Project List

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    "count": 1627,
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        {
            "ob_id": 10771,
            "uuid": "d6d1258310219e721b0183c9c61a17c3",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight IPY07/13: Iceland, Skeidararjokull area",
            "abstract": "ARSF PROJECT IPY07/13: Characterisation of ice-marginal landscape change and proglacial fluvial response to rapid glacier retreat, Skeidararjokull, Iceland using airborne LiDAR. Led by: Dr. Andrew Russell, School of Geography, Politics and Sociology, Newcastle University, Daysh Building, \r\nNewcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU. Location: SE Iceland.\r\n\r\nOur understanding of the relationship between glacier fluctuations and changes in the glacial and proglacial fluvial system is derived predominantly from the study of relatively small alpine glaciers or from interpretation of the landform and sedimentary record.  Skeidararjkull is a large surge-type glacier which is subject to high magnitude glacier outburst floods (jkulhlaups). Due to its scale and complexity the Skeidararjull glacial system is considered a suitable analogue for lower latitude Quaternary ice-masses. This project aimed to characterise the rapidly evolving ice-marginal landscape of Skeidararjkull , Iceland. Acquisition of LiDAR-derived DEMs and aerial photo coverage of the ice-marginal zone of Skeidararjkull provided an essential benchmark data set, enabling rates of elevation change, landform development and sediment transfer to be quantified. Fieldwork-derived sedimentary data collected annually since 1996 at Skeidararjkull allowed better understanding of 1) the response of fluvial system to glacier retreat and 2) the role of glacier surges and jkulhlaups in creating distinctive landforms.  This project provided a vital data set which can be used for hydraulic modelling of jkulhlaups allowing prediction of future flood paths and impacts.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
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                {
                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7148,
                7149
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                144634,
                145255,
                145256,
                38849
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        },
        {
            "ob_id": 10775,
            "uuid": "2f5ee7471a1c8e5efa61b7e8b35cc6fb",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight IPY07/10: Greenland, Russel Glacier",
            "abstract": "ARSF project IPY07/10: An investigation of the link between accelerated ice discharge and surface melting at the Greenland Ice Sheet; Led buy Dr. Andrew Shepherd, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, EH8 9XP. Location: Russell Glacier.\r\n\r\nThis proposal was to record airborne LiDAR and camera observations to investigate the extent to which the processes of accelerated glacier discharge (e. g. Rignot and Kanagaratnam, 2006) and increased surface melting (e. g. Box et. al,2 006) at the Greenland Ice Sheet are linked. Specifically, we proposed (i) a survey of supra-glacial lake geometry to constrain a model of lake evolution and discharge, and (ii) a survey of glacier discharge downstream of supra-glacial lakes to determine the extent to which both land- and marine-terminating glaciers have experienced secular and seasonal velocity fluctuations. \r\n\r\nTogether, these experiments will provide data sufficient to assess the current and future stability of the Greenland Ice Sheet to projected (Church and Gregory, 2001)climate warming.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
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                {
                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7151,
                7152
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                38858,
                144618,
                145193,
                145194
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        {
            "ob_id": 10779,
            "uuid": "bdcfe9516339baf9534f640fe3725632",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight ET07/05: Ethopia, Mojo area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project ET07/05: Determining engineering parameters of expansive soils using an integrated airborne and field spectroscopy and geophysical dataset. Led by: Dr. Graham Ferrier, Department of Geography, University of Hull, Hull, HU6 7RX. Location: Mojo, Ethopia.\r\n\r\nConventional methods of assessing the geotechnical properties of expansive soils are expensive, time consuming and provide only sparse point samples.  The presence, nature and spatial distribution of these soils can be overlooked leading to inadequate surveying of construction sites, inappropriate design specifications and subsequently result in damage to life and property. There was therefore an urgent need to develop a methodology that could accurately map these soils types, over large areas at low cost. Reflectance spectroscopy has been demonstrated to have the capability to identify and quantify specific engineering parameters of expansive soils. As the geotechnical problems of expansive soils are not only lateral, three-dimensional subsurface information was required and the vertical variation in properties of expansive soils needed to be resolved to provide engineers with more information. The aim of this project was to develop empirical models for quantitative measurement of engineering parameters of expansive soils from spectral reflectance. Ground geophysical survey data were integrated with the results of the remote sensing study to develop a generalised 3D subsurface profile model to resolve the thickness and variability in properties of expansive soils. Integration of results from the airborne study was used to calibrate measurements from satellite imagery.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
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                {
                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7154,
                7155
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                38867,
                144635,
                145257,
                145258
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 10783,
            "uuid": "7213b24854afb4a642c60f34130286b6",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight IPY07/09: Iceland, Krafla area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project IPY07/09:  The relationship between faulting and magmatism in the Krafla rift segment, Iceland. Led by: Dr. Tim Wright, School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT. Location: Krafla Glacier, Iceland.\r\n\r\nIceland sits on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR) the boundary between the American and Eurasian plates, which are moving slowly apart at 2 cm/yr, the speed your fingernails grow. Although the motion of the two plates is steady in the plate interiors, it is highly episodic in the plate boundary zones. The Krafla segment of the plate boundary is 80 km long, and was highly active from 1975 to 1984 when the two plates moved apart by up to 9 metres in places, and a series of dramatic volcanic eruptions (the Krafla fires; Figure 1) changed the landscape [e.g. Tryggvason, 1984; Sigmundsson, 2006]. We proposed to acquire new high-resolution data sets over Krafla to investigate the relationship between the surface topography, cut by many faults and fissures, the magma that was erupted at the surface, and the larger volume of magma that was intruded below the surface. This complemented other knowledge about Krafla allowing detailed insights into the link between faulting and magmatism. The work in Krafla had  direct relevance for our funded work in Afar, Ethiopia, where a similar sequence of events began in September 2005, and where the NERC ARSF acquired data in January 2008. The two data sets helped us determine how tectonic plates move apart and new crust grows.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7157,
                7158
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                38876,
                144636,
                145259,
                145260
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 10787,
            "uuid": "6e6190b01d8c4b1d312761d8a6209495",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight ET07/06: Ethopia, Konso area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project ET07/06: Land Use Patterns and Change in Konso, Ethiopia. Led by: Dr. Ian Willis, Scott Polar Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Rd, Cambridge CB2 1ER. Location: Konso, Ethiopia.\r\n\r\nIn the Konso region of Ethiopia local people have integrated agro-forestry, terraces, and other soil and water conservation practices in order to cultivate food over many centuries. Research, primarily in the social sciences, suggests that population and climate pressures are forcing people to migrate from the traditional highland areas to lowland areas where climate and soils are even more marginal for agriculture. There are, however, no data that can be used to quantify the patterns of settlement, natural vegetation, agricultural practices and soil / water conservation measures and their changes through time.\r\n\r\nThe project's proposed study was to combine environmental and social science methodologies to investigate such patterns and changes. Concentrating on a 10x30km region of Konso, the project sought to obtain airborne LiDAR data, hyperspectral reflectance data and vertical photographs. Ground truthing was used to classify the hyperspectral data, and the combined data sets used to generate digital maps of topography (and derivatives), land use (settlements, trees / shrub species, crop types, terracing, irrigation patterns), soil moisture and erosion. The project also sought to investigate the relationships between these variables. Comparisons with geo-rectified historic air photographs together with the results of semi-structured interviews with local farmers enabled the project to assess the extent of settlement and land use changes over the last few decades and the extent to which they are sustainable.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "land use, changes, hyperspectral",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7160,
                7161
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                38885,
                141554,
                141555
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        {
            "ob_id": 10791,
            "uuid": "57230be2b7e23625c8e71890855e48de",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 90/44: Somerset Lakes - Chilton Trinity, Blagdon, Chew Valley, Emborough and Shearwater",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 90/44. Client: White (NERC). Site: Somerset Lakes (Chilton Trinity, Blagdon, Chew Valley, Emborough, Shearwater)",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7163,
                7164
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                38894
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            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 10795,
            "uuid": "c7b64499838b3701c7eda4d69a9a1f6b",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight GB08/02: Delamere Wood area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project GB08/02: Integrating Airborne Lidar and Terrestrial Laser Scanning to characterise phenological changes in forest vegetation. Led by: Prof. Mark Danson, Centre for Environmental Systems Research, School of Environment and Life Sciences, University of Salford, Salford, M5 4WT. Location: Delamere Woods, Cheshire, UK.A\r\n\r\nOptical  remotely sensed  data  have  been  used  to  provide  two-dimensional  information  on  vegetation  composition  by mapping  vegetation  biomass  or  productivity  to  identify  phenological  change  patterns. However,  lidar data  can  additionally  provide  accurate  three-dimensional  information  on  vegetation  characteristics including canopy cover, leaf area index, vertical distribution of foliage, and structural characteristics like vegetation  height. A better understanding of the interaction of lasers with vegetation canopies was required to fully exploit the information derived from airborne laser scanners. The proposed project integrated airborne and terrestrial laser scanner data to investigate these interactions in order to estimate seasonal variations in vegetation characteristics at a forest test site in northern England.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
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            "identifier_set": [
                7166,
                7167
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            "ob_id": 10799,
            "uuid": "7872c666bd89614c9ec7c51c83731996",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 95/13: Spain, Guadalfeo River Basin area",
            "abstract": "ARSF Project 95/13. Extreme rainfall events in semi-arid catchments: The geomorphological and ecological consequences. PI: J.Wainwright, King's College London. Site: Guadalfeo River Basin, Andalucia, Spain",
            "publicationState": "published",
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            "status": "",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7169,
                7170
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        {
            "ob_id": 10803,
            "uuid": "d61d599c54ad3ea5dd6e2ceb2c045c25",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 99/10: Petersfield and Thorney Island areas",
            "abstract": "ARSF Project 99/10. Site: Petersfield & Thorney Island. PI: EJ Milton, University of Southampton. An improved method of soil type mapping using airborne remote sensing.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7172,
                7173
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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        {
            "ob_id": 10807,
            "uuid": "83835e966ad17c87e0af75fe8dacbdb3",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight GB07/06: Dorchester and New Forest areas",
            "abstract": "ARSF project GB07/06: Level 1 Validation of the Envisat MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll Index (MTCI). Led by: Dr. Doreen Sandra Boyd, School of Geography, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham, NG7 2RD. Location: Dorchester, UK..\r\n\r\nSatellite remote sensing provides the opportunity to measure and monitor key photosynthetic pigments such as chlorophyll content of vegetation canopies, which are a key and dynamic component of global ecosystems. The widely accepted red-edge algorithm, used to estimate chlorophyll content from remotely sensed data, is not suitable for use with satellite imagery. To overcome this problem, the new Envisat MERIS Terrestrial Chlorophyll index (MCTI) has  been  developed. It is the only satellite chlorophyll index  available for use and  is  available to users as a Level 2 product from the European Space Agency. However, there is a need to validate the MCTI. Data provided as part of a NERC ARSF campaign is a key part of the validation procedure; this research proposed that the MCTI be validated via high resolution imagery (CASI)  and LiDAR point cloud data.  The validation sites in Dorchester and the New Forest with  its vegetation types  provided a range of chlorophyll contents to be studied. Validation results will be useful to  the producers  (ESA) and users of  the MCTI products and to refine further validation efforts.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7175,
                7176
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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            "ob_id": 10811,
            "uuid": "d0d41776042b3d81651af1dafd2f883f",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight GB08/19: London area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project GB08/19: Investigating the Urban Energy Balance of London. Led by: Prof. Martin Wooster, Environmental Monitoring & Modelling Research Group, Department of Geography, King's College London, Strand, London, WC2R 2LS, UK. Location: London, UK.\r\n\r\nUrbanization alters the urban energy balance (UEB), urban heat island (UHI), growth of the boundary layer, and other biophysical processes. Generally in situ (tower-based) measures of urban energy exchanges are spatially limited relative to the heterogeneity in the urban matrix.   ARSF remote sensing (RS) capability allowed parameters of urban land cover class (vegetation, soil, concrete etc), surface topography (building presence, height) and surface temperature to be determined remotely, which when combined with local meteorological data can be used to model the UEB, for example the Local-Scale Urban Meteorological Parameterization Scheme. We  explored the use of ARSF-RS data to provide inputs to LUMPS and provided spatially explicit data on the UEB, and related variables (e.g. UHI intensity) that have direct impact on human comfort and health. If applicable to London, such models provided understanding of the urban environment and, potentially, aid in planning new developments. Ultimately such models were run without frequent airborne overflight data since the high resolution land cover classification (from the airborne imagery) did not change significantly over short periods of time, and allowed use of the temporal data of relatively high spatial resolution thermally-equipped satellite-based sensors (e.g. ASTER).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7178,
                7179
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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                144639,
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        {
            "ob_id": 10815,
            "uuid": "a1c872bff79a445eb5a1686a775c5571",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 86/49: River Taff",
            "abstract": "ARSF project. Client: Edwards, UWIST. Site: River Taff",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                7181,
                7182
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                38948
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            "ob_id": 10819,
            "uuid": "7d3d23409cb8e8b9e331f09b5e3929c6",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight GB07/05: Loch Leven, Windermere and Esthwaite areas",
