max/min air temperature)\r\n1961 (monthly days of ground frost, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and vapour pressure)\r\n1969 (monthly mean wind speed)\r\n1971 (monthly days of lying snow)\r\n\r\nThe grids are provided at daily (max/min air temperature and rainfall only), monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods.\r\n\r\nThe latest release has been created by the Met Office funded by the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).\r\n\r\nPrevious versions were created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project.\r\n\r\nFor all versions, the data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\".\r\n\r\nThe data are provided under Open Government Licence v3 (see each dataset for links to licence and associated citations to use).\r\n\r\nList of dataset versions (latest first) and key differences (each release also extends the dataset by one year):\r\n\r\nv1.3.1.ceda (1836-2024) - Daily temperature extended back to 1931 (from 1960). Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1922-1945.\r\nv1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023) - Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1945-1960.\r\nv1.2.0.ceda (1836-2022) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1910 (from 1919). Incorporation of Rainfall Rescue v2.\r\nv1.1.0.0 (1836-2021) - Addition of climate averages for 1991-2020. Rainfall Rescue v1 dataset incorporated into the monthly rainfall grids which are extended back to 1836 (from 1862).\r\nv1.0.3.0 (1862-2020)\r\nv1.0.2.1 (1862-2019) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1919 (from 1929). Historical data recovery has also improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1891-1910 and monthly temperature 1900-1909. Correction to the grid definition for 12 km grid product to match the UKCP18 climate model products.\r\nv1.0.1.0 (1862-2018) - Addition of 5km data.\r\nv1.0.0.0 (1862-2017) - Initial release.\r\n\r\nSee the change log file for each version for further details.\r\n\r\nNote: The introduction of the '.ceda' suffix was done to highlight that CEDA is the source of these data files compared to other potential sources (e.g. the UKCP User Interface https://ukclimateprojections-ui.metoffice.gov.uk/ui/home) The data values are the same - it is the way the data are packaged that may differ between sources.\r\n\r\nEach version following the initial release is accompanied by change log files. These list new files in the version compared with the previous version plus summary totals of the number of files that remained the same, modified and removed. Links to these change logs are available in the 'Details/Docs' section of each dataset. Additionally, a summary change log file is provided which gives an overview of all changes to the data sources and processing methods since the initial release. This summary can be found in the 'Details/Docs' section below or via the individual datasets.\r\n\r\nThis collection supersedes the UKCP09 Dataset Collection and contains all datasets within the major version 1 release (i.e. v1.#.#.#). See Hollis et al. (2019; linked documentation) for details on the version numbering utilised." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118523, 118524, 118525, 118527, 118528, 118529, 119107, 118526, 118530, 118992, 119052, 119053, 119054, 119055, 119056 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 27478, 27523, 92016, 92017, 92018, 92019, 92020, 92021, 92022, 92023, 92024, 92025, 92026, 92027, 92028, 92029, 92030, 92031, 92032, 92033, 92034, 92035, 92036, 92037, 92038, 92039, 92040, 92041 ] }, { "ob_id": 28182, "uuid": "1328bfce79de47bca0d9dc90f90ad7c3", "title": "Kjølnes Atmospheric Observatory (KJN): High-precision long-term atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases (CO, CO2, N2O and CH4) using Off-Axis Integrated-Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS).", "abstract": "This dataset contains high-precision long-term atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases (CO, CO2, N2O and CH4 ) using Off-Axis Integrated-Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS). The measurements were taken at Kjølnes Atmospheric Observatory (KJN).