Get a list of Observation objects.

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            "title": "MOD06_L2 - MODIS/Terra Clouds 5-Min L2 Swath 1km and 5km",
            "abstract": "These data are a copy of MODIS data from the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive & Distribution System (LAADS) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The copy is potentially only a subset. Below is the description from https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions-and-measurements/products/MOD06_L2\n\n\n\n\n\nThe MODIS Level-2 Cloud product consists of cloud optical and physical parameters. These parameters are derived using remotely sensed infrared, visible and near infrared solar reflected radiances. MODIS infrared channel radiances are used to derive cloud top temperature, cloud top height, effective emissivity, cloud phase (ice vs. water, opaque vs. non-opaque), and cloud fraction under both daytime and nighttime conditions. MODIS visible radiances are used to derive cloud optical thickness and effective particle radius and cloud shadow effects. Near-infrared solar reflected radiance provides additional information for the retrieval of cloud particle phase (ice vs. water, clouds vs. snow). The shortname for this Level-2 MODIS cloud product is MOD06_L2. MOD06_L2 consists of parameters at a spatial resolution of either 1km or 5km (at nadir). Each MOD06_L2 product file covers a 5-minute time interval. This means that for 5km resolution parameters, the output grid is 270 pixels wide by 406 pixels in length. Every tenth granule has an output grid size of 270 by 408 pixels. For 1-km resolution parameters, the output grid is 1354 pixels in width by 2030 pixels in length and every tenth granule has an output grid size of 1354 by 2040 pixels.\n\nMOD06_L2 product files are stored in Hierarchical Data Format (HDF-EOS). All gridded cloud parameters are stored as Scientific Data Sets (SDS) within the file, except two (band number and statistics). These are stored as Vdata (table arrays). Approximately 288 files are produced daily. Nighttime files are smaller than their daytime counterparts since only the cloud top properties are retrieved at night.\n\nThe MODIS Cloud Product will be used to investigate seasonal and inter-annual changes in cirrus (semi-transparent) global cloud cover and cloud phase with multispectral observations at 1km spatial resolution.\n\nFor additional details see the MODIS Atmospheres web site page onCollection 6.1 Updates.\n\nShortname: MOD06_L2 , Platform: Terra , Instrument: MODIS , Processing Level: Level-2 , Spatial Resolution: 1 km , Temporal Resolution: 5 minute , ArchiveSets: 61 , Collection: MODIS Collection 6.1 - Level 1, Atmosphere, Land    (ArchiveSet 61) , PGE Number: PGE06 , File Naming Convention: MOD06_L2.AYYYYDDD.HHMM.CCC.YYYYDDDHHMMSS.hdf  AYYYYDDD = Acqusition Year and Day of Year HHMM = Hour and Minute of acquisition CCC = Collection number YYYYDDDHHMMSS = Production Date and Time AYYYYDDD = Year and Day of Year of acquisition  , Citation: Platnick, S., Ackerman, S., King, M., et al., 2015. MODIS Atmosphere L2 Cloud Product (06_L2). NASA MODIS Adaptive Processing System, Goddard Space Flight Center, USA: http://dx.doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD06_L2.061 , Keywords: Water Vapor, Precipitable Water ",
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            "title": "MOD11A1 - MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity Daily L3 Global 1km SIN Grid",
            "abstract": "These data are a copy of MODIS data from the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive & Distribution System (LAADS) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The copy is potentially only a subset. Below is the description from https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions-and-measurements/products/MOD11A1\n\n\n\n\n\nThe MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST/E) products provide per-pixel temperature and emissivity values in a sequence of swath-based to grid-based global products. The MODIS/Terra LST/E Daily L3 Global 1 km SIN Grid,(Short name: MOD11A1), is a gridded version of the L2 Daily LST/E data set, whose LSTs are retrieved by the split-window algorithm.\n\nThe Collection-4 (C4) LST/E L3 MOD11A1 product inputs include the MODIS L1B calibrated and geolocated radiances, geolocation, cloud mask, atmospheric profiles, land and snow cover. The band 31 and 32 emissivities are estimated by a classification-based emissivity method, which relies on the pixel's land cover type as determined by the land and snow cover inputs. Until June 2001, the AVHRR-based IGBP land cover product was used. Following that time, MODIS-derived land cover product was used. The estimated emissivities in arid and semi-arid areas are potentially uncertain, and users are advised to exercise caution in their applications. The day/night alogorithm extracts average temperatures (in Kelvin) and applies them to a pair of MODIS daytime and nighttime observations. This method yields 1 K accuracy for materials with known emissivities. The V4 MOD11A1 product has a temporal acquisition range of February 24, 2000 (2000-055) until January 3, 2007 (200-003). The C4 collection remains consistent with C41, and users may combine the two collections in a time-series analysis.\n\nThe MODIS/Terra Collection 41 (C41) products use a modified Collection-4 (C4) LST algorithm and Collection-5 (C5) data inputs. The C41 products primarily address underestimation problems in the C5 Climate Modeling Grid (CMG) products. Recent validation activities reveal that the C5 CMG products underestimate LSTs up to 6K especially in desert and semi-arid regions. The availability of this collection starts with MODIS/Terra data acquisition on January 1, 2007 (2007-001). This date is driven by the availability of the MODIS C5 data inputs (level-1B radiance data, geolocation data, cloud mask, atmospheric profiles, and land and snow cover data).\n\nThe MODIS/Terra C5 LST/E L3 Global 5 km Grid product incorporates 1-km pixels, which are produced daily using the generalized split-window LST algorithm. This algorithm is optimally used to separate ranges of atmospheric column water vapor and lower boundary air surface temperatures into tractable sub-ranges. The surface emissivities in bands 31 and 32 are estimated from land cover types. The C5 MOD11_L2 product's acquisition range started March 5, 2000 (2000-065) and will continue until some time after the C6 reprocessing is complete.\n\nThe C41 and C5 MODIS/Terra LST/E products, including the MOD11A1, are validated to Stage-2 with well-defined uncertainties over a range of representative conditions. Further details regarding MODIS land product validation for the LST/E products are available from the MODIS land team validation site referenced under 'Val Status' section.\n\nThe C41 LST products from 2007-001 will remain consistent with similar products from C4, and hence are amenable to combine them in a time-series analysis. Users should exercise caution, and not mix the C4.x (i.e., C4 and C41) and C5 LST products in their analyses.\n\nShortname: MOD11A1 , Platform: Terra , Instrument: MODIS , Processing Level: Level-3 , Spatial Resolution: 1 km , Temporal Resolution: daily , ArchiveSets: 6, 61 , Collection: MODIS Collection 6    (ArchiveSet 6) , PGE Number: PGE16M , File Naming Convention: MOD11A1.AYYYYDDD.hHHvVV.CCC.YYYYDDDHHMMSS.hdf  YYYYDDD = Year and Day of Year of acquisition hHH = Horizontal tile number (0-35) vVV = Vertical tile number (0-17) CCC = Collection number YYYYDDDHHMMSS = Production Date and Time  , Citation: Zhengming Wan - University of California Santa Barbara, Simon Hook, Glynn Hulley - JPL and MODAPS SIPS - NASA. (2015). MOD11A1 MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature and the Emissivity Daily L3 Global 1km SIN Grid. NASA LP DAAC. http://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD11A1.006 , Keywords: Climate Change, Land Surface Temperature, Emissivity, Fires ",