            "abstract": "ARSF project GB07/05: Strategies to manage toxic cyanobacterial blooms in lakes: remote sensing, modelling and cost benefit analysis. Led by: Dr. Andrew Tyler, SBES, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA. Location: Loch Leven, Scotland, UK.\r\n\r\nCyanobacteria are natural inhabitants of freshwaters, fulfilling key roles in the cycling of matter and the biodiversity of aquatic communities. They present both short- and long-term hazards to the health of humans and other animals especially when growing as mass populations primarily because they produce numerous potent toxins. While progress has  been made on aspects of toxic cyanobacterial risk management, substantial gaps remain. Cyanotoxin detection and analysis methods generally need a high level of technical skill, specialised equipment, are costly and do not provide synoptic indications of toxin distribution. Similarly, identification of cyanobacteria is costly, prone to observer error and often inaccurate. Early warning systems of potentially toxic cyanobacterial blooms are needed for a proactive, strategy development for health protection. Hence we proposed to develop and evaluate a synoptic approach to providing early warning of toxic cyanobacterial development for the protection of animal and human health.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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            "ob_id": 10823,
            "uuid": "b90a604503c2335acb92984a81f83c9a",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight IPY07/03: Greenland, Sandflug area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project IPY07/03: Contemporary spatial and temporal patterns of sediment supply, availability and Transport in proglacial aeolian systems. Led by Dr. Richard Hodgkins, Loughborough University (Leicester). Site: Sandflug, Greenland.\r\n\r\nAcross the continents there is a clear association between the distribution of wind-blown sediments and the former extent of ice sheets and glaciers. Glacial erosion processes produce significant quantities of fine sediments that are washed out from beneath glaciers by meltwater. If these sediments are deposited on the glacier's floodplain and dry out, then the wind may entrain and transport them across the landscape resulting in the formation of sand dunes and loess, and also adding very fine particles (dust) to the atmosphere. The overall objective of this research was to improve our understanding of the relationship between glacially-driven fluvial and aeolian processes in proglacial areas, particular in terms of sediment budget. The methodology was based on monitoring fluvial sediment fluxes at proximal and distal ends of a well-constrained proglacial valley in Greenland, and monitoring aeolian fluxes at multiple cross-sections within the valley. The outcome was a comprehensive sediment budget, including an assessment of the contribution of glacifluvial material to the aeolian system. Airborne remotely-sensed data supported the research through generating a Digital Elevation Model for (1) terrain analysis to quantify stable and vulnerable land units; (2) nested-scale surface roughness measurements.",
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            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
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            "ob_id": 10827,
            "uuid": "37f73564017425540e22a0047d6cad77",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight ET07/02: Ethopia, Nile Gorge, Difarsa area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project ET07/02: Correlating terrain systems and representative values - putting geotechnical numbers into geomorphological images. Led by: W. Murphy,  \r\nSchool of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds. Leeds LS2 9JT, UK. Location: Nile Gorge, Ethiopia.\r\n\r\nIn recent years engineering geomorphologists have attempted to use geomorphological descriptions and terrain systems to classify, and to some extent quantify the strength available in slopes to resist sliding (e.g. Phipps, 2002), from which the representative value approach was developed by Scott Wilson. The aim of this project was to develop an effective methodology for the use high resolution multispectral imagery to evaluate the slope stability conditions in a quantitative manner using the geomorphological approach developed by Scott Wilson.  The objectives of this projects were: 1. Identify through remote sensing the detailed geology of a section of the Nile Gorge (Daedalus ATM), the topography (LiDAR) and the slope stability conditions (aerial photography) 2. To construct a model of slope strength based on textural and spectral information to predict the performance of the ground; 3. To test the predicted strengths against the distribution of known areas of instability; 4.  To critical evaluate the success of remote sensing / terrain evaluation methods in a section of the Nile Gorge.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
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                7191
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            "ob_id": 10831,
            "uuid": "8dd41771c09829439c121bc7b09e6872",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 97/01: South Nottingham area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 97/01: Combining remote sensing and crop yield data to map heavy metal contamination of arable land. PI: M.D.Steven. Site: South Nottingham.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
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            "ob_id": 10835,
            "uuid": "ef04a2668f74ed7031526b686231635f",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 90/45: Winchester Wheat Fields area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 90/45 Client: White (NERC). Site: Winchester Wheat Fields.",
            "publicationState": "published",
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            "status": "",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
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            "ob_id": 10839,
            "uuid": "f128bdc29a5a23e0e4164e6ede75b0f8",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight GB07/07: Inverclyde area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project GB07/07: Hyperspectral and Phenological Characterisation of Upland Heather Dominated Ecological Communities. Led by: Dr. Tim Malthus, School of Geosciences, University of Edinburgh, Grant Inst., King's Buildings Edinburgh, EH3 9JW. Location: Inverclyde, Scotland, UK.\r\n\r\nHeather  dominated  uplands are a hydrological buffer and are intimately linked to the global carbon cycle. Current management practices are considered to be causing the decline of these areas and climate change may be contributing. The extent and remoteness of upland moors  makes  manual survey  problematic for monitoring ecological and phenological change. While remote sensing offers a complimentary approach, little is  known of  the detailed reflectance  properties  of heather or  the  influence of variations  in key biophysical  and biochemical parameters on the spectral reflectance of heather canopies.  Laboratory and field measurements of  hyperspectral reflectance and the biophysical and  biochemical variables influencing  reflectance  have been acquired  throughout the 2005 and 2006 growing seasons from an upland site on the west coast of Scotland. Airborne hyperspectral RS and aerial photographic surveys were proposed with concurrent canopy reflectance studies and atmospheric and biophysical field  measurement being taken. Reflectance  modelling methods and Object-Oriented image analysis were used to increase understanding and detailed classification of these heather dominated ecological communities.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
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            "uuid": "1a6b5cbafb4bfa657fbf57d1314ca8d6",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 03/08: Otterburn and Cheviot Hills area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 03/08 led by M. Cutler. Site: Otterburn, Cheviot Hills.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
                }
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Terra Satellite Mission, part of the Earth Observing System Morning Constellation (EOS-AM)",
            "abstract": "Terra is under the NASA-led international Earth Observation System (EOS), a coordinated series of polar-orbiting and low inclination satellites for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans, to enhance our understanding on the Earth System. The objective of the mission is to collect data on atmospheric, oceanic, cryospheric (snow and ice) and land surface conditions as well as the energy budget, together with other satellites in the Morning Constellation (the M-Train). The satellite was launched on 18th December 1999, and the data collection for data products began in February 2000.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
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                    "ob_id": 10892,
                    "uuid": "34e75e7e8e838b0f3ee5916856d510b4",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Data",
                    "abstract": "Data products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites as part of NASA-led international Earth Observation System (EOS) programme. MODIS provides high radiometric sensitivity (12 bit) in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 micrometres to 14.4 micrometres. Two bands are imaged at a nominal resolution of 250 m at nadir, with five bands at 500 m, and the remaining 29 bands at 1 km. A +/- 55-degree scanning pattern at the EOS orbit of 705 km achieves a 2,330-km swath and provides global coverage every one to two days. The main objective of MODIS is to enhance our understandings on global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans and in the lower atmosphere, and these data are also essential in the development of validated, global and interactive Earth system models."
                }
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            "ob_id": 10904,
            "uuid": "ccc71008f3c0db6f9d2c70bbc4346f31",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Aqua Satellite Mission, part of the Earth Observing System Afternoon Constellation (EOS-PM)",
            "abstract": "Aqua is under the NASA-led international Earth Observation System (EOS), a coordinated series of polar-orbiting and low inclination satellites for long-term global observations of the land surface, biosphere, solid Earth, atmosphere, and oceans, to enhance our understanding on the Earth System. The objective of the mission is to collect data on atmospheric, oceanic, cryospheric (snow and ice) and land surface conditions as well as the energy budget, together with other satellites in the Morning Constellation (the M-Train). The satellite was launched on 18th December 1999, and the data collection for data products began in February 2000.",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Data",
                    "abstract": "Data products from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) instrument onboard the Terra and Aqua satellites as part of NASA-led international Earth Observation System (EOS) programme. MODIS provides high radiometric sensitivity (12 bit) in 36 spectral bands ranging in wavelength from 0.4 micrometres to 14.4 micrometres. Two bands are imaged at a nominal resolution of 250 m at nadir, with five bands at 500 m, and the remaining 29 bands at 1 km. A +/- 55-degree scanning pattern at the EOS orbit of 705 km achieves a 2,330-km swath and provides global coverage every one to two days. The main objective of MODIS is to enhance our understandings on global dynamics and processes occurring on the land, in the oceans and in the lower atmosphere, and these data are also essential in the development of validated, global and interactive Earth system models."
                }
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Mission",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR) Data",
                    "abstract": "Data products produced from the Multi-angle Imaging SpectroRadiometer (MISR), on-board EOS Terra. MISR is a unique instrument that has 9 cameras all pointing towards different directions, taking images in each of blue, green, red and infra-red band spectrum (centre wavelengths are 446, 558, 672 and 867 nm respectively). The information is used to investigate how sunlight scatters in the atmosphere in different natural conditions, and distinguish types of clouds, atmospheric particles and surfaces. The red and infra-red bands are used for vegetated surface identification and marine aerosol studies. The green band is used to study the albedo, while the blue band aids in the determination of particle size of the aerosol. EOS Terra is a satellite in the Earth Observation System, a group of polar-orbiting satellites which are dedicated to study Earth's climate."
                }
            ],
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                7315
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            "uuid": "8ea9b38c5141a61019098c19615268fd",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Temperature, Humidity and Winds near the Tropopause (THAW)",
            "abstract": "Tropopause flights. Led by Prof. Geraint Vaghan (NCAS University of Manchester, mailto:geraint.vaughan@manchester.ac.uk).\r\n\r\nTHAW was a proposal for flights in the tropopause region, its scientific objectives were to: \r\n• Measure fine-scale vertical temperature structure in the vicinity of the tropopause, to test a model for VHF radar reflection being developed at Manchester. \r\n• Compare wind and turbulence measurements with the MST radar, to better enable quantitative derivation of turbulence parameters from the radar echo spectra. \r\n• Characterise the performance of the Buck research CR-2 hygrometer in the upper troposphere, with special emphasis on measuring supersaturation in the vicinity of the cirrus clouds.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "THAW, FAAM, Wind, Temperature, Humidity",
            "status": "completed",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Temperature, Humidity and Winds near the Tropopause (THAW) campaign: aircraft and radar data",
                    "abstract": "The THAW (Temperature, Humidity and Winds near the Tropopause) project was led by Prof. Geraint Vaghaun (NCAS,  University of Manchester) utilising a combination of vertically pointing Doppler radar data from the MST radar near Aberystwyth and a series of radiosonde and research aircraft flights in the tropopause region. The project used the FAAM BAE 146 aircraft to:\r\n\r\n• Measure fine-scale vertical temperature structure in the vicinity of the tropopause, to test a model for VHF radar reflection being developed at Manchester.\r\n\r\n• Compare wind and turbulence measurements with the MST radar, to better enable quantitative derivation of turbulence parameters from the radar echo spectra.\r\n\r\n• Characterise the performance of the Buck research CR-2 hygrometer in the upper troposphere, with special emphasis on measuring supersaturation in the vicinity of the cirrus clouds.\r\n\r\nThe MST radar was operated in two modes during this period with higher vertical resolution measurements at 150 m resolution interspersed with the 300 m vertical resolution data - these are available in the standard MST radar version 3 dataset linked within this collection."
                }
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                7341,
                7342
            ],
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                39721
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        {
            "ob_id": 11008,
            "uuid": "05fb7c9964b4172991a72082c46a3376",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (SST_cci) project is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative programme,  It aims to accurately mapping the surface temperature of the global oceans  using observations from many satellites, and to independently quantify SST to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nThe team brings together European expertise in creating climate quality records of ocean temperatures from satellite data, with expertise in climate applications and computer engineering. Through the ESA funded Climate Change Initiative, the team have created a climate record of global sea surface temperature (SST) for the period 1981 to 2016. Based on satellite data, this record is independent of thermometer based measurements from ships and buoys. The new climate SST record complements and challenges existing knowledge of how ocean temperatures have evolved. \r\n\r\nThe project started in August 2010. It is part of a wider initiative by the European Space Agency (ESA) addressing several essential climate variables in addition to SST.",
            "publicationState": "published",
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            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 11005,
                    "uuid": "1dc189bbf94209b48ed446c0e9a078af",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Collection of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) Data of the Global Oceans as part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI)",
                    "abstract": "The ESA Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (ESA SST_cci) datasets accurately map the surface temperature of the global oceans over the period 1981 to 2016 using observations from many satellites. The data provide independently quantified SSTs to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nThe latest version (v2.1) of the data are described in the data paper:  Merchant, C.J., Embury, O., Bulgin, C.E., Block T., Corlett, G.K., Fiedler, E., Good, S.A., Mittaz, J., Rayner, N.A., Berry, D., Eastwood, S., Taylor, M., Tsushima, Y., Waterfall, A., Wilson, R., Donlon, C. Satellite-based time-series of sea-surface temperature since 1981 for climate applications, Scientific Data 6:223 (2019). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-019-0236-x\r\n\r\nData are made freely and openly available under a Creative Commons License by Attribution (CC By 4.0) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ . To comply with the attribution aspect, please cite the above reference and the dataset citation given on the relevant dataset page."