\r\n\r\nThe Kjølnes Atmospheric Observatory (70°51'07.9\\\"N 29°13'56.3\\\"E) has been operational since August 2013. Two OA-ICOS devices, connected in series and sharing a suite of calibration and reference gases, have been employed to make continuous measurements of atmospheric CO2, CH4, N2O and CO concentrations. The data are calibrated by performing a linear regression upon the weekly measurements of three calibration (tied to the latest NOAA calibration scales) cylinders. The quality control procedure incorporates regular measurements of a dedicated reference cylinder (Target Tank), carefully calibrated at Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (Germany).", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2021-01-15T16:01:51", "updateFrequency": "asNeeded", "dataLineage": "Data were collected by collaboration between the University of Exeter and the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry; and deposited at the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) for archiving.", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "Kjølnes Atmospheric Observatory, KJN, greenhouse gas", "publicationState": "published", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "ongoing", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-06T17:35:36", "doiPublishedTime": null, "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2544, "bboxName": "Kjølnes Atmospheric Observatory (KJN)", "eastBoundLongitude": 29.2323, "westBoundLongitude": 29.2323, "southBoundLatitude": 70.8522, "northBoundLatitude": 70.8522 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28215, "dataPath": "/badc/kjolnes-observatory/data/mp-oa-icos", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 7368075, "numberOfFiles": 143, "fileFormat": "Data are BADC-CSV formatted." }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7585, "startTime": "2013-09-18T23:00:00", "endTime": "2019-04-01T22:59:59" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3343, "explanation": "Data are as given by the data provider, no quality control has been performed by the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA)", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "CEDA Data Quality Statement", "date": "2019-11-05" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": { "ob_id": 28184, "uuid": "e0874965425f4ce6a998c1c0ae6bedaa", "short_code": "acq", "title": "Kjølnes Atmospheric Observatory (KJN): High-precision long-term atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases (CO, CO2, N2O and CH4 ) using Off-Axis Integrated-Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS).", "abstract": "Kjølnes Atmospheric Observatory (KJN): High-precision long-term atmospheric measurements of greenhouse gases (CO, CO2, N2O and CH4 ) using Off-Axis Integrated-Cavity Output Spectroscopy (OA-ICOS)." }, "procedureComputation": null, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 28185, "uuid": "9909389b0ed845538312b614ea56aeff", "short_code": "proj", "title": "Kjølnes Atmospheric Observatory (KJN) Atmospheric Measurements", "abstract": "The Kjølnes Atmospheric Observatory (70°51'07.9\\\"N 29°13'56.3\\\"E) has been operational since August 2013. Two OA-ICOS devices, connected in series and sharing a suite of calibration and reference gases, have been employed to make continuous measurements of atmospheric CO2, CH4, N2O and CO concentrations. The data are calibrated by performing a linear regression upon the weekly measurements of three calibration (tied to the latest NOAA calibration scales) cylinders. The quality control procedure incorporates regular measurements of a dedicated reference cylinder (Target Tank), carefully calibrated at Max-Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry (Germany)." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 61123, 61124, 61125, 61126, 61127 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 24762, "uuid": "d309a5ab60b04b6c82eca6d006350ae6", "short_code": "coll", "title": "MOYA: ground station and in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft", "abstract": "This dataset collection contains ground observations and in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for Methane Observations and Yearly Assessments: MOYA.\r\n\r\nThis data was collected as part of the Methane Observations and Yearly Assessments (MOYA) project funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) (NE/N016211/1)." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 118774, 118775, 118769, 118773, 118771, 118770, 118776, 118772, 118780, 118777, 118778, 118779 ], "onlineresource_set": [] }, { "ob_id": 28233, "uuid": "aea368301bff448bbbea7e90e66819e5", "title": "ESA Sea Surface Salinity Climate Change Initiative (Sea_Surface_Salinity_cci): Monthly Sea Surface Salinity product v1.8", "abstract": "This dataset provides monthly Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) data derived as part of the European Space Agency (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme. In this product the data has been produced at a spatial resolution of 25km and a time resolution of 1 month. This has then been spatially resampled on a 25km EASE (Equal Area Scalable Earth) grid and 15 days of time sampling. A monthly product is also available.