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            "abstract": "These data are a copy of MODIS data from the NASA Level-1 and Atmosphere Archive & Distribution System (LAADS) Distributed Active Archive Center (DAAC). The copy is potentially only a subset. Below is the description from https://ladsweb.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/missions-and-measurements/products/MOD11A2\n\n\n\n\n\nThe MOD11A2 Level-3 MODIS Land Surface Temperature and Emissivity (LST/E) 8-day products are composed of data from the daily 1-kilometer LST product (MOD11A1) stored on a 1-km Sinusoidal grid as the average values of clear-sky LSTs during an 8-day period.\n\nMOD11A2 is comprised of daytime and nighttime LSTs, quality assurance assessment, observation times, view angles, bits of clear sky days and nights, and emissivities estimated in Bands 31 and 32 from land cover types.\n\nCollection-5 MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature/Emissivity products are validated to Stage 2, which means that their accuracy has been assessed over a widely distributed set of locations and time periods via several ground-truth and validation efforts. Further details regarding MODIS land product validation for the LST/E products are available from the following URL: http://landval.gsfc.nasa.gov/ProductStatus.php?ProductID=MOD11.\n\nShortname: MOD11A2 , Platform: Terra , Instrument: MODIS , Processing Level: Level-3 , Spatial Resolution: 1 km , Temporal Resolution: 8 day , ArchiveSets: 6, 61 , Collection: MODIS Collection 6    (ArchiveSet 6) , PGE Number: PGE31 , File Naming Convention: MOD11A2.AYYYYDDD.hHHvVV.CCC.YYYYDDDHHMMSS.hdf  YYYYDDD = Year and Day of Year of acquisition hHH = Horizontal tile number (0-35) vVV = Vertical tile number (0-17) CCC = Collection number YYYYDDDHHMMSS = Production Date and Time  , Citation: Zhengming Wan - University of California Santa Barbara, Simon Hook, Glynn Hulley - JPL and MODAPS SIPS - NASA. (2015). MOD11A2 MODIS/Terra Land Surface Temperature and the Emissivity 8-Day L3 Global 1km SIN Grid. NASA LP DAAC. http://doi.org/10.5067/MODIS/MOD11A2.006 , Keywords: Climate Change, Land Surface Temperature, Emissivity, Fires ",
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                    "abstract": "OpenIFShome brings together two powerful tools: OpenIFS, an easy-to-use, supported version of ECMWF’s Integrated Forecasting System (IFS) widely used in research and education; and Climateprediction.net (CPDN) at the University of Oxford, a highly successful volunteer computing project that has been running since 2003.\r\n\r\nWeather forecasting requires powerful computer systems and state-of-the-art computer models. The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts’ Integrated Forecast System (IFS) is one of the world’s leading weather forecasting models. A version of their model, OpenIFS, is available to universities and research institutes for teaching and research.  As well as producing a 10-day weather forecast from the best estimate of the current weather, a large number of slightly different forecast scenarios, known as an ensemble, are created to allow a measure of certainty on the forecast to be provided.\r\n\r\nThrough OpenIFS@home it is now possible to run a slightly different weather forecast on many hundreds or thousands of volunteer computers, making it possible to ask questions such as how predictable certain events are, particularly damaging extreme events such as intense rain or wind. The OpenIFS@Home facility offers researchers a new tool to study weather forecasts and related questions"
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            "abstract": "This dataset contains Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) concentrations taken from a large, population-scale study, which was conducted for a total of 19 weeks during the winter and summer of 2019. VOC concentration data were collected for 39 VOC species across 60 houses in Ashford, United Kingdom. Samples were collected in evacuated stainless-steel canisters over 72 hours using restricted flow inlets. A number of houses were randomly selected to also collect an outdoor sample. Each household, per campaign, was associated with at least three canister IDs and some with an additional outdoor sample. \r\n\r\nThis dataset contains information on all VOCs collected, listing in which season each sample was taken, the associated canister ID and the analytical instrument with which each VOC was measured. Household, demographic, and product use information is available, as is a logbook outlining further sample information.",
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            "title": "SG-WEx: Unified Model output for January 2015 over South Georgia, without island orography (run: u-ag706)",
            "abstract": "This dataset contains modelling output from the u-ag706 run of a high-resolution (1.5 km horizontal grid, 118 vertical levels up to around 75 km altitude, 30 s timestep) local-area configuration of the Met Office Unified Model run in a box over the island of South Georgia (54S, 36W), as part of the South Georgia Wave Experiment (SG-WEx) project. This run was for the time period January 2015 with a flat orography file for the island. See related dataset for output from a complementary run with the island's orography included for the same time period. These were part of a group of 6 model runs for the SG-WEx project.\r\n\r\nThe aim of the modelling runs was to examine gravity wave generation and deep vertical propagation over this mountainous island. Three model time periods are archived within the SG-WEx dataset collection: January 2015, June 2015 and July 2015, each containing two runs, one including the island's orography and one without. Initial and boundary conditions are supplied by a global forecast to ensure that conditions over the island remain realistic. Meteorological fields such as wind, temperature, pressure etc were outputted and saved in hourly steps. These runs also coincided with radiosonde campaigns launched from the island.\r\n\r\nTechnical details regarding the configuration of these runs is described Vosper (2015, doi:10.1002/qj.2566). Further information and science results can be found in Jackson et al. (2018, doi:10.1175/BAMS-D-16-0151.1) and Hindley (2021, doi:10.5194/acp-21-7695-2021). See online resources linked to this record for further details.",
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                "abstract": "Run u-ag706 of a high-resolution (1.5 km horizontal grid, 118 vertical levels up to around 75 km altitude, 30 s timestep) local-area configuration of the United Kingdom Variable resolution (UKV) version 8.5 model run in a box over the island of South Georgia (54S, 36W), as part of the South Georgia Wave Experiment (SG-WEx) project. This run was for the time period January 2015 with a flat orography file for the island. See related dataset for output from a complementary run with the island's orography included for the same time period. These were part of a group of 6 model runs for the SG-WEx project.\r\n\r\nTechnical details regarding the configuration of these runs follow those described in Vosper (2015, doi:10.1002/qj.2566) - see online resources linked to this record."