                }
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        {
            "ob_id": 11009,
            "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results.",
            "publicationState": "published",
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                {
                    "ob_id": 14147,
                    "uuid": "10b36f5715274b1d985c569501ceed68",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Ozone Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency Ozone Climate Change Initiative (Ozone CCI) project is one of several projects of ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI), which will deliver various Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). \r\nOzone_cci aims at generating new high-quality satellite data sets that are essential to assess the fate of atmospheric ozone and better understand its link with anthropogenic activities."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 24700,
                    "uuid": "fda6ad697b2c49f7882f70f954c44f92",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Antarctic Ice Sheet Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA) Antarctic Ice Sheet Climate Change Initiative (Antarctic_Ice_Sheet_cci) project is part of ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme to produce long term datasets of Essential Climate Variables (ECV's) derived from global satellite data.\r\n\r\nThe Antarctic Ice Sheet CCI aims to produce long term and reliable climate satellite data records required by the scientific user community. These datasets will improve understanding of present day change on the Antarctic Ice Sheet and provide data for models at a higher spatial and temporal resolution than is currently available, thereby improving estimates of future change.  It is focusing on providing datasets of surface elevation changes, ice velocities, gravimetric mass balance and grounding line locations."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 30229,
                    "uuid": "93cf539bc3004cc8b98006e69078d86b",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Snow Climate Change Initiative (snow_cci)",
                    "abstract": "The overarching goal of snow_cci is the generation of homogeneous, well calibrated, long-term time series of key snow cover parameters (snow area extent and snow mass) from multi-sensor satellite data for climate applications. A main motivation for this initiative are significant discrepancies in the climatologies, anomalies, and trends in global snow cover time series from different products, detected in the ESA QA4EO Satellite Snow Product Intercomparison and Evaluation project (SnowPEx).\r\n\r\nThe first phase of the project started in September 2018; the second phase started in February 2022. The third phase of the snow_cci project is planned to start in late 2025."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13301,
                    "uuid": "a852ef4bef2240949066b44539cfa042",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Glaciers Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency Glaciers Climate Change Initiative (Glaciers CCI) project has as main objective to contribute to the efforts of creating a globally complete and detailed glacier inventory as requested in action T2.1 by GCOS (2006). This activity has two major parts: One is data creation (glacier outlines) in selected and currently still missing key regions, and the other one is in establishing a more consistent framework for glacier entity identification to enhance the integrity and error characterization of the available data sets. As meltwater from glaciers and ice caps provide a substantial contribution to global sea-level rise, the project will also create two additional products in selected key regions, elevation changes and velocity fields"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13341,
                    "uuid": "08db7b1df8774b2e93a39e3809532676",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Aerosol Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency Aerosol Climate Change Initiative (Aerosol CCI) project aims to produce and validate improved global aerosol Essential Climate Variable (ECV) datasets.\r\n \r\nThe primary products concerned in the aerosol_cci project are level 2 (daily 10km and 50km pixel products) and level 3 (aggregated monthly gridded datasets) multi-spectral Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and associated probabilities of pre-defined aerosol types for a number of European satellite instruments (ATSR-2, AATSR, MERIS, POLDER, GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, GOME-2, AVHRR/3); stratospheric aerosols are observed with GOMOS (and tested for SCIAMACHY)."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13331,
                    "uuid": "a0a6fa39470a4a7baf847e3a1751f950",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Sea Level Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA) Sea Level Climate Change Initiative (Sea_Level_cci) project is part of the ESA's Climate Change Initiative programme.   \r\n\r\nIn the first phases of the CCI programme, the Sea Level project produced and validated global sea level Essential Climate Variable (ECV) products.\r\n\r\nIn the current phase, the objective is to produce a long-term and homogeneous sea level record as close to the coast as possible in order to assess whether the coastal sea level trends experienced at the coast are similar as the observed sea level trends in the open ocean and to determine the causes of the potential discrepancies."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 30004,
                    "uuid": "7cfcd20428c3454fafa4e1afec2cf923",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Sea State Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA) Sea State CCI+ project is part of ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme.   The CCI programme was launched by ESA in 2010, to produce long term datasets of Essential Climate Variables (ECV's) derived from global satellite data.   In this context, the Sea State CCI+ project was kicked off in 2018 in order to produce a CDR for the new ECV \"Sea State\"."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 39805,
                    "uuid": "b057708eec1042238fb333ab02ec772e",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA High Resolution Land Cover Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The ESA High Resolution Land Cover Climate Change Initiative Project is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative to produce long term datasets of Essential Climate Variables (ECV's) from historic satellite data."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 30309,
                    "uuid": "09c9b617a2d6462f9954a3c3a34fcc27",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Lakes Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The Lakes Climate Change Initiative Project (Lakes_cci) is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative Programme to produce long term datasets of Essential Climate Variables (ECV's) derived from global satellite data..\r\n\r\nLakes are of significant interest to the scientific community, local to national governments, industries and the wider public. A range of scientific disciplines including hydrology, limnology, climatology, biogeochemistry and geodesy are interested in distribution and functioning of the millions of lakes (from small ponds to inland seas), from the local to the global scale. Remote sensing provides an opportunity to extend the spatio-temporal scale of lake observation. In this context, the Lakes_cci develops products for the following five thematic climate variables:\r\n•\tLake Water Level (LWL): a proxy fundamental to understand the balance between water inputs and water loss and their connection with regional and global climate changes.\r\n•\tLake Water Extent (LWE): a proxy for change in glacial regions (lake expansion) and drought in many arid environments, water extent relates to local climate for the cooling effect that water bodies provide.\r\n•\tLake Surface Water temperature (LSWT): correlated with regional air temperatures and a proxy for mixing regimes, driving biogeochemical cycling and seasonality. \r\n•\tLake Ice Cover (LIC): freeze-up in autumn and advancing break-up in spring are proxies for gradually changing climate patterns and seasonality. \r\n•\tLake Water-Leaving Reflectance (LWLR): a direct indicator of biogeochemical processes and habitats in the visible part of the water column (e.g. seasonal phytoplankton biomass fluctuations), and an indicator of the frequency of extreme events (peak terrestrial run-off, changing mixing conditions).\r\n\r\nIn this context, Lakes_cci represents a unique framework to provide consistent and homogenous data to the multiple communities of lake scientists. The project actively engages with this community to assess the utility and future improvement of Lakes_cci products."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 14431,
                    "uuid": "40e37317e38d4264ae57ecb515b781fa",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Land Cover Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The ESA Land Cover Climate Change Initiative Project is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative to produce long term datasets of Essential Climate Variables (ECV's) from historic satellite data.\r\n\r\nLand cover is defined as the (bio) physical cover at the earth surface including grass, trees, bare ground and water. Land cover is fundamental to better understand the climate through the estimation and validation of fluxes of water, carbon, and energy.  It plays a role in adaptation and mitigation assessments at various scales.\r\n\r\nThe  projects objective is to critically revisit all algorithms required for the generation of global land product in the light of GCOS requirements, and to design and demonstrate a mature system delivering in a consistent way over years and from multi-mission Earth Observation instruments, the longest possible global land cover map series at 300m, matching the needs of key users belonging to the climate change and land cover communities. The focus is placed on ESA and Member States missions, providing near daily global surface reflectance observation at moderate spatial resolution from 1999 onwards (MERIS Full Resolution (FR) & Reduced Resolution (RR), SPOT VEGETATION, PROBA-V and ASAR data), while the contribution of the AVHRR sensor tackles specific past years back to 1992."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 29966,
                    "uuid": "7133bbd64540498bbffd1c28bbbea9cd",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Permafrost Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The Permafrost Climate Change Initiatve Project (Permafrost_cci) is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative Programme.   The ultimate objective of Permafrost_cci is to develop and deliver permafrost maps of Essential Climate Variable products, primarily derived from satellite measurements."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13339,
                    "uuid": "86b9543f4b7c4386a7cc46cdc5aabc93",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Cloud Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency Cloud Climate Change Initiative (Cloud CCI) project has as objective to provide long-term coherent cloud property data sets exploiting the  synergistic capabilities of different Earth observation missions allowing for improved accuracies and enhanced temporal and spatial sampling better than those provided by the single sources. \r\nThis project seeks to utilize the increasing  potential of the synergitic capabilities of past,  existing and upcoming European and US  missions in order to meet the increasing  needs for coherent long-term cloud property datasets required by the scientific community."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 32240,
                    "uuid": "a549c26e68634b12893dab827b392e66",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Sea-Level Budget Closure Climate Change Initiative project (SLBC_cci)",
                    "abstract": "To assess the accuracy and reliability of our knowledge about sea-level change and its causes, assessments of the sea-level budget (SLB) are indispensable. Closure of the sea-level budget implies that the observed changes of GMSL equal the sum of observed (or otherwise assessed) contributions, namely changes in ocean mass and the steric component. Closure of the ocean mass budget (OMB) implies that the observed ocean-mass change (e.g., from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment, GRACE) is equal to assessed changes of water mass (in solid, liquid or gaseous state) outside the ocean, which are dominated by mass changes of land ice (glaciers and ice sheets) and water stored on the continents as liquid water or snow (land water). Misclosure of these budgets indicates errors in the assessment of some of the components (including effects of undersampling) or contributions from unassessed elements in the budget.\r\n\r\nSince 2010, ESA has developed the Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme in order to produce consistent and continuous space-based records for Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). The SLBC_cci project was conducted from 2017 to 2019 as the first cross-ECV project within CCI. The project aimed at taking advantage of the improved quality of sea-level-related earth observation datasets produced within the CCI programme. The project also developed new data products based on existing CCI products and on other data sources. SLBC_cci concentrated on datasets generated within CCI or by the consortium members as they have thorough insights into the genesis and uncertainty characteristics of the datasets. This facilitated progress towards working in a consistent framework of product specification, uncertainty characterization, and sea level budget analysis, and enabled the identification of unresolved inconsistencies as a prerequisite for future improvements."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 32934,
                    "uuid": "24186d13405b4000aef0ba577b9031aa",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Water Vapour Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The Water Vapour Climate Change Initiatve Project (Water_Vapour_cci) is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative Programme.   The project aims to generate new global high-quality climate data records of both total column and vertically resolved water vapour."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 33361,
                    "uuid": "555149fdc3ef4e23a1de8ece93c29f5d",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Land Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (LST_cci)",
                    "abstract": "The land surface temperature (LST) CCI project, which is funded by the European Space Agency (ESA) as part of the Agency’s Climate Change Initiative (CCI) Programme, aims to deliver a significant improvement on the capability of current satellite LST data records to meet the challenging Global Climate Observing System (GCOS) requirements for climate applications to realise the full potential of long-term LST data for climate science.\r\n\r\nAccurate knowledge of LST plays a key role in describing the physics of land-surface processes at regional and global scales as they combine information on both the surface-atmosphere interactions and energy fluxes within the Earth Climate System. LST provides a metric of surface state when combined with vegetation parameters and soil moisture and is one of the drivers of vegetation phenology. Furthermore, LST is an independent temperature data set for quantifying climate change complementary to the near-surface air temperature ECV based on in situ measurements and reanalyses.\r\n\r\nThe team uses data from a variety of satellites to provide an accurate view of temperatures across land surfaces globally over the past +20 years. This involves developing innovative techniques to merge data from different satellites into combined long-term satellite records for climate. These will all be evaluated by scientists working at leading climate centres."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13365,
                    "uuid": "de8aeb4f1bec4348a1e475691ea651d4",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean Colour CCI) project aims to produce long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n \r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of wavelength 490 nm. Information on uncertainties is also provided."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 14317,
                    "uuid": "362f66a7e09a4a59be2a40af6b41d0a6",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Greenland Ice Sheet Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The Greenland Ice Sheet CCI project aims to maximize the impact of ESA satellite data on climate research, by analysing data from ESA Earth Observation missions such as ERS, Envisat, CryoSat, GRACE and the new Sentinel series of satellites.  Over the last decade, the Greenland Ice Sheet has shown rapid change, characterized by rapid thinning along the margins, accelerating outlet glaciers, and overall increasing mass loss. The state of the Greenland Ice Sheet is of global importance, and has consequently been included in the ESA CCI Programme as a monitored Essential Climate Variable (ECV).\r\n\r\nThe project is producing data products of the following five parameters, which are important in characterizing the Greenland Ice Sheet as an Essential Climate Variable:  Surface Elevation Change (SEC) gridded data from radar altimetry; Ice Velocity (IV) gridded data from synthetic aperture radar interferometry and feature tracking; Calving Front Location (CFL) time series of marine-terminating glaciers; Grounding Line Location (GLL) time series of marine-terminating glaciers; Gravimetry Mass Balance (GMB) maps and time series."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 41107,
                    "uuid": "727dea0ecf0f4d6ca0bf6459c37671bb",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA RECCAP-2 Climate Change Initiative (RECCAP2_cci)",
                    "abstract": "The REgional Carbon Cycle Assessment and Processes Phase 2 (RECCAP-2) project is coordinated by the Global Carbon Project and has the following objectives:\r\n1.) To improve quantification of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions and their sources;\r\n2.) To develop robust observation-based estimates of changes in carbon storage and greenhouse gas emissions and sinks by the oceans and terrestrial ecosystems, distinguishing whenever possible anthropogenic versus natural fluxes and their driving processes;\r\n3.) To gain science-based evidence of the response of marine and terrestrial regional greenhouse gas budgets to climate change and direct anthropogenic drivers."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 41537,
                    "uuid": "dbba9cfe8d104648b19e39f4c2da1a27",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA River Discharge Climate Change Initiative (RD_cci)",
                    "abstract": "The ESA river discharge Climate Change Initiative project aims to derive long term climate data records (at least over 20-years) of river discharge for some selected river basins (and some locations in the river network) using satellite remote sensing observations (altimetry and multispectral images) and ancillary data."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 11008,
                    "uuid": "05fb7c9964b4172991a72082c46a3376",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The Sea Surface Temperature Climate Change Initiative (SST_cci) project is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative programme,  It aims to accurately mapping the surface temperature of the global oceans  using observations from many satellites, and to independently quantify SST to a quality suitable for climate research.\r\n\r\nThe team brings together European expertise in creating climate quality records of ocean temperatures from satellite data, with expertise in climate applications and computer engineering. Through the ESA funded Climate Change Initiative, the team have created a climate record of global sea surface temperature (SST) for the period 1981 to 2016. Based on satellite data, this record is independent of thermometer based measurements from ships and buoys. The new climate SST record complements and challenges existing knowledge of how ocean temperatures have evolved. \r\n\r\nThe project started in August 2010. It is part of a wider initiative by the European Space Agency (ESA) addressing several essential climate variables in addition to SST."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13332,
                    "uuid": "c256fcfeef24460ca6eb14bf0fe09572",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci) project is part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme, which aims to produce datasets of Essential Climate Variables (ECV's) from satellite datasets.\r\n\r\nThe Soil Moisture CCI project was set up to :\r\n - Analyse the needs of the climate research community in terms of soil moisture data.\r\n - Adapt soil moisture satellite measurements for their use by the climate research community.\r\n - Create a long-term consistent soil moisture time series, based on active and passive data, suitable for climate change studies."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13255,
                    "uuid": "6c3584d985bd484e8beb23ff0df91292",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Fire Climate Change Initiative Project  (Fire CCI)",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)  Fire Climate Change Initiative (Fire CCI) project, led by University of Alcala (Spain), is part of ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI) to produce long term datasets of Essential Climate Variables derived from global satellite data.\r\n\r\nThe Fire CCI focuses on the following issues relating to Fire Disturbance:  Analysis and specification of scientific requirements relating to climate; Development and improvement of pre-processing and burned area algorithms; Inter-comparison and selection of burned area algorithms; System prototyping and production of burned area datasets; Product validation and product assessment\r\n"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13295,
                    "uuid": "f0c66ffa30514d2daee821286a014b16",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The European Space Agency Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Initiative (GHG CCI) project is one of several projects of ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI), which will deliver various Essential Climate Variables (ECVs)\r\n\r\nCarbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) and a focus of international research activities related to a better understanding of the carbon cycle (see, for example, the Global Carbon Project (GCP)).\r\n \r\nWithin the GHG-CCI project the focus is on satellite data. Satellite observations combined with modelling can add important missing global information on regional CO2 and CH4 (surface) sources and sinks required for better climate prediction. The GHG CCI project started on the 1st September 2010."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 28235,
                    "uuid": "d64aaf9ca941488d90ba0ad3e339977d",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Sea Surface Salinity Climate Change Initiative",
                    "abstract": "The ESA Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) Climate Change Initiative project is part of the European Space Agency's Climate Change Initiative programme.   It aims to provide data products that are specifically adapted to climate applications (i.e. include information on accuracy and uncertainty within the data). Furthermore, this project will explore the need to improve the performance of current SSS algorithm retrievals and directly contribute to climate science studies submitted to the next International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) Annual Review for climate change in 2020."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 14368,
                    "uuid": "d2112cfb5dab407599a64d9451d960b4",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ESA Sea Ice Climate Change Initiative Project",
                    "abstract": "The ESA CCI Sea Ice project aims to combine and extend ongoing research to develop improved and validated timeseries of ice concentration and ice thickness for use in climate research. Since sea ice is a sensitive climate indicator with large seasonal and regional variability, the climate research community require long-term and regular observations of the key ice parameters in both Arctic and Antarctic. The project includes representatives from the scientific user community and climate research programmes to validate the ice concentration and ice thickness retrievals provided by the EO science team.   \r\n\r\nThe ESA CCI Sea Ice project will deliver global data sets on ice concentration for Arctic and Antarctic, and ice thickness data sets for the Arctic, to support climate research and monitoring according to the GCOS requirements for generation of satellite-based data sets and products. This implies provision of data sets with associated metadata, software systems, technical documentation and scientific reports/publications. Ice thickness data from radar altimeters are not available for the Antarctic as a useful data set for climate research. The data sets to be delivered as the sea ice ECV parameters are based on many years of research where the members of the consortium are playing a leading role in development and validation of the EO-based data sets."