\r\n\r\nThis first version of the CCI+SSS products is a preliminary version issued for evaluation purposes by voluntary scientists and for framing future CCI+SSS products. This product has not been fully validated yet and may contain flaws. In case you discover some, the CCI salinity team (Mngt_CCI-Salinity@argans.co.uk) are very keen to get your feedback. In case you would like to use them in a presentation or publication, please be aware of the following caveats:\r\n\r\nCAVEATS\r\n\r\n- The SSS random error in the weekly product is overestimated by a factor ~1.4. \r\n- The Number of outliers is wrongly set to 'NaN' in the case where it is equal to zero. \r\n- Products have not yet been not optimised for some issues encountered at high latitudes (i.e. remaining ice, RFI pollution, biases due to land-sea contamination and dielectric constant in cold waters).\r\n- The criteria for flagging data close to land (including islands) are conservative and likely to be too restrictive in places. \r\n- There is a systematic global underestimation (-0.08) of SSS starting at the beginning of the data set, and gradually disappearing at the end of 2010.\r\n- There is a seasonal varying bias (~0.1, peaking in the middle of the year) in the Pacific North of 25°N.\r\n\r\nAcknowledgements: The authors thank the CCI+ SSS validation team, in particular S. Guimbard (ODL) and A. Martin (NOC), for their feedback on the products, R. Catany (ARGANS) for managing the project and P. Cipollini and C. Donlon (ESA) for their sound advice.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2019-11-06T16:42:31", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data are provided by the Sea Surface Salinity project as part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative programme.", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "ESA Climate Change Initiative, CCI, Sea Surface Salinity", "publicationState": "published", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": true, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "superseded", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-21T16:39:58", "doiPublishedTime": null, "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 529, "bboxName": "Global (-180 to 180)", "eastBoundLongitude": 180.0, "westBoundLongitude": -180.0, "southBoundLatitude": -90.0, "northBoundLatitude": 90.0 }, "verticalExtent": null, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28234, "dataPath": "/neodc/esacci/sea_surface_salinity/data/v01.8/30days", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 2021907074, "numberOfFiles": 214, "fileFormat": "Data are netCDF formatted." }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7595, "startTime": "2010-01-01T00:00:00", "endTime": "2018-11-16T00:00:00" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3350, "explanation": "Data are as provided by the CCI Sea Surface Salinity project. See the information in the abstract.", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "Sea Surface Salinity CCI v1.8", "date": "2019-11-18" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": null, "procedureComputation": null, "procedureCompositeProcess": { "ob_id": 29942, "uuid": "31c2d365861f4a7f87a56a0178321034", "short_code": "cmppr", "title": "CCI Sea Surface Salinity retrieval process", "abstract": "The ESA CCI Climate Change Initiate Sea Surface Salinity project has derived salinity data from the SMOS, SMAP and Aquarius Satellite instruments." }, "imageDetails": [], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2550, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "public", "accessRoles": null, "label": "public: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 43, "licenceURL": "https://artefacts.ceda.ac.uk/licences/specific_licences/esacci_salinity_terms_and_conditions.pdf", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 28235, "uuid": "d64aaf9ca941488d90ba0ad3e339977d", "short_code": "proj", "title": "ESA Sea Surface Salinity Climate Change Initiative", "abstract": "The ESA Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) Climate Change Initiative project is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative programme. It aims to provide data products that are specifically adapted to climate applications (i.e. include information on accuracy and uncertainty within the data). Furthermore, this project will explore the need to improve the performance of current SSS algorithm retrievals and directly contribute to climate science studies submitted to the next International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Annual Review for climate change in 2020." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 1050, 6019, 6020, 28226, 28227, 28228, 28229, 28230, 28231, 28232, 28233 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 11068, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/org/org87", "resolvedTerm": "ACRI-ST" }, { "ob_id": 11066, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/dataType/dtype_sss", "resolvedTerm": "sea surface salinity" }, { "ob_id": 11071, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/platform/plat_smap", "resolvedTerm": "SMAP" }, { "ob_id": 10675, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/freq/freq_15day", "resolvedTerm": "15 days" }, { "ob_id": 11122, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/sensor/sens_smap", "resolvedTerm": "SMAP" }, { "ob_id": 11053, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/sensor/sens_miras", "resolvedTerm": "MIRAS" }, { "ob_id": 10913, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/platform/plat_smos", "resolvedTerm": "SMOS" }, { "ob_id": 11061, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/ecv/cciecv_salinity", "resolvedTerm": "sea surface salinity" }, { "ob_id": 11069, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/org/org88", "resolvedTerm": "LOCEAN" }, { "ob_id": 11083, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/sensor/sens_aquarius", "resolvedTerm": "Aquarius" }, { "ob_id": 11070, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/platform/plat_sac_d", "resolvedTerm": "SAC-D" }, { "ob_id": 11075, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/product/prod_mergMon15day25km", "resolvedTerm": "MERGED_OI_Monthly_CENTRED_15Day_25km" }, { "ob_id": 10988, "vocabService": "clipc_skos_vocab", "uri": "http://vocab.ceda.ac.uk/collection/cci/procLev/proc_level4", "resolvedTerm": "Level 4" } ], "identifier_set": [], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 28029, "uuid": "9ef0ebf847564c2eabe62cac4899ec41", "short_code": "coll", "title": "ESA Sea Surface Salinity Climate Change Initiative (Sea_Surface_Salinity_cci): Version 1.8 data collection", "abstract": "These data comprise v1.8 of the Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) Essential Climate Variable (ECV) dataset produced as part of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme. The ESA CCI Sea Surface Salinity ECV data have been produced at a spatial resolution of 50 km and spatiallly resampled on a 25km EASE (Equal Area Scalable Earth) grid and a) with a time resolution of 1 week and 1 day of time sampling and b) a time resolution of 1 month and 15 days of time sampling.\r\n\r\nThis first version (v1.8) of the CCI+SSS products is a preliminary version issued for evaluation purposes by voluntary scientists and for framing future CCI+SSS products. This product has not been fully validated yet and may contain flaws. In case you discover some, the CCI Sea Surface Salinity project (Mngt_CCI-Salinity@argans.co.uk) are very keen to get your feedback. In case you would like to use them in a presentation or publication, please be aware of the following caveats:\r\n\r\nCAVEATS\r\n\r\n- The SSS random error in the weekly product is overestimated by a factor ~1.4. \r\n- The Number of outliers is wrongly set to 'NaN' in the case where it is equal to zero.\r\n- Products have not yet been not optimised for some issues encountered at high latitudes (i.e. remaining ice, RFI pollution, biases due to land-sea contamination and dielectric constant in cold waters).\r\n- The criteria for flagging data close to land (including islands) are conservative and likely to be too restrictive in places. \r\n- There is a systematic global underestimation (-0.08) of SSS starting at the beginning of the data set, and gradually disappearing at the end of 2010.\r\n- There is a seasonal varying bias (~0.1, peaking in the middle of the year) in the Pacific North of 25°N\".\r\n\r\nAcknowledgements: The authors thank the CCI+ SSS validation team, in particular S. Guimbard (ODL) and A. Martin (NOC), for their feedback on the products, R. Catany (ARGANS) for managing the project and P. Cipollini and C. Donlon (ESA) for their sound advice." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 119109, 119117, 119116, 119110, 119111, 119113, 119114, 119112, 119108, 119118, 119119, 119120, 119121 ], "onlineresource_set": [ 36759, 36978, 27687 ] }, { "ob_id": 28240, "uuid": "d1d6f63b4197452495b5d17a95977843", "title": "SG-WEx: British Antarctic Survey Vaisala RS92 radiosonde data from King Edward Point (2015)", "abstract": "The British Antarctic Survey (BAS) operated a Vaisala RS92 radiosonde unit at King Edward Point, South Georgia Islands to support meteor radar data also recorded at the site during the South Georgia Wave Experiment (SG-WEx) project. The sonde ascents took place during two campaigns: January 2015 and June/July 2015 to measure gravity waves. The data are standard radiosonde measurements of temperature, humidity, wind speeds, direction and pressure along the ascent at 10s intervals. These balloon ascents typically continue until the balloon fails in the stratosphere. The highest ascent recorded in these data was around 32km. Some ascents also provide data for parts of the descending part of the flight until the instrumentation failed.