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                    "abstract": "The Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Initiative (GHG_cci) data products are near-surface-sensitive dry-air column-averaged mole fractions (mixing ratios) of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), created as part of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Greenhouses Gases Essential Climate Variable (ECV) CCI project. Denoted XCO2 (in ppmv) and XCH4 (in ppbv), the products have been retrieved from the SCIAMACHY instrument on ENVISAT and TANSO-FTS onboard GOSAT, using ECV Core Algorithms (ECAs). Other satellite instruments such as IASI, MIPAS and ACE-FTS have also been used to provide constraints for upper layers, with their corresponding retrieval algorithms referred to as Additional Constraints Algorithms (ACAs).    The GHG data products are typically updated annually, the corresponding datasets being called Climate Research Data Packages (CRDP). \r\n\r\nThe products have each been generated from individual sensors, a single merged product not having yet been created \"combining\" the products from different sensors to cover the entire available satellite time series.  One merged product has however been generated using the EMMA algorithm, covering a limited time period. This EMMA product is mainly used as a comparison tool for products generated using individual algorithms, making up the collection of products used by EMMA. \r\n\r\nTypically the same product (e.g. XCO2 from GOSAT) has been generated using different retrieval algorithms. A baseline algorithm has been used to generate one recommended baseline product, for users unsure which product to choose. Other products are called alternative products. However an alternative product's quality may equal that of the corresponding baseline product. It typically depends upon the application for which a product is required, which product is best to use as methods involved in producing them typically have varying strength and weaknesses. \r\n\r\nFor further information on the products, such as details on the SCIAMACHY and TANSO instruments, the algorithms used to generate the data and the data's format, please see the Product Specification Document (PSD) in the documentation section."
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                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO) has a proud tradition of being involved with some of the most successful international collaborations in the Earth observation. This Collection contains dataset generated and/or archived with the support of NCEO resource or scientific expertise. Some notable collaboration which generated data within this collection are as follows:\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA)'s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) program. The program goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modelers and researchers.\r\n\r\nThe EUSTACE (EU Surface Temperature for All Corners of Earth) project is produced publicly available daily estimates of surface air temperature since 1850 across the globe for the first time by combining surface and satellite data using novel statistical techniques.\r\n\r\nFIDUCEO has created new climate datasets from Earth Observations with a rigorous treatment of uncertainty informed by the discipline of metrology. This response to the need for enhanced credibility for climate data, to support rigorous science, decision-making and climate services. The project approach was to develop methodologies for generating Fundamental Climate Data Records (FCDRs) and Climate Data Records (CDRs) that are widely applicable and metrologically rigorous. \r\n\r\nThe “BACI” project translates satellite data streams into novel “essential biodiversity variables” by integrating ground-based observations. The trans-disciplinary project offers new insights into the functioning and state of ecosystems and biodiversity. BACI enables the user community to detect abrupt and transient changes of ecosystems and quantify the implications for regional biodiversity.\r\n\r\nThe UK Natural Environment Research Council has established a knowledge transfer network called NCAVEO (Network for Calibration and Validation of EO data - NCAVEO) which has as its aim the promotion and support of methodologies based upon quantitative, traceable measurements in Earth observation. \r\n\r\nThe Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget 1 & 2 instruments (GERB-1 and GERB-2) make accurate measurements of the Earth Radiation Budget. They are specifically designed to be mounted on a geostationary satellite and are carried onboard the Meteosat Second Generation satellites operated by EUMETSAT. They were produced by a European consortium led by the UK (NERC) together with Belgium, Italy, and EUMETSAT, with funding from national agencies.\r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. This was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These include expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions.\r\n\r\nThis SPEI collaboration consists of high spatial resolution Standardized Precipitation-Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI) drought dataset over the whole of Africa at different time scales from 1 month to 48 months. It is calculated based on precipitation estimates from the satellite-based Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation with Station data (CHIRPS) and potential evaporation estimates by the Global Land Evaporation Amsterdam Model (GLEAM)."
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            "abstract": "This dataset contains column-average dry-air mole fractions of atmospheric carbon dioxide (XCO2), using the fast atmospheric trace gas retrieval for OCO2 (FOCAL-OCO2).  The FOCAL-OCO2 algorithm which has been setup to retrieve XCO2 by analysing hyper spectral solar backscattered radiance measurements from NASA's Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO-2) satellite. FOCAL includes a radiative transfer model which has been developed to approximate light scattering effects by multiple scattering at an optically thin scattering layer. This reduces the computational costs by several orders of magnitude. FOCAL's radiative transfer model is utilised to simulate the radiance in all three OCO-2 spectral bands allowing the simultaneous retrieval of CO2, H2O, and solar induced chlorophyll fluorescence. The product is limited to cloud-free scenes on the Earth's day side.    This dataset is also referred to as CO2_OC2_FOCA.\r\n\r\nThis version of the data (v09) was produced as part of the European Space Agency's (ESA) \r\nClimate Change Initiative (CCI) Greenhouse Gases (GHG) project (GHG-CCI+, http://cci.esa.int/ghg)\r\nand got co-funding from the Univ. Bremen and EU H2020 projects CHE (grant agreement no. 776186) and VERIFY (grant agreement no. 776810).\r\n\r\nWhen citing this data, please also cite the following peer-reviewed publications:\r\n\r\nM.Reuter, M.Buchwitz, O.Schneising, S.Noël, V.Rozanov, H.Bovensmann and J.P.Burrows: A Fast Atmospheric Trace Gas Retrieval for Hyperspectral Instruments Approximating Multiple Scattering - Part 1: Radiative Transfer and a Potential OCO-2 XCO2 Retrieval Setup, Remote Sensing, 9(11), 1159; doi:10.3390/rs9111159, 2017\r\n\r\nM.Reuter, M.Buchwitz, O.Schneising, S.Noël, H.Bovensmann and J.P.Burrows: A Fast Atmospheric Trace Gas Retrieval for Hyperspectral Instruments Approximating Multiple Scattering - Part 2: Application to XCO2 Retrievals from OCO-2, Remote Sensing, 9(11), 1102; doi:10.3390/rs9111102, 2017",