                }
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            "ob_id": 11054,
            "uuid": "af6d07ad22ad2502756f079a61d7073b",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "A Thermal Climatology of the West Midlands",
            "abstract": null,
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
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                7388
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                39855
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        {
            "ob_id": 11081,
            "uuid": "251020ef3307bb6f9437efb750f992ea",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Cloud Archive User Service data (CLAUS)",
            "abstract": "The CLAUS project was co-ordinated by ESSC and involved all of the major climate modelling groups in Europe. The project was supported by the European Union under the IVth Framework Programme (Environment and Climate) and ran from April 1997 to December 1999.\r\n\r\nThe aim of the CLAUS project was to produce a long time-series of three-hourly global window channel thermal infra-red (10.5-12.5 micro metres) images of the Earth and to test the feasibility of using this in evaluating atmospheric General Circulation Models. \r\n\r\n",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "CLAUS, cloud",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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            "observationCollection": [
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                    "ob_id": 6179,
                    "uuid": "37e1193a2369aff54d22a40ac402030b",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Long Time Series of Global Thermal Infra-red Imagery of the Earth as part of the Cloud Archive User Service (CLAUS) Project",
                    "abstract": "Global Brightness Temperature imagery from the Cloud Archive User Service (CLAUS) project. This project produced a long time-series of global thermal infra-red imagery of the Earth using data from operational meteorological satellites, which was used in validating atmospheric General Circulation Models.\r\n\r\nThe CLAUS archive currently spans the period 1st July\r\n1983 - 30th June 2009. Responsibility for maintaining and updating the\r\nCLAUS archive resides with the Environmental Systems Science Centre (ESSC).\r\n\r\nThe source data used in CLAUS are the level B3 (reduced resolution) 10 micron radiances from operational meteorological satellites participating in the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Programme (ISCCP) and were obtained from the NASA Langley Atmospheric Sciences Data Center (LASDC).\r\n\r\nDuring the CLAUS project the B3 data were processed to create a uniform latitude-longitude grid (or image) of Brightness Temperature (BT) values at a spatial resolution of 0.5 by 0.5 degrees and temporal resolution of three hours. Information at the grid point level about the satellites used in\r\ngenerating each BT image, and the type of interpolation applied, was held in two supplementary quality files.\r\n\r\nThe B3 data were also rigorously quality controlled to remove residual noise and navigation/calibration errors that were noticed in the original processing.  The 0.5 degree resolution data were updated and\r\nsupplemented by a new product at one-third degree spatial resolution for use in process studies.  These higher resolution data are also being used to create monthly animations for educational purposes."
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                7409,
                7410
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                50130,
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            "uuid": "61d468d46bd293d3f0207800bd821305",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Meteorological Services of Canada (MSC)",
            "abstract": "The Meteorological Service of Canada (MSC) is Canada's source for meteorological information. The Service monitors water quantities, provides information and conducts research on climate, atmospheric science, air quality, ice and other environmental issues, making it an important source of expertise in these areas. The MSC was formely known as the AESC - the Atmospheric Environment Service of Canada.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [],
            "identifier_set": [
                7420,
                7421
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            "ob_id": 11161,
            "uuid": "1b489cdd8b3ce6b4cd79fd3080a621f4",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Meteosat Second Generation (MSG)",
            "abstract": "Meteosat Second Generation is operated by EUMETSAT and provides almost continuous images to meteorologists and researchers in Europe and around the world. It incorporates significant enhancements in frequency and resolution to the previous generation of Meteosat. MSG measures in 12 spectral channels (compared to only 3 on the previous Meteosat) and records data in a 15 minute cycle (30 minutes on the previous Meteosat). The resolution of the high-resolution visible light channel measures 1 km at the sub-satellite point (compared to 2.5 km on the previous Meteosat).\r\n\r\nThe first Meteosat Second Generation satellite, MSG-1, came into operational service on 29th January 2004 and was renamed Meteosat-8. MSG-1 has a nominal lifetime of seven years. MSG-2 was launched on 21st December 2005 and future MSG units are planned.\r\n\r\nThe MSG payload also contains the Geostationary Earth Radiation Budget (GERB) instrument which provides important data for climate research. Data from the GERB instrument is now available at the BADC.\r\n\r\nA humanitarian Search and Rescue transponder that relays distress signals from ships, aircraft and others in need of rescue is also mounted on the MSG platform.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "MSG, Visible, Infra-Red, meteorology",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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            "observationCollection": [
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                    "ob_id": 2645,
                    "uuid": "5fa2529b973e47ae38ab3557f2018ef4",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Meteosat Second Generation (MSG) Geostationnary Satellites: Visible, Infra-Red and Water Vapour Images and Derived Data Products over the world",
                    "abstract": "Meteosat Second Generation is operated by EUMETSAT and provides almost continuous images to meteorologists and researchers in Europe and around the world. It incorporates significant enhancements in frequency and resolution to the previous generation of Meteosat. MSG measures in 12 spectral channels (compared to only 3 on the previous Meteosat) and records data in a 15 minute cycle (30 minutes on the previous Meteosat). The resolution of the high-resolution visible light channel measures 1 km at the sub-satellite point (compared to 2.5 km on the previous Meteosat).\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection includes visible, infra-red, water vapour, High Resolution Visible (HRV) images and the derived cloud top height, cloud top temperature, fog, snow detection, and volcanic ash products. These images are available for a range of geographical areas. Images are available from March 2005 onwards at a frequency of 15 minutes (some are hourly) and are at least 24 hours old.\r\n\r\nThe different geographic extents for images within this dataset collection are available via the linked documentation 'MSG satellite imagery product geographic area details'. Each MSG imagery product area can be referenced from the third and fourth character of the image product name giving in the filename. E.g. for EEAO11 the corresponding geographic details can be found under the entry for area code 'AO' (i.e West Africa)."
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                7446,
                7447
            ],
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            "uuid": "c4a5f247b06510a4ce7bed80dac14e71",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM)",
            "abstract": "The Universities' Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM) is a National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) facility consisting of a distributed set of ground-based and specialised airborne (FAAM) instruments in the UK that are designed to make measurements of small-scale and meso-scale physical and chemical features in the atmosphere.\r\nA major goal of UFAM is to provide an infrastructure that promotes collaboration amongst the atmospheric science research community, particularly across the NCAS Composition and NCAS Weather science areas. The African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA) project, the aerosol and chemical transport in tropical convection (ACTIVE) project, the Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP), and the Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH) are examples of collaborative field campaigns using UFAM instruments.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "UFAM, NERC, NCAS",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 877,
                "uuid": "16e1c51a9eeae188510f2308b18a14fa",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)",
                "abstract": "The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is the UK's main agency for funding and managing research, training and knowledge transfer in the environmental sciences."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 5492,
                    "uuid": "040cb3e884180c635c82b464547ff08e",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "The Universities' Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM) Intercomparison Experiment wind profile data",
                    "abstract": "The Universities' Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM) intercomparison field campaign took place in September 2002 at the Met Office Meteorological Research Unit (MRU), Cardington. The dataset contains measurements of wind speed and direction and turbulence parameters made with several of the UFAM instruments and the Met Office in-situ balloon borne tethersondes. These data are publicly available."
                }
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                7451,
                7452,
                10464
            ],
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            "uuid": "f66c65cbf2e11228216166256f0f6446",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Meteosat Images of Europe",
            "abstract": "Visible and infra-red images of the North Atlantic Ocean, Europe and North Africa from the Meteosat geostationary satellite. Images are archived from 11th November 1999. These images are public.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [],
            "identifier_set": [
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                7557
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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            "ob_id": 11579,
            "uuid": "b5c72b72b31b405680bdacf853b03b21",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 86/04: Feltwell area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 86/04 led by Agrisar (PI). Site: Feltwell.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [],
            "identifier_set": [
                7666,
                7667
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                40922
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        {
            "ob_id": 11610,
            "uuid": "bdd646b9a7d440a5a61284c92029178d",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA)",
            "abstract": "The aim of the MACDA project was to produce an assimilated, consistent dataset from the observations made by the MGS/TES instrument. The project was undertaken at Oxford University, UK. On Earth, data assimilation is used in routine operational weather forecasting, primarily to produce accurate initial conditions for the forecasts. A similar technique has been applied to another planet in the Solar System: Mars. This was the goal of the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) project. Observations of atmospheric temperature and dust opacity from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer on board NASA's Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft have been assimilated for three complete Martian years into the UK Mars Global Circulation Model. This four-dimensional 'reanalysis' allows us to study the evolution of the atmospheric state on a model grid while remaining consistent with the observations, the model, and our physical understanding. It also allows us to access variables that cannot be directly observed, such as winds and surface pressure, as the model balances the unobserved variables against the observed variables as the assimilation progresses.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Mars, Martian",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11611,
                "uuid": "14e5db2c47db4511954a75175de821ed",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Mars Global Surveyor (MGS)",
                "abstract": "Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was the first successful U.S. mission launched to Mars since the Viking mission in 1976. After a 20-year absence at the planet, Mars Global Surveyor ushered in a new era of Mars exploration with its five science investigations. Mars Global Surveyor arrived at Mars on September 11, 1997 (September 12, UTC), and has contributed a multitude of findings, including signs of past, persistent water such as an ancient delta and currently active water features in the gullies of canyon walls. After nearly a decade of discovery, MGS went silent 2nd November, 2006. \r\nMars Global Surveyor was a well-designed space craft that successfully operated since launch on November 7, 1996 until a battery failure in 2nd November, 2006. To enable the spacecraft to last nearly a decade, the Mars Global Surveyor team worked creatively to conserve fuel and invigorate the ageing spacecraft.\r\n\r\nThe spacecraft, fabricated at the Lockheed Martin Space Systems plant in Denver, Colorado, looks like a rectangular-shaped box with wing-like projections extending from opposite sides. The body (or bus) houses the computers, radio system, solid-state data recorders, fuel tanks, and other equipment. Attached to the outside of the bus are several rocket thrusters, which were fired to adjust the spacecraft's path during cruise to Mars and to modify the spacecraft orbit around the planet.\r\n\r\nFully loaded with propellant at the time of launch the vehicle weighed 1,060-kilograms (2,342 pounds). The spacecraft is about 3 meters (10 feet) tall with its braking engine and instruments. The bus or main body of the spacecraft measures 1.2 by 1.2 meters (4 by 4 feet) and is 12 meters (40 feet) across from tip to tip when the solar panels are fully unfolded. The high-gain antenna is deployed on a 2-meter-long (6-1/2-foot) boom.\r\n\r\nTo minimize costs, spare units left over from the Mars Observer mission were used in portions of the spacecraft's electronics and for some of the science instruments. The spacecraft design also incorporated new hardware - the radio transmitters, solid-state recorders, propulsion system, and composite material bus structure-and retains many backup and redundant features of the original Mars Observer design in case of failure of critical elements such as the primary processors, recorders or transmitters.\r\n\r\nThe solar arrays, which always point toward the Sun (when the spacecraft isn't behind the planet), provided 980 watts of electricity for operating the electronic equipment and for charging nickel hydrogen batteries. The batteries provided electricity when the spacecraft is mapping the dark side of Mars. To maintain appropriate operating temperatures, most of the outer exposed parts of the spacecraft, including the science instruments, are wrapped in thermal blankets.\r\n\r\nSpacecraft communications with Earth utilized X-band frequencies for radio tracking, return of science and engineering telemetry, commanding, and the radio science experiments. Primary communications to and from the spacecraft occur through the 1.5-meter-diameter (4.9-foot) high-gain antenna. Mars Global Surveyor can receive instructions from Earth at a maximum rate of 12.5 commands per second.\r\n\r\nThe MGS carried a number of instruments on board:\r\n1) MOC (Mars Orbiter Camera) - This camera produced a daily wide-angle image of Mars similar to weather photographs of the Earth, and also took narrow-angle images. These two pictures are examples of what Mars looks like in late northern summer. Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) orbits around the red planet 12 times a day. Each orbit goes from pole to pole. Over the course of a single day, the wide angle cameras of the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) system take 24 pictures--12 red and 12 blue--that are assembled to create a daily global map.\r\n2) MOLA (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter) - This experiment measured the height of Martian surface features like mountains and depths of valleys.\r\n3) TES (Thermal Emission Spectrometer) - This instrument studied the atmosphere and mapped the mineral composition of the surface by analysing infrared radiation, which scanned for heat emitted from the surface of Mars.\r\n4) MAGNETOMETER (Electron Reflectometer) - The magnetometer studied the magnetic properties of Mars to gain insight into the interior of the planet and better understand the early history and evolution of Mars\r\n5) RADIO SCIENCE (Gravity Field Experiment)"
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 11018,
                    "uuid": "01c44fb05fbd6e428efbd57969a11177",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) Data Collection",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection contains basic gridded atmospheric and surface variables for the planet Mars over three Martian years (a martian year is 1.88 terrestrial years), as produced by data assimilation of spacecraft observations. Each file in the dataset spans 30 martian mean solar days (sols) during the science mapping phase of the National Aeronautics and Space Administrations's (NASA) Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) spacecraft, between May 1999 and August 2004. The dataset collection was produced by the re-analysis of Thermal Emission Spectrometer (TES) retrievals of nadir thermal profiles and total dust opacities, using the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) scheme in a Mars global circulation model (MGCM). The MGCM used the UK spectral version of the model developed by the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) in Paris, France. MACDA was a collaboration between the University of Oxford and The Open University in the UK."