\r\n\r\nThe King Edward Point Magnetic Observatory (KEP, 54.2820 S, 36.4930 W) is located on the South Georgia island in the South Atlantic.", "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554", "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.272326", "latestDataUpdateTime": "2024-03-09T03:17:25", "updateFrequency": "notPlanned", "dataLineage": "Data from the instrument are collected by the British Antarctic Survey and supplied to the Centre for Environmental Data Analysis (CEDA) for long-term archiving.", "removedDataReason": "", "keywords": "radiosonde, South Atlantic", "publicationState": "citable", "nonGeographicFlag": false, "dontHarvestFromProjects": false, "language": "English", "resolution": "", "status": "completed", "dataPublishedTime": "2019-11-11T17:42:29", "doiPublishedTime": "2019-11-12T09:03:45", "removedDataTime": null, "geographicExtent": { "ob_id": 2368, "bboxName": "King Edward Point", "eastBoundLongitude": -36.493, "westBoundLongitude": -36.493, "southBoundLatitude": -54.282, "northBoundLatitude": -54.282 }, "verticalExtent": { "ob_id": 25, "highestLevelBound": 32767.0, "lowestLevelBound": 0.0, "units": "m" }, "result_field": { "ob_id": 28836, "dataPath": "/badc/sg-wex/data/bas-vaisala-rs92-radiosonde/", "oldDataPath": [], "storageLocation": "internal", "storageStatus": "online", "volume": 6186802, "numberOfFiles": 193, "fileFormat": "The data are available in both BADC-CSV formatted files and original Vaisala EDT formatted binary files." }, "timePeriod": { "ob_id": 7600, "startTime": "2015-01-07T22:56:00", "endTime": "2015-07-06T11:00:00" }, "resultQuality": { "ob_id": 3287, "explanation": "No quality control information has been provided for these data by the data provider, nor has any been undertaken by the data centre.", "passesTest": true, "resultTitle": "CEDA: No provider or CEDA QC done statement", "date": "2019-06-03" }, "validTimePeriod": null, "procedureAcquisition": { "ob_id": 28242, "uuid": "053a9276da8141488642f66369af6eda", "short_code": "acq", "title": "KEP radiosonde data for SG-Wex", "abstract": "KEP radiosonde data for SG-Wex" }, "procedureComputation": null, "procedureCompositeProcess": null, "imageDetails": [ 2 ], "discoveryKeywords": [ { "ob_id": 1138, "name": "NDGO0003" } ], "permissions": [ { "ob_id": 2522, "accessConstraints": null, "accessCategory": "registered", "accessRoles": null, "label": "registered: None group", "licence": { "ob_id": 3, "licenceURL": "http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/", "licenceClassifications": [ { "ob_id": 3, "classification": "any" } ] } } ], "projects": [ { "ob_id": 26590, "uuid": "202c185a201645ad86f06bfa834f1fca", "short_code": "proj", "title": "The South Georgia Wave Experiment (SG-WEX)", "abstract": "Gravity waves are an important type of atmospheric wave. They play a key role in many atmospheric processes, ranging from convection to the mixing of chemical species to influencing the global-scale circulation of the stratosphere and mesosphere. Because of this, it is essential to represent their effects in numerical weather prediction and climate models.\r\n\r\nGravity waves are generated by sources including winds blowing over mountains, jet-stream instabilities and strong convection. The waves can transport energy and momentum away from these sources and deposit them at greater heights, thus exerting a significant \"drag\" on the circulation and so coupling together different layers of the atmosphere. \r\n\r\nRecent studies have shown that isolated mountainous islands in regions of strong winds can be intense sources of gravity waves that can have climatologically-significant effects on atmospheric circulation. However, most climate and numerical weather prediction models cannot accurately model waves from such small, intense island sources because the islands are too small compared to the resolution of the models - this is the \"small island problem\". \r\n\r\nThe South Geogia -Wave EXperiment (SG-WEX), was a NERC funded project (grant awards NE/K015117/1, NE/K012614/1 and NE/K012584/1) proposed a major coordinated observational and modelling experiment to determine the nature and impacts of gravity waves generated by the most important of all these islands, South Georgia in the Southern Atlantic. \r\n\r\nThe SG-WEx project sought to answer the following questions:\r\n\r\n1. What is the nature of gravity waves generated by South Georgia and what is their variability?