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            "ob_id": 32614,
            "uuid": "6e2091cb0c8b4106921b63cd5357c97c",
            "title": "ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (Permafrost_cci):   Permafrost extent for the Northern Hemisphere, v3.0",
            "abstract": "This dataset contains permafrost extent data produced as part of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) Permafrost project. It forms part of the second version of their Climate Research Data Package (CRDP v2). It is derived from a thermal model driven and constrained by satellite data. Grid products of CDRP v2 are released in annual files, covering the start to the end of the Julian year. This corresponds to average annual ground temperatures (at 2 m depth) which forms the basis for the retrieval of yearly fraction of permafrost-underlain and permafrost-free area within a pixel. A classification according to the IPA (International Permafrost Association) zonation delivers the well-known permafrost zones, distinguishing isolated (0-10%) sporadic (10-50%), discontinuous (50-90%) and continuous permafrost (90-100%).\r\n\r\nCase A: This covers the Northern Hemisphere (north of 30°) for the period 2003-2019 based on MODIS Land Surface temperature merged with downscaled ERA5 reanalysis near-surface air temperature data.  \r\nCase B: This covers the Northern Hemisphere (north of 30°) for the period 1997-2002 based on downscaled ERA5 reanalysis near-surface air temperature data which are bias-corrected with the Case A product for the overlap period 2003-2019 using a pixel-specific statistics for each day of the year.",
            "creationDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57.183554",
            "lastUpdatedDate": "2022-07-22T09:15:57",
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            "updateFrequency": "notPlanned",
            "dataLineage": "Data have been produced by the ESA CCI Permafrost project as part of ESA's Climate Change Initiative programme",
            "removedDataReason": "",
            "keywords": "Permafrost, CCI, Permafrost Extent",
            "publicationState": "citable",
            "nonGeographicFlag": false,
            "dontHarvestFromProjects": true,
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            "resolution": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "dataPublishedTime": "2021-06-25T16:57:59",
            "doiPublishedTime": "2021-06-28T12:35:13",
            "removedDataTime": null,
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                "eastBoundLongitude": 180.0,
                "westBoundLongitude": -180.0,
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                "northBoundLatitude": 90.0
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            "verticalExtent": null,
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                "startTime": "1997-01-01T00:00:00",
                "endTime": "2019-12-31T23:59:59"
            },
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                "ob_id": 3563,
                "explanation": "Data are as provided by the Permafrost CCI project.  For further quality information see the permafrost CCI website and linked documentation.",
                "passesTest": true,
                "resultTitle": "CEDA Data Quality Statement",
                "date": "2020-10-21"
            },
            "validTimePeriod": null,
            "procedureAcquisition": null,
            "procedureComputation": {
                "ob_id": 32737,
                "uuid": "fbfa5bb9c569492bb7ec68678dff7d52",
                "short_code": "comp",
                "title": "Computation of Permafrost v3 datsets by the ESA Permafrost CCI",
                "abstract": "The  Permafrost CCI project has created Earth Observation (EO) based products for the permafrost Essential Climate Variable (ECV) spanning the last two decades. Since ground temperature  and  thaw  depth  cannot be  directly  observed  from  space-borne  sensors,  a  variety  of satellite  and  reanalysis  data  are  combined  in  a  ground  thermal  model.  The  algorithm  uses  remotely sensed  data  sets  of  Land  Surface  Temperature  (MODIS  LST/  ESA  LST  CCI)  and  landcover  (ESA LandcoverCCI)  to  drive  the  transient  permafrost  model  CryoGrid  2,  which  yields  thaw  depth  and ground  temperature  at  various  depths,  while  ground  temperature  forms  the  basis  for  permafrost fraction.\r\n\r\nInput data: MODIS Land surface temperature is used as the main input for the L4 production for 2003-2019 data. Sensors of auxiliary data are listed in the meta data.\r\nDownscaled and bias corrected ERA reanalyses data based on statistics of the overlap period between ERA reanalysis and MODIS LST are used for data before 2003. Sensors of auxiliary data are listed in the meta data."
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                    "ob_id": 1138,
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            "permissions": [
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                        "licenceURL": "https://artefacts.ceda.ac.uk/licences/specific_licences/esacci_permafrost_terms_and_conditions.pdf",
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                    "uuid": "7133bbd64540498bbffd1c28bbbea9cd",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The Permafrost Climate Change Initiatve Project (Permafrost_cci) is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative Programme.   The ultimate objective of Permafrost_cci is to develop and deliver permafrost maps of Essential Climate Variable products, primarily derived from satellite measurements."
                }
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            "inspireTheme": [],
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                    "ob_id": 32783,
                    "uuid": "8239d5f6263f4551bf2bd100d3ecbead",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (Permafrost_cci):  Permafrost version 3 data products",
                    "abstract": "This collection of data forms the Permafrost Climate Research Data Package (CRDP v2), which comprises the Version 3.0 Permafrost data products from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) Permafrost project.     Data products include Ground Temperature, Active Layer Thickness and Permafrost Extent for the Northern Hemisphere (north of 30°) for the period 1997-2019. They are derived from a thermal model driven and constrained by satellite data. Gridded products are released in annual files, covering the start to the end of the Julian year. This corresponds to average annual ground temperatures, as well as the maximum depth of seasonal thaw, which corresponds to the active layer thickness."