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            "ob_id": 11611,
            "uuid": "14e5db2c47db4511954a75175de821ed",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Mars Global Surveyor (MGS)",
            "abstract": "Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) was the first successful U.S. mission launched to Mars since the Viking mission in 1976. After a 20-year absence at the planet, Mars Global Surveyor ushered in a new era of Mars exploration with its five science investigations. Mars Global Surveyor arrived at Mars on September 11, 1997 (September 12, UTC), and has contributed a multitude of findings, including signs of past, persistent water such as an ancient delta and currently active water features in the gullies of canyon walls. After nearly a decade of discovery, MGS went silent 2nd November, 2006. \r\nMars Global Surveyor was a well-designed space craft that successfully operated since launch on November 7, 1996 until a battery failure in 2nd November, 2006. To enable the spacecraft to last nearly a decade, the Mars Global Surveyor team worked creatively to conserve fuel and invigorate the ageing spacecraft.\r\n\r\nThe spacecraft, fabricated at the Lockheed Martin Space Systems plant in Denver, Colorado, looks like a rectangular-shaped box with wing-like projections extending from opposite sides. The body (or bus) houses the computers, radio system, solid-state data recorders, fuel tanks, and other equipment. Attached to the outside of the bus are several rocket thrusters, which were fired to adjust the spacecraft's path during cruise to Mars and to modify the spacecraft orbit around the planet.\r\n\r\nFully loaded with propellant at the time of launch the vehicle weighed 1,060-kilograms (2,342 pounds). The spacecraft is about 3 meters (10 feet) tall with its braking engine and instruments. The bus or main body of the spacecraft measures 1.2 by 1.2 meters (4 by 4 feet) and is 12 meters (40 feet) across from tip to tip when the solar panels are fully unfolded. The high-gain antenna is deployed on a 2-meter-long (6-1/2-foot) boom.\r\n\r\nTo minimize costs, spare units left over from the Mars Observer mission were used in portions of the spacecraft's electronics and for some of the science instruments. The spacecraft design also incorporated new hardware - the radio transmitters, solid-state recorders, propulsion system, and composite material bus structure-and retains many backup and redundant features of the original Mars Observer design in case of failure of critical elements such as the primary processors, recorders or transmitters.\r\n\r\nThe solar arrays, which always point toward the Sun (when the spacecraft isn't behind the planet), provided 980 watts of electricity for operating the electronic equipment and for charging nickel hydrogen batteries. The batteries provided electricity when the spacecraft is mapping the dark side of Mars. To maintain appropriate operating temperatures, most of the outer exposed parts of the spacecraft, including the science instruments, are wrapped in thermal blankets.\r\n\r\nSpacecraft communications with Earth utilized X-band frequencies for radio tracking, return of science and engineering telemetry, commanding, and the radio science experiments. Primary communications to and from the spacecraft occur through the 1.5-meter-diameter (4.9-foot) high-gain antenna. Mars Global Surveyor can receive instructions from Earth at a maximum rate of 12.5 commands per second.\r\n\r\nThe MGS carried a number of instruments on board:\r\n1) MOC (Mars Orbiter Camera) - This camera produced a daily wide-angle image of Mars similar to weather photographs of the Earth, and also took narrow-angle images. These two pictures are examples of what Mars looks like in late northern summer. Mars Global Surveyor (MGS) orbits around the red planet 12 times a day. Each orbit goes from pole to pole. Over the course of a single day, the wide angle cameras of the Mars Orbiter Camera (MOC) system take 24 pictures--12 red and 12 blue--that are assembled to create a daily global map.\r\n2) MOLA (Mars Orbiter Laser Altimeter) - This experiment measured the height of Martian surface features like mountains and depths of valleys.\r\n3) TES (Thermal Emission Spectrometer) - This instrument studied the atmosphere and mapped the mineral composition of the surface by analysing infrared radiation, which scanned for heat emitted from the surface of Mars.\r\n4) MAGNETOMETER (Electron Reflectometer) - The magnetometer studied the magnetic properties of Mars to gain insight into the interior of the planet and better understand the early history and evolution of Mars\r\n5) RADIO SCIENCE (Gravity Field Experiment)",
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            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
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                    "ob_id": 11610,
                    "uuid": "bdd646b9a7d440a5a61284c92029178d",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA)",
                    "abstract": "The aim of the MACDA project was to produce an assimilated, consistent dataset from the observations made by the MGS/TES instrument. The project was undertaken at Oxford University, UK. On Earth, data assimilation is used in routine operational weather forecasting, primarily to produce accurate initial conditions for the forecasts. A similar technique has been applied to another planet in the Solar System: Mars. This was the goal of the Mars Analysis Correction Data Assimilation (MACDA) project. Observations of atmospheric temperature and dust opacity from the Thermal Emission Spectrometer on board NASA's Mars Global Surveyor spacecraft have been assimilated for three complete Martian years into the UK Mars Global Circulation Model. This four-dimensional 'reanalysis' allows us to study the evolution of the atmospheric state on a model grid while remaining consistent with the observations, the model, and our physical understanding. It also allows us to access variables that cannot be directly observed, such as winds and surface pressure, as the model balances the unobserved variables against the observed variables as the assimilation progresses."
                }
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            "ob_id": 11676,
            "uuid": "c56a9156c7d04334ac7f852aa094e432",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Met Office forecasting system",
            "abstract": "The UK Met Office are responsible for producing forecasts for the UK community and undertake this through a variety of activities/",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [],
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            "ob_id": 11686,
            "uuid": "cc0a4a51d7234d3c88efbc03919beab2",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS)",
            "abstract": "The National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) is a world leader in atmospheric science, undertaking research programmes on:\r\n* The science of climate change, including modelling and predictions\r\n* Atmospheric composition, including air quality\r\n* Weather, including hazardous weather\r\n* Technologies for observing and modelling the atmosphere \r\n\r\nAdditionally, NCAS provides scientific facilities for researchers across the UK to enable excellent atmospheric science on a national scale. These include a world-leading research aircraft, ground based observatories at Weybourne, Norfolk, UK and Cape Verde in the tropical Eastern North Atlantic Ocean, a ground-based instrumentation pool, access to computer models and facilities for storing and accessing data. In a nutshell, NCAS provides the UK academic community and the Natural Environment Research Council with national capability in atmospheric science.\r\n\r\nThe Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is the parent organisation on NCAS",
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                "short_code": "proj",
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                    "abstract": "The ClearfLo (Clean Air for London) Project is a collaborative scientific project involving several academic institutions in the UK, to set up air pollution monitoring sites alongside meteorological measurements to investigate boundary layer pollution across London.\r\n\r\nThe ambition of ClearfLo is to provide long-term integrated measurements of the meteorology, composition and particulate loading of London’s urban atmosphere, made at street level and at elevated sites, complemented by modelling to improve predictive capability for air quality.\r\n\r\nClearfLo is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for three years from Jan 2010, and is coordinated by the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS)."
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                    "abstract": "The National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS) Obervations division is responsible for the provision and support of scientific observational facilities for researchers across the UK to enable excellent atmospheric science on a national scale. These include a world-leading research aircraft, ground based observatories at Weybourne, Norfolk, UK, Chilbolton, Aberystwyth and Cape Verde in the tropical Eastern North Atlantic Ocean, and a ground-based instrumentation pool available for use in field campaigns. The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is the parent organisation of NCAS. To access the data from NCAS Observations select the appropriate dataset collection."
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            "abstract": "The Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET+) represents the Dynamic Earth and Geohazards research group within the National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO)'s Theme 6 during NCEO phase 1. NCEO phase 1 was is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). NCEO phase 2 no longer has the theme 6 within its remit, though COMT+ continues within NERC.\r\n\r\nCOMET+ involves scientists from the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, University of Leeds, University of Bristol, University oSf Glasgow, University of Reading, and University College London. We aim to combine satellite observations of Earth's surface movements, topography and gas release with terrestrial observations and modelling to advance understanding of the earthquake cycle, continental deformation and volcanic eruptions, and to quantify seismic and volcanic hazards.",
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            "abstract": "Continuous GPS measurements since 2002 have been made at a number of stations across the Aegean to monitor tectonic movement across the Eastern Mediterranean by the UK's Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET). ",
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                "abstract": "The Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET+) represents the Dynamic Earth and Geohazards research group within the National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO)'s Theme 6 during NCEO phase 1. NCEO phase 1 was is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC). NCEO phase 2 no longer has the theme 6 within its remit, though COMT+ continues within NERC.\r\n\r\nCOMET+ involves scientists from the University of Oxford, University of Cambridge, University of Leeds, University of Bristol, University oSf Glasgow, University of Reading, and University College London. We aim to combine satellite observations of Earth's surface movements, topography and gas release with terrestrial observations and modelling to advance understanding of the earthquake cycle, continental deformation and volcanic eruptions, and to quantify seismic and volcanic hazards."
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                    "title": "COMET: Continuous GPS measurements from the Aegean from 2002 to 2008",
                    "abstract": "Continuous GPS measurements between 2002 and 2008 were made at a number of stations across the Aegean to monitor tectonic movement across the Eastern Mediterranean by the UK's Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET). \r\n\r\nThese data are made available in the RINEX (Receiver-INdependent data EXchange) format, version 2.10 or more recent, with Hatanaka compaction and UNIX compression applied. These data are available to all registered users under the UK Government Open Data licence. This was part of an ongoing collection published in yearly datasets."
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            "title": "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Arctic Research Programme (ARP)",
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                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Methane and other greenhouse gases in the Arctic - Measurements, process studies and Modelling (MAMM) as part of the NERC Arctic Research Programme (ARP).",
                    "abstract": "The Methane and other greenhouse gases in the Artic - Measurements, process studies and Modelling (MAMM) project was a consortium as part of the NERC Artic Research Programme. This consortium brought a range of expertise, from measurements of methane and its isotopes, and other greenhouse gases, through flux measurements to numerical analysis and modelling. \r\n\r\nThe project was led by the University of Cambridge, and in association with the University of Manchester, University of East Anglia, Royal Holloway, University of London, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and UK and International partners (Met Office, NILU, NOAA, etc).\r\n\r\nMAMM was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for three and a half years from October 2011 (NERC Reference: NE/I0291161/1).\r\n\r\nMAMM Data Providers may request access to the MAMM Project Space. All information is available under Docs below.\r\n\r\nThe Arctic is a major source of atmospheric methane and other greenhouse gases, with both natural and anthropogenic emissions. Arctic greenhouse gas sources have the potential to be important globally, changing radiative forcing and atmospheric oxidizing capacity. Moreover, both palaeorecords and present-day studies suggest some sources, such as wetlands and methane hydrates, may show strong positive feedbacks [Nisbet and Chappellaz, 2009], so that the warming feeds the warming. It is urgent that Arctic greenhouse gas sources should be quantified, by strength, geographic location, character (e.g. wetland, gasfield, clathrate), and by temporal variation (summer, winter, day, night), and their vulnerability to change assessed. We addressed these issues by an integrated program of measurement and modelling. Analysis of gas mixing ratios (concentrations), isotopic character, and source fluxes, were made both from the ground and aircraft. Both past and new measurements were modelled using a suite of techniques. Fluxes were implemented into the JULES land surface model. Atmospheric modelling, including trajectory and inverse modelling have improved understanding on the local/regional scale, placing the role of Arctic emissions in large scale global atmospheric change. "
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                    "title": "Aerosol Cloud Coupling and Climate Interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA)",
                    "abstract": "ACCACIA was a £3M NERC-funded consortium project in collaboration with the Universities of Manchester, York, and East Anglia, and the British Antarctic Survey, along with the Met Office and project partners in the US and Europe. ACCACIA aimed to improve our understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions in the Arctic, and the potential changes and feedbacks that may result from decreasing Arctic sea ice cover in the future. In situ measurements have been made during two field campaigns utilising ship-based measurements of surface aerosol sources and airborne measurements of aerosol and cloud microphysical properties, boundary layer dynamics, and radiative forcing. The observations have been complemented by modelling studies on a range of scales: from explicit aerosol and cloud microphysics process modelling, through large eddy simulation and mesoscale models, up to global climate models."
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                    "ob_id": 11971,
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                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Arctic Predictability and Prediction On Seasonal-to-Interannual Time-scales (APPOSITE) as part of the NERC Arctic Research Programme (ARP)",
                    "abstract": "APPOSITE is a 3-year NERC Arctic research project that aims to address fundamental questions about the extent to which the climate and state of the Arctic system is predictable on seasonal to inter-annual timescales, and about the physical processes that govern this predictability. Model data output from this project are archived at the BADC.\r\n\r\nAPPOSITE is funded until March 2016.\r\n\r\nGrant ref: NE/I029137/1"
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                    "abstract": "The Methane and other greenhouse gases in the Artic - Measurements, process studies and Modelling (MAMM) project was a consortium as part of the NERC Artic Research Programme. This project used a range of expertise, from measurements of methane and its isotopes, and other greenhouse gases, through flux measurements to numerical analysis and modelling. Analysis of gas mixing ratios (concentrations), isotopic character, and source fluxes,  both from the ground and aircraft. Both past and new measurements were modelled using a suite of techniques. Fluxes were implemented into the JULES land surface model. Atmospheric modelling, including trajectory and inverse modelling will improve understanding on the local/regional scale, placing the role of Arctic emissions in large scale global atmospheric change. \r\n\r\nThe project was led by the University of Cambridge, and in association with the University of Manchester, University of East Anglia, Royal Holloway, University of London, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and UK and International partners (Met Office, NILU, NOAA, etc)."