\r\n\r\n2. What is the contribution of these gravity waves to the total field of gravity waves over the South Atlantic?\r\n\r\n3. What is the influence of gravity waves from South Georgia on the mesosphere?\r\n\r\n4. How can these observations be used to improve gravity-wave parametrizations in models?\r\n\r\n5. How important is South Georgia in comparison to other gravity-wave sources and how does it impact local winds and the development of synoptic systems?\r\n\r\nTo answer these questions the project made measurements of gravity waves over and around South Georgia in two radiosondes campaigns in which meteorological balloons were launched from South Georgia. The observations were then placed in context with measurements made by satellite across the whole South Atlantic. Significantly, the project also deploy the first atmospheric radar on South Georgia - a meteor radar that making the first ever measurements of gravity waves (and winds, tides and large-scale planetary waves) in the mesosphere over South Georgia at heights of 80 - 100 km.\r\n\r\nThese experimental results were then complemented by a programme of modelling work that explored the propagation of gravity waves away from their sources. The observations will be used to help guide the development of new, improved, mathematical representations of gravity waves (so-called \"parametrizations\") allowing such islands to be better represented in the Met Office's Unified Model used for numerical weather prediction and climate studies. Finally, modelling studies integrated these studies and determine the relative importance of South Georgia compared to other waves sources and investigate the impact of Gravity waves from South Georgia on local winds and the development of synoptic (weather) systems.\r\n\r\nObjectives: \r\nThe primary academic beneficiaries will be the community of atmospheric scientists who have interests in the structure and dynamics of the middle atmosphere and in understanding how it is coupled to the underlying troposphere.\r\n\r\nNumerical Weather Prediction (NWP) and climate models all rely on parametrizations of gravity waves to produce realistic middle atmospheres. The project's results will help constrain such parametrizations and thus will thus also be of interest to these communities of scientists - including those meteorologists working with NWP models. This work will thus contribute to the broader activities of weather prediction and climate-change prediction which benefits society at large." } ], "inspireTheme": [], "topicCategory": [], "phenomena": [ 89188, 89189, 89190, 89191, 89192, 89193, 89194, 89195 ], "vocabularyKeywords": [], "identifier_set": [ 10645 ], "observationcollection_set": [ { "ob_id": 29893, "uuid": "585b29ba4a054760ac4e53e7d95290b9", "short_code": "coll", "title": "SG-WEx: a collection of meteor radar observations, radiosondes and numerical modelling output over South Georgia", "abstract": "The NERC-funded South Georgia Wave EXperiment (SG-WEx) project (grant numbers NE/K015117/1, NE/K012614/1 and NE/K012584/1) was a major coordinated observational and modelling campaign to study the nature and deep vertical propagation of atmospheric gravity waves over the mountainous island of South Georgia in the Southern Atlantic.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains meteor radar and radiosonde measurements from King Edward Point Magnetic Observatory on South Georgia and output from high-resolution (1.5km grid, 118 vertical levels) Met Office Unified Model simulations in a box 1200km x 900km centred on the island that coincide with the radiosonde campaigns.\r\n\r\nThe meteor radar observations included in this collection are continuous from February 2016 to November 2020, funding for which was continued as part of the follow-on NERC DRAGON-WEx project (NE/R001391/1,NE/R001235/1).\r\n\r\nThe project also made use of 3rd party satellite data from NASA, not included in this collection." } ], "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [ 119165, 119161, 119162, 119168, 119163, 119166, 119169, 119184, 119167, 119170 ], "onlineresource_set": [] }, { "ob_id": 28266, "uuid": "d2f356f56a3f4d4fb3e245ef6108a30f", "title": "WCRP CMIP6: Beijing Climate Center (BCC) BCC-ESM1 model output for the \"histSST\" experiment", "abstract": "The World Climate Research Program (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Phase 6 (CMIP6) data from the Beijing Climate Center (BCC) BCC-ESM1 model output for the \"historical prescribed SSTs and historical forcing\" (histSST) experiment. 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