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            "uuid": "fdb8960260a64c5faf652f8f47c4df81",
            "title": "APHH: Non-methane volatile organic compound emission inventories from burning studies performed as part of the APHH-INDIA project (DelhiFlux).",
            "abstract": "This contains gridded non-methane volatile organic compound (NMVOC) emission inventories for India derived as part of burning studies performed during the APHH-INDIA campaign. For data files with more than 1 million rows, NASA AMES metadata headers have been provided as a separate document, which has the identical name of the data it applies to but also includes _metadata.\r\n\r\nFor years 1993, 1994, 1999, 2002, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2016 inventories have been produced in terms of total NMVOC emission from each source sector (kg/km2). There are also two upper limit scenarios of emissions from cow dung cake combustion based on data from PPAC and PPAC supplemented with additional cow dung cake consumption for states now covered by this survey. The speciation factors of NMVOCs released from particular sources are also provided so that these years can be speciated by source simply by multiplying the total emission from each source by the ratio of species released from the source. This allows future users to produce speciated emission inventories for years other than 2011 if they need.\r\n\r\nGridded inventories are also provided for emissions of 21 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons for the year 2011 from fuelwood, cow dung cake, charcoal, liquefied petroleum gas and municipal solid waste. These are provided as total PAH emissions from a source with speciation factors also provided to allow speciation should it be required by multiplying the total NMVOC emission from a source by the speciation factors from that source. \r\n\r\nGridded inventories are provided for crop residue burning at 1km2 and 10km2. These were calculated with total agricultural area identified in a state from either NASA MODIS (1 km2) or Ramankutty et al. (2008) (10 km2). A second inventory was produced at 10km2 as it was felt that the NASA data offered little variation within respective states. These have been split into total emissions from each of the 5 emission factors applied, RiceEFyearlyVOCKG (for rice), WheatEFyearlyVOCKG (for wheat, coarse cereal and maize), JowarEFyearlyVOCKG (for Jowar and Bajra), MeanEFyearlyVOCKG (for 9 oilseeds, groundnut, rapeseed, mustard, sunflower, cotton, jute and mesta) and SugarcaneEFyearlyVOCKG (for sugarcane). \r\n\r\nThe inventories were produced using emission factors developed as part of the APHH-INDIA project as well as from a different publication focussed on the burning of crops. The inventories have been developed in the following manner. The emission factors used in this study come from a variety of recently published sources. All emission factors applied in this study included measurement by PTR-ToF-MS, a technique well suited to species released in significant quantities from solid fuel combustion such as small oxygenated species, phenolics and furanics. These species are often missed by GC measurement alone. Preference has been given to emission factors from studies which: (1) have many measurements (n), (2) use samples collected from India or (3) use samples collected from similar countries. Fully speciated emission factors are available from the references given. For residential fuel combustion, the emission factors measured by Stewart et al. (2021a) were used and were developed from 76 combustion experiments of fuel wood, cow dung cake, LPG and MSW samples collected from around Delhi. This study was extremely detailed and measured online, gas-phase, speciated NMVOC emission factors for up to 192 chemical species using dual-channel gas chromatography with flame ionisation detection (DC-GC-FID, n = 51), two-dimensional gas chromatography (GC×GC-FID, n = 74), proton-transfer-reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS, n = 75) and solid-phase extraction two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (SPE-GC×GC-ToF-MS, n = 28). Comparison of these emission factors to those obtained in similar studies is provided in Stewart et al. (2021a). The emission factors used as part of this study are larger than those measured by Stockwell et al. (2016), Fleming et al. (2018) and several other studies which were based on gas chromatography techniques alone. The emission factors here measure many more NMVOC species, use techniques which target a range of species which more traditional GC analyses do not detect and make online measurements which minimise loss of intermediate-volatility and semi-volatile organic species, which may be lost through the collection of whole air samples, but have been shown to represent a large proportion of total emissions from biomass burning (Stockwell et al., 2015).\r\n\r\nEmission factors for combustion of crop residues on fields were taken from measurements by Stockwell et al. (2015) made using PTR-ToF-MS of 115 NMVOCs (Stockwell et al., 2015) for wheat straw (n = 6), sugarcane (n=2), rice straw (n=7) and millet (n=2). This study also included the mean crop residue emission factor for 19 food crops, for use when no current emission factor had been comprehensively measured using PTR-ToF-MS. The emission factor applied (38.8 g kg-1) was evaluated against that for crop residues used for domestic combustion in Delhi (37.9 g kg-1). Whilst the values measured by Stockwell et al. (2015) and Stewart et al. (2021a) were comparable, the value from Stockwell et al. (2015) was used as the crop types were more reflective of the crop residues burnt on fields after harvest, compared to those burnt to meet residential energy requirements. The mean emission factor for crop residue combustion on fields was used for specific crop types with smaller levels of cultivation.\r\nEmissions from coal burning were estimated using a mean emission factor from the combustion of bituminous coal from China (n = 14), a neighbouring Asian country, made using PTR-ToF-MS. Whilst the chemical composition of the coal may be more important than the development status of the country, there was overall a low level of reported residential coal use and this estimate was included for completeness. A total of 89 NMVOCs were identified, which represented 90-96% of the total mass spectra (Cai et al., 2019). \r\n\r\nIndian specific PAH emission factors were recently measured in gas- and particle-phases using PTR-ToF-MS and GC×GC-ToF-MS (Stewart et al., 2021). This dataset provided PAH emission factors collected from combustion of fuel wood (n = 16), cow dung cake (n = 3), crop residue from domestic combustion (n = 3), MSW (n = 3), LPG (n = 1) and charcoal (n = 1) samples. \r\n\r\nHigh resolution, gridded population data for India (WorldPop, 2017) was used at a resolution of 1 km2. Officially, urban populations in India are defined as having a population density > 400 people km-2, 75% of men employed in non-agricultural industries and a population of town > 5000 people. Rural populations in India cannot be identified simply by having a population density of < 400 people km-2, as some states such as Uttar Pradesh have an average population density of around 800 people km-2. Rural grid squares were therefore identified by calculating the population density threshold in each state in which the sum of the 1km2 grid squares below this threshold correctly reproduced the rural populations in these states from the 2001 and 2011 censuses (Government of India, 2014). A small uncertainty existed over the exact population of India and we used population statics indicated by the 2011 census. NMVOC and PAH emissions from domestic solid fuel combustion were plotted against this high-resolution population data in the R statistical programming language at 1 km2 for 2001 and 2011, with the population datasets scaled to the percentage changes in Indian population indicated by the World Bank for additional years of interest. \r\n\r\nPreference was given to large fuel usage surveys which included tens to hundreds of thousands of respondents. The Household Consumption of Goods and Services in India survey by the National Sample Survey Office (NSSO, 2007a, 2012a, 2014) gave state-wise kg capita-1 fuel wood, LPG, charcoal and coal burning statistics for rural and urban environments and was used for the years 2004-2005, 2009-2010 and 2011-2012. NMVOC emissions for these years were calculated by multiplying the NMVOC