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                    "title": "Collection of Multi-model Data from the Arctic Predictability and Prediction On Seasonal-to-Interannual Time-scales (APPOSITE) Project",
                    "abstract": "How feasible is it to predict Arctic climate at seasonal-to-interannual timescales? As part of the APPOSITE project a multi-model ensemble prediction experiment was conducted in order to answer this question.\r\n\r\nThe main goal of APPOSITE was to quantify the timescales on which Arctic climate is predictable. In order to achieve this, a coordinated set of idealised initial condition predictability experiments with seven general circulation models was conducted. This was the first intercomparison project designed to quantify the predictability of Arctic climate on seasonal to interannual timescales.\r\n\r\nSeveral different coupled climate models performed simulations for APPOSITE (see Doc below for Details of simulations submitted to the APPOSITE database). Six of these models followed the same experimental protocol (see Doc below for Control Simulations details and for Ensemble Predictions). One model, CanCM4 followed a slightly different protocol.\r\n\r\nThe Model data output from the APPOSITE project are now archived at CEDA. The collection of model outputs (control and prediction) include data from:\r\n\r\n- Canadian Centre for Climate Modelling and Analysis (CanCM4)\r\n- ECHAM6-FESOM (E6F), run and developed by the Alfred Wegener Institute.\r\n- EC-Earth consortium (ec-earth_v2_3)  \r\n- Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (gfdlcm3)  \r\n- Met Office (hadgem1-2)  \r\n- Model for Interdisciplinary Research on Climate (MIROC5-2)  \r\n- Max-Planck-Institut for Meteorologie (mpiesm)\r\n\r\nAlthough designed to address Arctic predictability, this data set could also be used to assess the predictability of other regions and modes of climate variability on these timescales, such as the El Nino Southern Oscillation.\r\n\r\nA paper describing the simulations for APPOSITE is in preparation to be submitted to the Geoscientific Model Development Journal.\r\n\r\nNote: These data do not correspond to a particular time period since the studies are all conducted in the model world. They are not predictions or attempts to simulate a particular period of time. So the dates in the files are completely arbitrary. "
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            "title": "UKCIP02: UK Climate Impact Programme 2002",
            "abstract": "The UK Climate Impacts Programme 2002 (UKCIP02) are a set of climate projections derived from a series of climate modelling experiments commissioned and funded by Department for Environment, Food and\r\nRural Affairs (DEFRA), performed by the Hadley Centre and analysed by the Tyndall Centre. \r\n\r\nThe UKCIP02 data are comprised of four scenarios of future climate change for the UK based on the understanding of the science of climate change in 2002. The climate change scenarios provide a common starting point for assessing climate change vulnerability, impacts and adaptation in the UK. \r\n\r\nThe UKCIP02 scenarios represent an advance in the description of future UK climates compared to the scenarios published for UKCIP in 1998. This is because they are based on new global emissions scenarios published in 2000 by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in their Special Report on Emissions Scenarios, and because they are based on a series of climate modelling experiments completed by the Hadley Centre using their most recently developed models. The scenarios describe four alternative future climates for the UK labelled, respectively, Low Emissions, Medium-Low Emissions, Medium-High Emissions and High Emissions. The scenarios are designed to be used in conjunction with other UKCIP reports and products. \r\n\r\nNo probabilities can be attached to these four climate futures – in line with the IPCC, UKCIP02 do not suggest that one is more likely than another. While they represent a wide range of possible future climates, the UKCIP02 scenarios do not capture the entire range of future possibilities.",
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                "title": "UK Climate Projections (UKCP)",
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                    "abstract": "The UK Climate Impacts Programme 2002 (UKCIP02) comprises a set of four scenarios of future climate change produced for assessing climate change vulnerability, impacts and adaptation in the UK based on the understanding of the science of climate change in 2002.  \r\n\r\nData are provided at two resolutions 50km and 5km. The 5km resolution data are provided in both a gridded and time-series format. The four alternative future climates for the UK are labelled respectively, Low Emissions, Medium-Low Emissions, Medium-High  Emissions and High Emissions. No probabilities can be attached to these four climate futures – in line with the IPCC, UKCIP02 do not suggest that one is more likely than another. While they represent a wide range of possible future climates, the UKCIP02 scenarios do not capture the entire range of future possibilities. The scenarios are designed to be used in conjunction with other UKCIP reports and products."
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            "title": "Met Office Cyclone database Project",
            "abstract": "Accurate prediction of severe weather events is a key Met Office goal. As cyclonic systems are responsible for the vast majority of these events, accurate cyclone prediction is also high priority. Although huge strides have been made in numerical weather prediction (NWP) in recent years, cyclonic systems continue to pose problems for numerical models.\r\nThree ‘exceptional’ depressions in the Christmas periods of 1997 and 1999, and another in early December 1999 were all poorly forecast by most of the world’s operational models, indicating that there is plenty of scope for improvement. The rationale for constructing a cyclone database (previously called the ‘Frontal Wave Database’) is described in\r\ndetail in Hewson (1998b). The main motivation was the identification and representation of systematic model biases in new formats which, from most practical perspectives, represent a notable improvement on more traditional r.m.s. error based statistics. Several other possible uses have arisen in the intervening period as covered in the project report linked from this record.\r\nEvidently improved knowledge of cyclone forecast characteristics will be valuable not only to the NWP community, but also to forecasting, in part because operational practice now involves using ‘Field Modification’ software to prepare forecast charts (Carroll, 1997), which can be used to correct for known biases.\r\nThe purpose of this report is to describe changes to the project since Hewson (1998b) (section 1.1), to outline the processing stages used to update the database (section 1.2), to describe database structure and list the current set of stored diagnostics (section 2), to pinpoint major problems encountered during the project (section 3), and indeed overall\r\nto provide sufficient information for interested parties to comprehend what the database includes and how it can be utilised. Figures from a limited initial analysis of the data are presented in section 4 of the project report.",
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                    "abstract": "Data from the Met Office's Cyclone Database, consisting of flat files from the database covering 2000-2005 with associated charts. The database holds lists of cyclones, their types and structural information about each cyclone and associated features as derived from analysis of the UK Met Office Unified Model.\r\n\r\nAccurate prediction of severe weather events is a key Met Office goal. As cyclonic systems are responsible for the vast majority of these events, accurate cyclone prediction is also high priority. Although huge strides have been made in numerical weather prediction (NWP) in recent years, cyclonic systems continue to pose problems for numerical models.\r\n\r\nThree \"exceptional\" depressions in the Christmas periods of 1997 and 1999, and another in early December 1999 were all poorly forecast by most of the world's operational models, indicating that there is plenty of scope for improvement. The rationale for constructing a cyclone database (previously called the \"Frontal Wave Database\") is described in detail in Hewson (1998b). The main motivation was the identification and representation of systematic model biases in new formats which, from most practical perspectives, represent a notable improvement on more traditional r.m.s. error based statistics. Evidently improved knowledge of cyclone forecast characteristics will be valuable not only to the NWP community, but also to forecasting, in part because operational practice now involves using \"Field Modification\" software to prepare forecast charts (Carroll, 1997), which can be used to correct for known biases."
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            "title": "Chemistry-Climate Model Validation Activity (CCMVal)",
            "abstract": "SPARC has established the Chemistry-Climate Model Validation Activity (CCMVal) for coupled chemistry-climate models (CCMs). The goal of CCMVal was to improve understanding of Chemistry-Climate Models (CCMs) and their underlying GCMs (General Circulation Models) through process-oriented evaluation, along with discussion and coordinated analysis of science results.\r\n\r\nThis project was coordinated by SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) as a core project of the World Climate Research Programme.",
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            "title": "Arctic Predictability and Prediction On Seasonal-to-Interannual Time-scales (APPOSITE) as part of the NERC Arctic Research Programme (ARP)",
            "abstract": "APPOSITE is a 3-year NERC Arctic research project that aims to address fundamental questions about the extent to which the climate and state of the Arctic system is predictable on seasonal to inter-annual timescales, and about the physical processes that govern this predictability. Model data output from this project are archived at the BADC.\r\n\r\nAPPOSITE is funded until March 2016.\r\n\r\nGrant ref: NE/I029137/1",
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            "title": "Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) Field Campaign",
            "abstract": "The Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) ran a 3 month long field campaign during June, July and August 2005 in southern England during which period a dense network of instruments were deployed over a large area centred on the Chilbolton Facility for Atmospheric and Radar Research (CFARR) in Hampshire, England. During this field campaign a number of \"Intense Observational Periods\" were undertaken on days of notable convective activity in order to utilise the available suite of deployed ground and airborne atmospheric instrumentation to study the meteorogical conditions during the development and subsequent life of active convective cells. This field campaign followed on from an earlier pilot field campaign in June 2004.",
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                "abstract": "The Convective Storm Initiation Project (CSIP) aimed to further the understanding of the mechanisms responsible for the initiation of precipitating convection in the maritime environment of southern England; i.e. to understand why convective clouds form and develop into precipitating clouds in a particular location. The project was centred on the 3 GHz (CAMRa) and 1275 clear-air (ACROBAT) radars at Chilbolton and used a number of the new UK Universities' Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM) mobile instruments. The project consisted of a pilot field campaign in July 2004 and the main field campaign in June, July and August 2005."
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                    "title": "WCRP CMIP5: Nonhydrostatic Icosahedral Atmospheric Model (NI CAM) Group contribution",
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                    "abstract": "WCRP CMIP5 contribution project by the the LASG-CESS Team. The the LASG-CESS Team consisted of the following agencies: Institute of Atmospheric Physics (LASG) and Centre for Earth System Science (CESS)."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "QUEST Theme 1 - QUEST Atmospheric Aerosols and Chemistry (QUAAC)",
            "abstract": "QUAAC was led by Prof John Pyle (University of Cambridge), with 11 co-investigators at the Universities of Sheffield, Leeds, York, Lancaster and Manchester, and from CEH.\r\n\r\nCoupling between the chemistry/climate system and land surface processes are important controls on the atmosphere, but chemical schemes have only recently and simplistically been introduced into numerical models. QUAAC studied the role of surface processes on atmospheric oxidizing capacity and aerosol loading, building on an existing Met Office/NERC initiative to develop a new community model, UKCA, to study the interaction between climate and atmospheric composition.\r\n\r\nNew chemistry and aerosol schemes were developed for inclusion in the model. Schemes were also developed to describe (interactively wherever possible) surface emissions of reactive trace gases and deposition processes.",
            "publicationState": "published",
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                "title": "Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST)",
                "abstract": "The Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme assimilated scientists' knowledge of the Earth as an integrated system. Its aim was to substantially improve predictions of global environmental change.\r\n\r\nHuman activities are altering the atmosphere and oceans, transforming ecosystems, and changing the climate over and above natural variation. To predict how the complex interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth System will respond to our growing influence, they need to be considered together.\r\n\r\nThe programme had three main themes:\r\n\r\n-The contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-The natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales.\r\n-The implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources.\r\n\r\nQUEST helped to accelerate development of the next generation of environmental-change models, and provided a focal point for UK work, forging collaborations and synergies between worldwide experts in Earth System research and modelling."
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                    "abstract": "QUAAC was led by Prof John Pyle (University of Cambridge), with 11 co-investigators at the Universities of Sheffield, Leeds, York, Lancaster and Manchester, and from CEH.\r\n\r\nThe dataset collection includes results of the development and testing of chemistry and aerosol schemes to include in a climate model, a range of schemes to describe (interactively wherever possible) surface emissions of reactive trace gases, and new surface deposition schemes.\r\n\r\nCoupling between the chemistry/climate system and land surface processes are important controls on the atmosphere, but chemical schemes have only recently and simplistically been introduced into numerical models. QUAAC studied the role of surface processes on atmospheric oxidizing capacity and aerosol loading, building on an existing Met Office/NERC initiative to develop a new community model, UKCA, to study the interaction between climate and atmospheric composition.\r\n\r\nNew chemistry and aerosol schemes were developed for inclusion in the model. Schemes were also developed to describe (interactively wherever possible) surface emissions of reactive trace gases and deposition processes.\r\n"
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            "title": "FREE - Modelling groundwater flood risk in the Chalk aquifer from future extreme rainfall events",
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                "title": "Flood Risk for Extreme Events (FREE) NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "Flood Risk from Extreme Events (FREE) is research to predict floods minutes to weeks and seasons to decades ahead.\r\nThe programme uses environmental science to investigate the physical processes involved in generating extreme events, so they can be better forecasted.\r\nThe FREE programme will research what causes and propagates floods, so helping to forecast and quantify flood risk, and inform our society about the likely effects of climate change. The FREE programme started in 2005 and ended in 2010. There have been three rounds of awards, through which 13 projects have been funded."
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            "title": "Forecasting Rainfall exploiting new data Assimilation techniques and Novel observations of Convection (FRANC) Project",
            "abstract": "Brief periods of intense rainfall can lead to flash flooding with the potential to cause millions of pounds of damage to property, and to threaten lives. Accurate flood warnings even just a few hours ahead can allow preparations to be made to minimize damage. In order to improve the prediction of these events, more accurate forecasts of heavy rainfall are needed, which can then be used to inform flood prediction and warning systems. The UK Met Office is developing a new numerical weather prediction system with the goal of improving severe weather forecasts. This is a computer model that solves mathematical equations representing atmospheric motions and other physical processes such as cloud formation, with a horizontal grid spacing of 1.5km. This allows a more accurate representation of fine-scale features and explicit representation of storms, but the results are still dependent on the accuracy of the starting conditions or initial data describing the current state of atmospheric variables such as winds, pressure, temperature and humidity. Initial conditions are usually estimated using a sophisticated mathematical technique known as data assimilation that blends observations with model information, taking account of the uncertainties in the data. In this project, we propose fundamental research to reduce initial condition errors. The work will be carried out in a partnership between the Universities of Reading, Surrey and the Met Office. We plan to investigate ways of extracting the maximum information from weather radar observations of precipitation and moisture in the lower parts of the atmosphere. Although rainfall is usually well observed by weather radar, severe precipitation can cause the radar beam to lose energy, and thus the weaker returned signal may be misinterpreted, giving a lower rain-rate than in reality. We will develop algorithms to correct for this and other problems caused by severe rainfall. Recently, we have also developed techniques to infer humidity information about the lower atmosphere, and we plan to optimize the method and investigate the observation error characteristics, to prepare for this data to be assimilated by the Met Office. One of our goals is to use observations to provide information on the small scales without degrading the large scale weather patterns, which are themselves likely to be accurate. However, currently much of the small scale observational information is being lost by ignoring correlations between observation errors. We will develop a generic approach for treating observation correlations for a range of observation types. We will investigate mathematical methods that both capture the maximum amount of information contained in the observations, while still being practical for operational computations, which have to take place within a limited time frame. Another goal is to develop innovative ways of treating moist processes that are largely absent from present-day assimilation systems. We plan to design and test efficient and effective ways of assimilating moisture information that respect the intricate dynamical and physical relationships that operate in the atmosphere. If successful, such new approaches will allow better use of cloud and rain affected observations than at present. Predicting convective rain is made harder by the fact that some events are inherently unpredictable, even with good data assimilation and models, due to their high sensitivity to even small errors in the initial conditions. Further studies will be made to look at the dynamical reasons for the low predictability of such events using diagnostics derived from models and observations.\r\n\r\nFor further details of the FRANC project please also see Dance et al. (2019) article in the online resources linked to from this record: Improvements in Forecasting Intense Rainfall: Results from the FRANC (Forecasting Rainfall Exploiting New Data Assimilation Techniques and Novel Observations of Convection) Project.\r\n\r\nGrant ref: NE/K008900/1",
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                "title": "Flooding From Intense Rainfall (FFIR)",
                "abstract": "The Natural Environment Research Council's programme Flooding from Intense Rainfall (FFIR) was a £5.2 million NERC-led five-year programme with the objective of reducing the risks of damage and loss of life by surface water and flash floods through improved identification, characterisation and prediction of interacting meteorological, hydrological and hydro-morphological processes that contribute to flooding associated with high intensity rainfall events.\r\n\r\nThe programme was a collaboration between the NERC, the Met Office and the Environment Agency."