emission factor for the fuel, by the yearly fuel consumption per capita by the population of the grid cell. \r\n\r\n\r\nData were collected from additional large surveys previously conducted. These surveys collected data in terms of the number of households using specific fuels per 1000 households in different Indian states in rural and urban environments. The Fifth Quinquennial Survey on Consumer Expenditure provided data for 1993-1994 (NSSO, 1997), the Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting provided data for years 2004-2005, 2009-2010 and 2010-2011 (NSSO, 2007b, 2012b, 2015) and the Household Consumer Expenditure and Employment-Unemployment Situation in India for 2002 and 2006-2007 (NSSO, 2003, 2008). The National Family Health Survey presented India-wide fuel use as a percentage of the population. To reflect spatial variation in fuel use, the raw data from these surveys were accessed (from the DHS Programme, U.S. Agency for International Development), extracted through the SPSS statistics software package and processed in the R programming language. This increased fuel usage data availability as the number of households per 1000 households using specific fuels in Indian states and covered the years 1992-1993, 1998-1999, 2005-2006 and 2015-2016 (International Institute for Population Sciences, 1995, 2000, 2007, 2017). These were extensive datasets with 1992-1993, 1998-1999 and 2005-2006 surveying just under 100,000 households and 2015-2016 around 600,000 households.\r\n\r\nTo allow the incorporation of data from years which were based on the number of households using a particular fuel per 1000 households (1993, 1994, 1999, 2002, 2006, 2007 and 2016), a scaling factor was developed. The scaling factor was based on the ratio of fuel use in the state from years where per capita data was available. It was possible to link the Household Consumption of Goods and Services in India and the Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting surveys for the years 2005, 2010 and 2011. This was done using years where the number of households per 1000 households and kg capita-1 fuel usage statistics were available, as it was possible to calculate the amount of fuel a primary user would use. The fuel use of a primary user here was defined as the amount of fuel a person would burn who was recorded to use a specific fuel type. For example, if the per capita consumption in the Household Consumption of Goods and Services survey in India for fuel wood was 10 kg per capita per 30 days, and the Energy Sources of Indian Households for Cooking and Lighting survey showed 250 households per 1000 households used fuel wood, then the fuel use was estimated to be 40 kg per primary user per 30 days. This was achieved by multiplying the per capita usage for a particular fuel type by the inverse of the ratio of fuel usage in that state in rural or urban environments. The amount of fuel a primary user would use was then used to estimate the amount of fuel consumed per capita in years where only usage per 1000 household statistics were available.\r\n\r\nCow dung cake consumption was only reported as number of households per 1000 in these surveys and the amount of cow dung cake burnt per primary user was determined based on the energy density compared to fuel wood. This was done using calorimetry data which showed that cow dung cake was 1.3-1.9 times less efficient than fuel wood (EPA, 2000; Gadi et al., 2012). For this reason, the amount of fuel per primary user for fuel wood in a state has been multiplied by 1.6 to give the equivalent amount of cow dung cake a user would need to burn for their cooking needs. Upper and lower estimates for cow dung cake consumption were based on the range 1.3-1.9. This was then converted to fuel use per capita in kg per user per 30 days by rearranging E2. This has been evaluated to validate this approach, which estimated Indian cow dung cake consumption to be in the range 25.7-79.7 Tg yr-1 from 1993-2016. This was generally towards the lower end of consumption values previously reported of 35-128 Tg yr-1 (Habib et al., 2004). For this reason, emission inventory estimates were also compared to those produced using cow dung cake consumption based on the TERI Energy Data Directory and Yearbook (TEDDY) 2012/2013 data and a study from the Petroleum Planning & Analysis Cell (PPAC) from 2016 with population indicated at the 2011 level (TEDDY, 2012; PPAC, 2016).\r\n\r\n\r\nThe amount of MSW burnt was estimated using an established approach (IPCC, 2006; Wiedinmyer et al., 2014) with revised inputs for India based on per capita MSW generation from over 300 Indian cities (Annepu et al., 2012), state wise MSW collection figures (CPCB, 2013) as well as estimates of the amount of urban (NEERI, 2010) and rural MSW burnt (World Bank, 2012). This estimate does not include incineration for electrical power generation. \r\n\r\nWiedinmyer et al. (2014) assessed worldwide emissions from MSW burning based on IPCC guidelines (IPCC, 2006). The approach used here was similar, with modifications to the input data which made them more specific to India. The approach split the amount of MSW burnt into the MSW burnt by rural and urban populations in the country. For rural populations this was given by per capita rural MSW generation multiplied by the population of rural grid cell multiplied by the fraction of MSW burnt residentially. Per capita rural MSW generation was set at the lower limit indicated by the World Bank for South Asia of 0.12 kg capita-1 day-1 and evaluated in the range 0.08 kg capita-1 day-1 (Parmar and Pamnani, 2018) to 0.12 kg capita-1 day-1 (World Bank, 2012). The fraction of MSW burnt rurally was set to 0.6 which was the IPCC estimate (IPCC, 2006) and was further supported by a recent study which showed that only around 40% of rural MSW was collected in South Asia (Kaza et al., 2018).\r\n\r\nThe fraction of MSW burnt for an urban population was estimated by the sum of two calculations. The first was for street MSW burning which was calculated by per capita urban MSW generation multiplied by the population of urban grid cell multiplied by the fraction of MSW which was not collected multiplied by the fraction burnt.\r\n\r\nThe weighted per capita urban MSW generation was calculated by averaging per capita MSW generation statistics from 366 Indian cities by state (Annepu et al., 2012). The fraction of MSW which was uncollected was calculated from the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), as the difference in the amount of MSW generated and collected (CPCB, 2013). Urban per capita MSW generation was scaled to its estimated change for different years of interest.\r\n\r\nThe second calculation was for the MSW burnt on landfill sites, which was calculated by the MSW per capita produced in urban environments, multiplied by the urban population, multiplied by the fraction collected in an urban environment multiplied by the fraction burnt at the landfill site. The fraction of MSW collected came from CPCB statistics, but was reduced by 17-50% due to the informal recycling sector, based on very limited data from studies focussed on MSW recovery by the informal sector which showed 17% recovery in Delhi (Talyan et al., 2008), 20% recovery at a landfill site in Pune (Annepu et al., 2012), 4% in Pondicherry (Rajamanikam et al., 2014) and up to 40-50% in Mohali (Nandy et al., 2015). This was due to the large contribution of the informal recycling sector to recycling in India, where waste was collected by waste merchants, garbage collectors and waste pickers from highways, waste depots and landfill sites. This was an important consideration in India as studies have shown recovery of between 8.5-80 kg of material per picker per day and large cities such as Delhi having 80,000-100,000 pickers (Nandy et al., 2015). The fraction of waste burnt in a dump (Bfrac,dump) was given by NEERI who estimated that 10% of landfill MSW in Mumbai was burnt (NEERI, 2010). This was reinforced by a further study which examined the amount of waste burnt based on satellite studies of a landfill site in India which showed that approximately 10% of the waste that entered the site each day ended up being burnt (Sharma et al., 2019). Bfrac,dump was notably lower here (0.1) than in Wiedinmyer et al. (2014) (0.6) which was based on the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories. The estimate used in this study represented a conservative estimate of NMVOC emissions from landfill fires. Due to lack of reliable data in establishing Bfrac,dump, and the