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                    "title": "Forecasting Rainfall exploiting new data Assimilation techniques and Novel observations of Convection (FRANC): rain radar helical scan data, assimilation versus model residuals and ensemble member model output.",
                    "abstract": "The Forecasting Rainfall exploiting new data Assimilation techniques and Novel observations of Convection (FRANC) project undertook a series of studies to design and test efficient and effective ways of assimilating moisture information from observations that respect the intricate dynamical and physical relationships that operate in the atmosphere. The aim of this work was, if successful, that such new approaches would allow better use of cloud and rain affected observations than previously. Predicting convective rain is made harder by the fact that some events are inherently unpredictable, even with good data assimilation and models, due to their high sensitivity to even small errors in the initial conditions. Studies were also made to look at the dynamical reasons for the low predictability of such events using diagnostics derived from models and observations. To these ends this collection contains data from two of the studies within this project plus helical scan data from the Met Office's Wardon Hill radar utilised by the project team.\r\n\r\nThe two datasets from the project team cover ensemble member output from runs of the Met Office's Unified Model conducted to support the project and Doppler radar radial wind observations and associated observation-minus-model residuals from the Met Office UKV 3D Var assimilation scheme. Please see the individual datasets for additional information.\r\n\r\nFor further details of the FRANC project please also see Dance et al. (2019) article in the online resources linked to from this record: Improvements in Forecasting Intense Rainfall: Results from the FRANC (Forecasting Rainfall Exploiting New Data Assimilation Techniques and Novel Observations of Convection) Project."
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            "title": "FREE - Identification of changing precipitation extremes and attribution to atmospheric, oceanic and climatic changes",
            "abstract": "The Identification of changing precipitation extremes and attribution to atmospheric, oceanic and climatic changes Project is a NERC Flood Risk for Extreme Events (FREE) Research Programme project (Round 1 - NE/E002412/1 - Duration February 2007 - January 2009) led by Dr Tim Osborn, University of East Anglia (UEA).",
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                "title": "Flood Risk for Extreme Events (FREE) NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "Flood Risk from Extreme Events (FREE) is research to predict floods minutes to weeks and seasons to decades ahead.\r\nThe programme uses environmental science to investigate the physical processes involved in generating extreme events, so they can be better forecasted.\r\nThe FREE programme will research what causes and propagates floods, so helping to forecast and quantify flood risk, and inform our society about the likely effects of climate change. The FREE programme started in 2005 and ended in 2010. There have been three rounds of awards, through which 13 projects have been funded."
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            "title": "FREE - FRACAS: a next generation national Flood Risk Assessment under climate ChAnge Scenarios Project",
            "abstract": "The FRACAS: a next generation national Flood Risk Assessment under climate ChAnge Scenarios Project is a NERC Flood Risk for Extreme Events (FREE) Research Programme project (Round 1 - NE/E002420/1 - Duration January 2007 - March 2011) led by Mr Nick Reynard of the NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH). The data and metadata from this project will be stored at NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH).",
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                "abstract": "Flood Risk from Extreme Events (FREE) is research to predict floods minutes to weeks and seasons to decades ahead.\r\nThe programme uses environmental science to investigate the physical processes involved in generating extreme events, so they can be better forecasted.\r\nThe FREE programme will research what causes and propagates floods, so helping to forecast and quantify flood risk, and inform our society about the likely effects of climate change. The FREE programme started in 2005 and ended in 2010. There have been three rounds of awards, through which 13 projects have been funded."
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            "title": "FREE - Ensemble Prediction of Innundation Risk and Uncertainty arising from Scour (EPIRUS)",
            "abstract": "The Ensemble Prediction of Innundation Risk and Uncertainty arising from Scour (EPIRUS) Project is a NERC Flood Risk for Extreme Events (FREE) Research Programme project (Round 1 - NE/E002129/1 - Duration January 2007 - January 2011) led by Dr Qingping Zou, University of Plymouth. The data and metadata from this project will be stored at the British Oceanographic Data Centre.",
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                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Flood Risk for Extreme Events (FREE) NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "Flood Risk from Extreme Events (FREE) is research to predict floods minutes to weeks and seasons to decades ahead.\r\nThe programme uses environmental science to investigate the physical processes involved in generating extreme events, so they can be better forecasted.\r\nThe FREE programme will research what causes and propagates floods, so helping to forecast and quantify flood risk, and inform our society about the likely effects of climate change. The FREE programme started in 2005 and ended in 2010. There have been three rounds of awards, through which 13 projects have been funded."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Methane and other greenhouse gases in the Arctic - Measurements, process studies and Modelling (MAMM) as part of the NERC Arctic Research Programme (ARP).",
            "abstract": "The Methane and other greenhouse gases in the Artic - Measurements, process studies and Modelling (MAMM) project was a consortium as part of the NERC Artic Research Programme. This consortium brought a range of expertise, from measurements of methane and its isotopes, and other greenhouse gases, through flux measurements to numerical analysis and modelling. \r\n\r\nThe project was led by the University of Cambridge, and in association with the University of Manchester, University of East Anglia, Royal Holloway, University of London, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and UK and International partners (Met Office, NILU, NOAA, etc).\r\n\r\nMAMM was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for three and a half years from October 2011 (NERC Reference: NE/I0291161/1).\r\n\r\nMAMM Data Providers may request access to the MAMM Project Space. All information is available under Docs below.\r\n\r\nThe Arctic is a major source of atmospheric methane and other greenhouse gases, with both natural and anthropogenic emissions. Arctic greenhouse gas sources have the potential to be important globally, changing radiative forcing and atmospheric oxidizing capacity. Moreover, both palaeorecords and present-day studies suggest some sources, such as wetlands and methane hydrates, may show strong positive feedbacks [Nisbet and Chappellaz, 2009], so that the warming feeds the warming. It is urgent that Arctic greenhouse gas sources should be quantified, by strength, geographic location, character (e.g. wetland, gasfield, clathrate), and by temporal variation (summer, winter, day, night), and their vulnerability to change assessed. We addressed these issues by an integrated program of measurement and modelling. Analysis of gas mixing ratios (concentrations), isotopic character, and source fluxes, were made both from the ground and aircraft. Both past and new measurements were modelled using a suite of techniques. Fluxes were implemented into the JULES land surface model. Atmospheric modelling, including trajectory and inverse modelling have improved understanding on the local/regional scale, placing the role of Arctic emissions in large scale global atmospheric change. ",
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                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Arctic Research Programme (ARP)",
                "abstract": "The NERC Arctic Research Programme (or ARP) was launched in 2010 to address specific topics of scientific uncertainty in the Arctic region and is co-ordinated and managed at NERC’s British Antarctic Survey. The £15m research effort is working over a five-year period to address key questions about what is behind the environmental changes occurring in the Arctic and how they can impact on levels of greenhouse gas and influence extreme weather events in the future."
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                    "abstract": "The Methane and other greenhouse gases in the Artic - Measurements, process studies and Modelling (MAMM) project was a consortium as part of the NERC Artic Research Programme. This project used a range of expertise, from measurements of methane and its isotopes, and other greenhouse gases, through flux measurements to numerical analysis and modelling. Analysis of gas mixing ratios (concentrations), isotopic character, and source fluxes,  both from the ground and aircraft. Both past and new measurements were modelled using a suite of techniques. Fluxes were implemented into the JULES land surface model. Atmospheric modelling, including trajectory and inverse modelling will improve understanding on the local/regional scale, placing the role of Arctic emissions in large scale global atmospheric change. \r\n\r\nThe project was led by the University of Cambridge, and in association with the University of Manchester, University of East Anglia, Royal Holloway, University of London, Centre for Ecology and Hydrology and UK and International partners (Met Office, NILU, NOAA, etc)."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Aerosol-Cloud Interactions - A Directed Programme to Reduce Uncertainty in Forcing through a Targeted Laboratory and Modelling Programme (ACID-PRUF)",
            "abstract": "ACID-PRUF was a three year NERC directed programme that investigated the complex interaction of aerosols and clouds. The overall aims of ACID-PRUF were to reduce the uncertainty in the radiative forcing associated with the aerosol indirect effects though a targeted laboratory and modelling programme. \r\nA programme of research is proposed here to \r\ni) directly investigate these processes in the laboratory, \r\nii) evaluate the sensitivity of climate relevant parameters to the studied processes, \r\niii) interpret the laboratory studies with detailed model investigations and \r\niv) to incorporate and test new descriptions of the studied processes in cloud-scale and, where possible, global scale models. \r\n\r\nThis research programme was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council. The Lead Grant Reference number for this project is NE/I020121/1.",
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                "title": "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)",
                "abstract": "The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is the UK's main agency for funding and managing research, training and knowledge transfer in the environmental sciences."
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                    "abstract": "ACID-PRUF was a three year NERC directed programme that investigated the complex interaction of aerosols and clouds. The overall aims of ACID-PRUF were to reduce the uncertainty in the radiative forcing associated with the aerosol indirect effects though a targeted laboratory and modelling programme. \r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains measurements of freezing fraction of water solution droplets-solute and suspended matter during the immersion freezing of pollen extracts (birch pollen, Betula fontinalis occidentalis, Sigma-Aldrich, P6895-1G), with a  new cold electrodynamic balance (CEDB). "
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            "title": "FREE - Local flood forecasting capability for fluvial and estuarine floods: Use of GridStix for constraining uncertainty in predictive models",
            "abstract": "The Local flood forecasting capability for fluvial and estuarine floods: Use of GridStix for constraining uncertainty in predictive models Project is a NERC Flood Risk for Extreme Events (FREE) Research Programme project (Round 1 - NE/E002439/1 - Duration October 2007 - October 2009) led by Prof Keith Beven, Lancaster University. The data and metadata from this project will be stored at the NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.",
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                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Flood Risk for Extreme Events (FREE) NERC Research Programme",
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "LADUNEX: Lagrangian Dust Source Inversion Experiment",
            "abstract": "LADUNEX  was a EUFAR funded project using the FAAM BAe-146 aircraft to measure and model the atmospheric transport of desert mineral  dust in the Sahara to provide dust emission estimates from a Lagrangian inversion method complementing the FENNEC campaign.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "EUFAR, FAAM, FENNEC",
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            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 6385,
                "uuid": "a0aebebc95412cadd236706b90419153",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "European Facility for Airborne Research in Environmental and Geo-sciences (EUFAR)",
                "abstract": "European Facility for Airborne Research in Environmental and Geo-sciences (EUFAR) is an Integrating Activity  of the European Commission since 2000. EUFAR brings together European institutions and companies involved in airborne research, a large range of instrumented aircraft and provides access to hyperspectral instruments. \r\nThe current EUFAR project covers a 4-year period (2014 – 2018) and is financed by the European Commission under its 7th Framework Programme (FP7) under grant agreement 312609. It is governed by a consortium of 24 European research organisations originating from 11 countries, including 12 research aircraft and instrument operators."
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                    "abstract": "CCMVal was a large international effort to improve understanding of Chemistry-Climate Models (CCMs) and their underlying GCMs (General Circulation Models) through process-oriented evaluation, along with discussion and coordinated analysis of science results. \r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains atmospheric chemical model feedback from research centres around the world.\r\n\r\nCCMVal was part of the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP), which mission is to facilitate analysis and prediction of Earth system variability and change for use in an increasing range of practical applications of direct relevance, benefit and value to society. \r\n\r\nThis project was coordinated by SPARC (Stratosphere-troposphere Processes And their Role in Climate) as a core project of the World Climate Research Programme.\r\n"
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            "title": "Fennec - The Saharan Climate System",
            "abstract": "Fennec -The Saharan Climate System was a NERC consortium project 2010-2012 lead by the University of Oxford and involving the Universities of Leeds,  Reading, Sussex and the Met Office.\r\n\r\nThe aim of Fennec was to quantify and model boundary layer and aerosol processes over the Saharan 'heat low' region, the greatest dust region during summer. This is the most ambitious project ever to observe the Saharan climate system and the role of dust aerosols, involving a unique surface and aircraft field campaign with the FAAM BAe-146.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "FENNEC, FAAM, airborne, atmospheric measurments",
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                    "abstract": "Fennec -The Saharan Climate System was a NERC consortium project 2010-2012 lead by the University of Oxford and involving the Universities of Leeds,  Reading, Sussex and the Met Office.\r\n\r\nThe aim of Fennec was to quantify and model boundary layer and aerosol processes over the Saharan 'heat low' region, the greatest dust region during summer. This is the most ambitious project ever to observe the Saharan climate system and the role of dust aerosols.  This collection includes surface measurements from eight automatic weather station (AWS) installed across the Sahara - four of which were installed in remote locations in the central desert where no previous meteorological observations had previously existed - and an aircraft field campaign with the FAAM BAe-146."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "QUEST Theme 1- Quantifying ecosystem roles in the carbon cycle (QUERCC)",
            "abstract": "The Principal Investigator in this project was Prof Ian Woodward from University of Sheffield, with 11 co-investigators at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), the Forestry Commission’s Forest Research, the Agriculture and the Environment Division at Rothamsted Research, and the Universities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Leeds, York, Oxford and Southampton.\r\n\r\nQUERCC addressed land surface processes over timescales from days to centuries, with particular emphasis on the carbon cycle. Some processes are already well represented and validated in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), while others that are known to impact on the carbon cycle are not. Independent carbon and vegetation data sets were compared against DVGMs to assess their current state, and further key modules were developed for nutrient cycling, which exerts a major feedback on carbon exchange, and for a greater resolution of plant processes. A global map of plant functional types that exert significant impacts on the carbon cycle was also developed.",
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                "uuid": "1c985a8ab9639f06c8e74c52d562a9c9",
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                "title": "Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST)",
                "abstract": "The Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme assimilated scientists' knowledge of the Earth as an integrated system. Its aim was to substantially improve predictions of global environmental change.\r\n\r\nHuman activities are altering the atmosphere and oceans, transforming ecosystems, and changing the climate over and above natural variation. To predict how the complex interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth System will respond to our growing influence, they need to be considered together.\r\n\r\nThe programme had three main themes:\r\n\r\n-The contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-The natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales.\r\n-The implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources.\r\n\r\nQUEST helped to accelerate development of the next generation of environmental-change models, and provided a focal point for UK work, forging collaborations and synergies between worldwide experts in Earth System research and modelling."