associated uncertainty, the sensitivity of urban landfill burning emissions over the range 0.1-0.6 was evaluated as part of the uncertainty range given in this study. This provided the upper limit to the uncertainty range of the potential amount of landfill waste burnt. This depicts scenarios before the new MSW management rules in 2016. \r\n\r\nNMVOC emissions from crop residue burning on fields in India were estimated to evaluate the relative importance of different burning sources using the most up-to-date input data currently available. A calculation was carried out for 2011, as NMVOC emissions from crop-residue burning on fields showed little year-on-year variation from 1995-2009 (Jain et al., 2014). The residue generated from the cultivation of four main categories of crops was estimated. The amount of crop types produced in each state (Ministry of Agriculture, 2012) was collated for cereals (rice, wheat, coarse cereals, maize, jowar, bajra), oilseeds (groundnut, rapeseed, mustard, sunflower and 9 oilseeds), fibres (cotton, jute and mesta) and sugarcane. The amount burnt was calculated using India specific estimates of the residue to crop ratio, dry matter fraction and fraction burnt (Jain et al., 2014). Emissions were estimated using factors from recent studies of crop residues routinely burnt on fields using PTR-ToF-MS (Stockwell et al., 2015). When the exact residue was measured (e.g., rice straw, wheat straw, sugarcane and millet) the correct emission factor was used. For cases where the exact residue was not measured, the mean reported crop residue emission factor was used. The spatial distribution of croplands was then either indicated using agricultural land identified by the high-resolution 500 m NASA MODIS land use product reduced to 1 km2 resolution or through croplands identified at 10 km2 through evaluation of the distribution of agricultural lands (Ramankutty et al., 2008). The total amount of crop residue burnt in a state was calculated using the approach given in Jain et al. (2014) but with the up-to-date inputs discussed. \r\n\r\nThe inventories were produced by Gareth Stewart at the University of York. Full details of the methodology are provided in the publication associated with these inventories. \r\n\r\nThe inventories provided here cover most of the land mass of India, but may vary slightly compared to those presented in the publication. This is associated with the North of India, particularly around the Pakistan and Chinese borders. 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            "title": "BBUBL: 1 km gridded output from WRF v3.6.1 model runs for the Birmingham conurbation for 2015",
            "abstract": "This dataset contains a range of parameters from a 1 km gridded output from runs of version 3.6.1 of the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model deployed on the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service. These runs were part of the NERC funded BBUBL project (Biotelemetry/Bio-aerial-platforms for the Urban Boundary Layer  - also known as City Flocks, NERC grant award NE/N003195/1). The domain of the model runs was over the set over Birmingham conurbation for all of 2015. This geo-temporal domain encompasses measurements of the urban boundary layer obtained from instrumentation attached to birds flown around the area. See related dataset.\r\n\r\nThe WRF model set up followed that used by Heaviside et al. (2015) - see linked documentation for details - and was run on the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service. Meteorology data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-interim reanalysis data for initial and lateral boundary conditions.\r\n\r\nThe WRF v3.6.1 model set up implemented in this study included four nested domains. The domains had grid resolutions of 36 km x 36 km, 12 km x 12 km, 3 km x 3 km and 1 km x 1 km. The finest domain covered the West Midlands, centering over Birmingham. The multi-layer building energy parametrization (BEP) scheme with three land-use types (low-intensity residential, high-intensity residential and industrial/commercial) was also used.",
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                "abstract": "WRF model version 3.6.1 deployed on the ARCHER UK National Supercomputing Service.\r\n\r\nMeteorology data from the European Centre for Medium-range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-interim reanalysis data for initial and lateral boundary conditions.\r\n\r\nThe WRF v3.6.1 model set up implemented in this study included four nested domains. The domains had grid resolutions of 36 km × 36 km, 12 km × 12 km, 3 km × 3 km and 1 km × 1 km. The finest domain covered the West Midlands, centering over Birmingham. The multi-layer building energy parametrization (BEP) scheme with three land-use types (low-intensity residential, high-intensity residential and industrial/commercial) was also used.\r\n\r\nFull model set-up details match those in: Heaviside et al. (2015) - see linked documentation."
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                    "title": "BBUBL: Biotelemetry/Bio-aerial-platforms for the Urban Boundary Layer (also known as City Flocks) - NE/N003195/1",
                    "abstract": "Attempts to improve the urban component in meteorology and numerical weather prediction models in recent years have been hampered by a paucity of meteorological data in the urban boundary layer (UBL), especially in the region above, but close to, building height. This region is precisely where local energy balances and drag combine with prevailing synoptic patterns to transmit fluid dynamical information up and down spatial scales, with implications for (i) urban weather prediction, (ii) event forecasting (e.g. heatwaves, climatic conditions during sporting events, releases of hazardous substances), and (iii) sustainable urban planning for high density liveable cities. However, capturing meteorological data in urban areas above the mean roof height is problematic using conventional techniques.\r\n\r\nThe BBUBL project proposed Biotelemetry/bio-aerial-platforms as a novel and practicable solution to the data paucity above urban rooftops in the UBL, and to circumvent the regulatory issues related to use of unmanned aerial systems. The project developed a suite of low-cost Avian-Meteorology-Instrument Packages (AvMIPs) for ensemble deployment in Birmingham as a suitably large and heterogeneous test case.\r\n\r\nThe AvMIPs were tested rigorously to determine: (i) data biases and reliability; (ii) sensor response to temperature variations; (iii) effect of radiation; and (iv) effect of bird's body temperature and other 'platform effects'. After quality assurance and control of the packages had been determined to be adequate, the primary targets of the AvMIP deployment were the thermal and moisture structures of the UBL at the city and neighbourhood scales. Favourable weather conditions for deployment will be identified via pre-deployment modelling using a mesoscale meteorological model (WRF, Weather Research and Forecasting). \r\n\r\nSubsequent analysis and interpretation of the AvMIP data and synthesis of the data together with Birmingham's canyon (3m) meteorological data were assisted by post-deployment modelling for the measurement periods.\r\n\r\nOverall, this project aimed to deliver a novel, and rigorously tested, technology for probing the UBL. A unique dataset for the UBL of a major European conurbation was obtained, elucidating climate mitigation issues such as the cooling (or heating) capability/capacity of a large park (or a city centre) to a city's UBL, and scientific issues such as the magnitude of the 'blending height' at which the effect of urban surface heterogeneity is no longer detectable.\r\n\r\nSuccess of the project was seen as a necessary step towards deployment of chemical sensors, and lead to generation of unprecedented datasets of the urban atmosphere for both research and city-planning purposes. Novel field deployments of the kind proposed by the project require strong partnerships with a wide variety of stakeholders. The Royal Pigeon Racing Association (RPRA) provide critical support in terms of birds that will behave in well determined ways. The RPRA have experience of mounting payloads on pigeons and so can ensure that payloads are appropriately in size, weight, etc., and that pigeon deployments delivered the data sought. Birmingham City Council supported the project in three ways: 1. As one of the principal end-users of the results (feeding into improved diagnosis and forecasting of urban climatology across the city through the joint city-university BUCCANEER project); 2. In order to facilitate use of birds in open urban spaces such as parks; and 3. In order to facilitate access to city buildings on which gulls are nesting. Dr Stefan Bodnar, an ecological consultant, supported the project by acting as principal bird handler and as a consultant for public dissemination of our work.\r\n \r\nObjectives\r\n\r\nTo directly address the data sparsity of meteorological measurements in the urban boundary layer (UBL), especially in the region above, but close to, building height, and to circumvent the regulatory issues related to use of Unmanned Aerial Systems, the project proposed developing and deploying instrument payloads on birds.\r\n\r\nThe project set out the following research questions, to be addressed by a series of objectives. RESEARCH QUESTIONS: \r\n(1) Can biotelemetry/bio-aerial-platforms be used to deliver observations of temperature, humidity and wind speed in the UBL with accuracy and precision sufficient for research?\r\n(2) Can the data derived from biotelemetry/bioaerial-platforms be used to inform the structure of the UBL at the city scale and the local IBLs at neighbourhood scales?\r\n(3) If so, what is the cooling (or heating) capability/capacity of a large park (or a city centre) to a city's UBL and what is the magnitude of the blending height? \r\n(4) How do such measurements compare to results derived from a numerical weather prediction (NWP) model?\r\n(5) What lessons can be learnt to assess the feasibility of other payloads (e.g. chemical sensors)? \r\n\r\nOBJECTIVES were: \r\na) To develop a suite of low-cost Avian-Meteorology-Instrument Packages (AvMIPs) (i) capable of sensing temperature (changes of at least 0.2 degree with a 1 sec response time) and humidity (changes of 5% with a 15 sec response time) and (ii) suitable for a range of bird taxa (raptors, pigeons, and gulls [Larus spp.]), with increasing deployment duration from mins to hours to days, respectively. \r\nb) To test AvMIPs rigorously in the following aspects: (i) data biases and reliability; (ii) responses to temperature variations; (iii) effect of radiation; and (iv) effect of bird's body temperature. \r\nc) To conduct pre-deployment modelling using a NWP model. 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                    "abstract": "This dataset collection comprises Ungridded Brightness Temperature (UBT) products from both ATSR-1 and ATSR-2 on the respective ERS-1 & 2 platforms.  The ATSR (Along Track Scanning Radiometer) is an imaging radiometer providing images of the Earth from space. The ERS (Earth Resources Satellite) was the first ESA satellite observation programme comprising 2 polar orbiters.  The ERS-1 and 2 programmes commenced in 1991 and 1995 respectively with ERS1 ceasing operations in 2000 and ERS-2 in 2011.  \r\n\r\nThe UBT data is an ungridded brightness temperature/reflectance product in the SADIST-2 data format. The product contains ungridded, calibrated brightness temperatures or reflectances from all or some of the ATSR-1/ATSR-2 detectors. Although the product remains ungridded, it may optionally contain pixel latitude/longitude positions, and/or pixel X/Y (across-track/along-track) co-ordinates. Ungridded products contain pixels in the ATSR scan geometry. There is a correspondence between the contents of a record and the contents of an ATSR instrument scan.  ATSR data is notable in that it incorporated 2 look directions (nadir and forward) to aid in atmospheric correction and also incorporated consistent calibration for each scan/scene.\r\n\r\nATSR-1 and 2 data are available at CEDA to any registered UK user with correct authorisation from the ATSR-1/2 Science Team, and NERC Award reference.  Non NERC users should have ESA Category 1 clearance.  However, users are encouraged to use the ATSR-1/2 in the latest AATSR multimission format in preference to this UBT data.  CEDA remains the primary archive for this data."
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                    "title": "SALDi",
                    "abstract": "The South African Land Degradation Monitor (SALDi) supported the production of the Sub-meter resolution digital elevation models and orthomosaics of the Kruger National Park, South Africa, v1.0, September-October 2018 dataset archived at CEDA.\r\n\r\nThe SALDi project develops new approaches for the spatially explicit detection of land degradation in South Africa. The objectives of the Working Group on Soil Erosion within SALDi are:\r\n\r\n    To improve the assessment of the extent of soil erosion in South Africa by means of current studies on the silting up of reservoirs.\r\n\r\n    To evaluate the extent of soil erosion in relation to soil recharge rates.\r\n\r\n    To improve the model-based estimation of soil erosion by water with a physically-based model.\r\n\r\n\r\nAgainst the background of widespread land degradation in South Africa, SALDi pursues the following remote sensing related objectives:\r\n\r\n    Development of a permanent observation system (monitors) for ecosystem changes and degradation by satellite remote sensing.\r\n\r\n    Modelling of the interactions of surface changes, weather and climate.\r\n\r\n    Improvement of methods for the evaluation of soil degradation, especially soil erosion by water.\r\n\r\n    Consideration of socio-economic dimensions and impacts of land degradation and evaluation of SALDi products by local actors.\r\n\r\n    A main objective of TP1.3 is the development of high-resolution Spatio-temporal methods for the analysis of ecosystem changes using the latest Earth observation satellites (e.g. Sentinel-1), which serve as a basis for regional climate modelling (TP2) and synergistic intersection with other EO data (TP4). The Chair of Remote Sensing at FSU Jena has the task to analyze ecosystem changes and dynamics. The project will perform the following tasks:\r\n\r\n\r\na) Analysis of Spatio-temporal dynamics of surface moisture and mapping of vegetation structure (e.g. biomass)\r\nb) Validation of derived EO products (e.g. soil moisture) through terrain campaigns and cooperation with South African partners;\r\nc) Derivation of land degradation indicators through synergetic linking of optical and radar-based EO data.\r\n\r\nThe PI of the SALDi project is Jussi Baade and is funded by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under BMBF funding code: South African Land Degradation Monitor (SALDi) (01LL1701A-A)."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 33119,
                    "uuid": "e0fe7559b06e4f49baf9a3710e7ff5b3",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "EMSAfrica",
                    "abstract": "EMSAfrica supported the production of the Sub-meter resolution digital elevation models and orthomosaics of the Kruger National Park, South Africa, v1.0, September-October 2018 dataset archived at CEDA.\r\n\r\nEMSAfrica is a collaborative research project between South Africa and Germany. The project brings together different scientific disciplines and approaches to understand the impacts of land use and climate change on the structure and function of South African terrestrial ecosystems. The data and products are used to develop and test models and produce information relevant to ecosystem management in the region. The project uses six observation sites in South Africa established by its predecessor project ARS Africa (2014-2018). These sites represent a climatic gradient and different land management types from peri-urban to grazed and protected, natural-like environments. To disentangle the impacts of land management from the impacts of climate, the sites are \"paired\" so that the managed sites are located as close as possible to a similar site in a natural-like environment. This way, observed differences between the sites are due to land use rather than climate. Each of the project work packages conducts different measurements on these sites. By working together and integrating our data, analyses and results, it becomes possible to build models on the Southern African vegetation patterns and carbon balance. Furthermore, the aim is to scale up this information into combined models that can be used to aid land-use decision making.\",\r\n\r\nThe PI for the EMSAfrica project is Steve Higgins and received funding from the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) under grant_number: 01LL1801."
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