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                    "title": "QUERCC (Quantifying ecosystem roles in the carbon cycle): Soil model output data",
                    "abstract": "The Principal Investigator in this project was Prof Ian Woodward from University of Sheffield, with 11 co-investigators at the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), the Forestry Commission’s Forest Research, the Agriculture and the Environment Division at Rothamsted Research, and the Universities of Aberdeen, Edinburgh, Leeds, York, Oxford and Southampton.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains soil model output data.\r\n\r\nQUERCC addressed land surface processes over timescales from days to centuries, with particular emphasis on the carbon cycle. Some processes are already well represented and validated in Dynamic Global Vegetation Models (DGVMs), while others that are known to impact on the carbon cycle are not. Independent carbon and vegetation data sets were compared against DVGMs to assess their current state, and further key modules were developed for nutrient cycling, which exerts a major feedback on carbon exchange, and for a greater resolution of plant processes. A global map of plant functional types that exert significant impacts on the carbon cycle was also developed."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "QUEST Theme 1- Marine Biogeochemistry and Initiative in QUEST (MarQUEST)",
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            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "QUEST, MarQUEST, Marine, ocean, biogeochemistry, model",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
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                "uuid": "1c985a8ab9639f06c8e74c52d562a9c9",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST)",
                "abstract": "The Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme assimilated scientists' knowledge of the Earth as an integrated system. Its aim was to substantially improve predictions of global environmental change.\r\n\r\nHuman activities are altering the atmosphere and oceans, transforming ecosystems, and changing the climate over and above natural variation. To predict how the complex interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth System will respond to our growing influence, they need to be considered together.\r\n\r\nThe programme had three main themes:\r\n\r\n-The contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-The natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales.\r\n-The implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources.\r\n\r\nQUEST helped to accelerate development of the next generation of environmental-change models, and provided a focal point for UK work, forging collaborations and synergies between worldwide experts in Earth System research and modelling."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "QUEST Theme 2- Using palaeodata to reduce uncertainties in climate prediction (PalaeoQUMP)",
            "abstract": "PalaeoQUMP was headed by Prof Sandy Harrison of the University of Bristol, with co-investigators at the University of Southampton and Durham University.\r\n\r\nPalaeoQUMP aimed to constrain climate sensitivity by using a wider range of derived climate observations from the geological past (reconstructions from sediments and geomorphological changes for the Last Glacial Maximum and the mid-Holocene period), to evaluate climate model predictions generated using the same series of simulations as QUMP produced for the modern climate. The mid-Holocene and LGM climate reconstructions have been completed, with input from the PMIP Quantitative Reconstruction working group. Robust patterns evident in the data sets are being used as benchmarks and targets for the IPCC AR5 palaeoclimate simulations. The team has also produced the first coupled model (AOGCM) perturbed physics ensemble simulations of the MH and LGM. However the objective of using this data for an improved understanding of past climate to better constrain climate sensitivity has not yet been fully achieved.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "QUEST, PalaeoQUMP, sediments, climate, glacial. IPCC",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
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                "title": "Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST)",
                "abstract": "The Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme assimilated scientists' knowledge of the Earth as an integrated system. Its aim was to substantially improve predictions of global environmental change.\r\n\r\nHuman activities are altering the atmosphere and oceans, transforming ecosystems, and changing the climate over and above natural variation. To predict how the complex interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth System will respond to our growing influence, they need to be considered together.\r\n\r\nThe programme had three main themes:\r\n\r\n-The contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-The natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales.\r\n-The implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources.\r\n\r\nQUEST helped to accelerate development of the next generation of environmental-change models, and provided a focal point for UK work, forging collaborations and synergies between worldwide experts in Earth System research and modelling."
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "PalaeoQUMP (Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System - Using Palaeodata to Quantify Uncertainties in Model Prediction): Global Charcoal Database",
                    "abstract": "PalaeoQUMP was headed by Prof Sandy Harrison of the University of Bristol, with co-investigators at the University of Southampton and Durham University, as part of QUEST (Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System).\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains data from charcoal records that have been compiled for the Mediterranean, Black Sea-Caspian and Sea corridor region.\r\n\r\nPalaeoQUMP aimed to constrain climate sensitivity by using a wider range of derived climate observations from the geological past (reconstructions from sediments and geomorphological changes for the Last Glacial Maximum and the mid-Holocene period), to evaluate climate model predictions generated using the same series of simulations as QUMP produced for the modern climate. The mid-Holocene and LGM climate reconstructions have been completed, with input from the PMIP Quantitative Reconstruction working group. Robust patterns evident in the data sets are being used as benchmarks and targets for the IPCC AR5 palaeoclimate simulations. The team has also produced the first coupled model (AOGCM) perturbed physics ensemble simulations of the MH and LGM. However the objective of using this data for an improved understanding of past climate to better constrain climate sensitivity has not yet been fully achieved."
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                8113,
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            "ob_id": 12000,
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "QUEST Theme 2- Quaternary (Regulation of atmospheric carbon dioxide on glacial-interglacial timescales and its coupling to climate change)",
            "abstract": "Quaternary QUEST was led by Dr Tim Lenton at UEA, with a team of 10 co-investigators at the Universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Reading, Leeds, Bristol, Southampton and at UEA.\r\n\r\nOver the last million years, the Earth has experienced a sequence of temperature oscillations between glacial and interglacial states, linked to variations in the Earth’s orbit around the sun. These climate oscillations were accompanied by changes in atmospheric CO2, but the fundamental reasons for this relationship are still unresolved.\r\n\r\nThis project team aimed to compile a synthesis of palaeodata from sediments and ice cores, improve the synchronization of these records with each other, and use this greater understanding of the Earth’s ancient atmosphere to improve Earth system models simulating climate over very long timescales. A combined long-term data synthesis and modelling approach has helped to constrain some key mechanisms responsible for glacial-interglacial CO2 change, and Quaternary QUEST have narrowed the field of ocean processes that could have caused glacial CO2 drawdown.\r\n\r\n ",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "QUEST, Quaternary, carbon dioxide, climate change, glaciation",
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                "ob_id": 1650,
                "uuid": "1c985a8ab9639f06c8e74c52d562a9c9",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST)",
                "abstract": "The Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme assimilated scientists' knowledge of the Earth as an integrated system. Its aim was to substantially improve predictions of global environmental change.\r\n\r\nHuman activities are altering the atmosphere and oceans, transforming ecosystems, and changing the climate over and above natural variation. To predict how the complex interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth System will respond to our growing influence, they need to be considered together.\r\n\r\nThe programme had three main themes:\r\n\r\n-The contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-The natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales.\r\n-The implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources.\r\n\r\nQUEST helped to accelerate development of the next generation of environmental-change models, and provided a focal point for UK work, forging collaborations and synergies between worldwide experts in Earth System research and modelling."
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                    "title": "QUEST Quaternary: Marine isotope and glacial cycle model data (150,000 years ago to present)",
                    "abstract": "Quaternary QUEST was led by Dr Tim Lenton at UEA, with a team of 10 co-investigators at the Universities of Cambridge, Oxford, Reading, Leeds, Bristol, Southampton and at UEA.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains glacial and isotope model data.\r\n\r\nOver the last million years, the Earth has experienced a sequence of temperature oscillations between glacial and interglacial states, linked to variations in the Earth’s orbit around the sun. These climate oscillations were accompanied by changes in atmospheric CO2, but the fundamental reasons for this relationship are still unresolved.\r\n\r\nThis project team aimed to compile a synthesis of palaeodata from sediments and ice cores, improve the synchronization of these records with each other, and use this greater understanding of the Earth’s ancient atmosphere to improve Earth system models simulating climate over very long timescales. A combined long-term data synthesis and modelling approach has helped to constrain some key mechanisms responsible for glacial-interglacial CO2 change, and Quaternary QUEST narrowed the field of ocean processes that could have caused glacial CO2 drawdown.\r\n\r\n "
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            "title": "QUEST Theme 2- Dynamics of the Earth System and the Ice-Core Record (DESIRE)",
            "abstract": "DESIRE (Dynamics of the Earth System and the Ice-Core Record) was part of Theme 2 QUEST (Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System) programme. The project involved an Anglo-French collaboration between QUEST and INSU (Institut national des sciences de l'univers). The project responded to a call to “explain the major changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane concentration over glacial-interglacial timescales”. The project had three strands. In the first strand, tools to improve understanding and modelling of methane were worked on; this included improvements to models, as well as new constraining datasets. In the second strand, similar improvements for CO2 were to be made. The third strand included model simulations and a major data compilation covering the 800,000 year ice core period.\r\n\r\nMuch of the early research in this project used the simple Earth system model GENIE, which generally yields robust results. For example, CO2-forced transient simulations over 650,000 years reproduced Antarctic temperature anomalies with a high correlation, broadly capturing the QUEST Final Report, June 2011 22 magnitude of glacial-interglacial temperature changes. This study found that warm peaks in interglacials are consistent with changes in the meridional overturning circulation. \r\n \r\n",
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                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST)",
                "abstract": "The Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme assimilated scientists' knowledge of the Earth as an integrated system. Its aim was to substantially improve predictions of global environmental change.\r\n\r\nHuman activities are altering the atmosphere and oceans, transforming ecosystems, and changing the climate over and above natural variation. To predict how the complex interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth System will respond to our growing influence, they need to be considered together.\r\n\r\nThe programme had three main themes:\r\n\r\n-The contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-The natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales.\r\n-The implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources.\r\n\r\nQUEST helped to accelerate development of the next generation of environmental-change models, and provided a focal point for UK work, forging collaborations and synergies between worldwide experts in Earth System research and modelling."
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                    "abstract": "DESIRE (Dynamics of the Earth System and the Ice-Core Record) was part of Theme 2 QUEST (Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System) programme. \r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains chemical traces, sea conditions and meteorological measurements from the Tropospheric Offline Model of Chemistry and Transport (TOMCAT) model and MITgcm (MIT General Circulation Model). \r\n\r\nThe project involved an Anglo-French collaboration between QUEST and INSU (Institut national des sciences de l'univers). The project responded to a call to “explain the major changes in atmospheric carbon dioxide and methane concentration over glacial-interglacial timescales”. The project had three strands. In the first strand, tools to improve understanding and modelling of methane were worked on; this included improvements to models, as well as new constraining datasets. In the second strand, similar improvements for CO2 were to be made. The third strand included model simulations and a major data compilation covering the 800,000 year ice core period.\r\n\r\nMuch of the early research in this project used the simple Earth system model GENIE, which generally yields robust results. For example, CO2-forced transient simulations over 650,000 years reproduced Antarctic temperature anomalies with a high correlation, broadly capturing the QUEST Final Report, June 2011 22 magnitude of glacial-interglacial temperature changes. This study found that warm peaks in interglacials are consistent with changes in the meridional overturning circulation. "
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            "title": "QUEST Theme 3- Global- scale impacts of climate change (GSI)",
            "abstract": "QUEST GSI was led by Nigel Arnell (University of Reading) with co-investigators from the Universities of Aberdeen, Leeds, UEA, Edinburgh, Southampton, UCL, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, CEH and CEFAS.\r\n\r\nA central aim of this project was to assess the global-scale impacts of climate change under a range of scenarios, across a number of sectors. A methodology was developed to construct scenarios from a range of climate models, representing changes under different emissions scenarios and fixed amounts of change in global mean temperature. Impacts were estimated across a range of sectors, including water resources, fluvial and coastal flooding, crop productivity and food security, ecosystem productivity and human health, at regional and global scales.\r\n\r\nThe project has provided quantitative information on these impacts and their distribution across the world. The general conclusions are that impacts may be significant at relatively low levels of climate change, that estimates of impact in some sectors are very uncertain due largely to uncertainty in projected changes in rainfall (particularly in south Asia), that there are no obvious thresholds for step changes in impact that are consistent across region and sector, and that socio-economic conditions may amplify or reduce impacts, depending on context.\r\n\r\nA second project aim was to develop the methodology in such a way that it could be readily applied to estimate impacts under other climate scenarios representing for example specific policy objectives. With additional funding from other sources, the project methodology has been applied successfully to estimate the impacts avoided by a set of feasible emissions policies.\r\n",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "QUEST, GSI, climate change, aquatic, run off",
            "status": "completed",
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                "ob_id": 1650,
                "uuid": "1c985a8ab9639f06c8e74c52d562a9c9",
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                "title": "Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST)",
                "abstract": "The Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme assimilated scientists' knowledge of the Earth as an integrated system. Its aim was to substantially improve predictions of global environmental change.\r\n\r\nHuman activities are altering the atmosphere and oceans, transforming ecosystems, and changing the climate over and above natural variation. To predict how the complex interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth System will respond to our growing influence, they need to be considered together.\r\n\r\nThe programme had three main themes:\r\n\r\n-The contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-The natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales.\r\n-The implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources.\r\n\r\nQUEST helped to accelerate development of the next generation of environmental-change models, and provided a focal point for UK work, forging collaborations and synergies between worldwide experts in Earth System research and modelling."
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                    "abstract": "QUEST GSI was led by Nigel Arnell (University of Reading) with co-investigators from the Universities of Aberdeen, Leeds, UEA, Edinburgh, Southampton, UCL, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, CEH and CEFAS.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains model data simulations under various climate, run-off and aquatic scenarios.\r\n\r\nA central aim of this project was to assess the global-scale impacts of climate change under a range of scenarios, across a number of sectors. A methodology was developed to construct scenarios from a range of climate models, representing changes under different emissions scenarios and fixed amounts of change in global mean temperature. Impacts were estimated across a range of sectors, including water resources, fluvial and coastal flooding, crop productivity and food security, ecosystem productivity and human health, at regional and global scales.\r\n\r\nThe project has provided quantitative information on these impacts and their distribution across the world. The general conclusions are that impacts may be significant at relatively low levels of climate change, that estimates of impact in some sectors are very uncertain due largely to uncertainty in projected changes in rainfall (particularly in south Asia), that there are no obvious thresholds for step changes in impact that are consistent across region and sector, and that socio-economic conditions may amplify or reduce impacts, depending on context.\r\n\r\nA second project aim was to develop the methodology in such a way that it could be readily applied to estimate impacts under other climate scenarios representing for example specific policy objectives. With additional funding from other sources, the project methodology has been applied successfully to estimate the impacts avoided by a set of feasible emissions policies."
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            "uuid": "b14d2becbbf1053f4fd5898a53cef2b4",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "QUEST Theme 3- Predicting impacts and consequences of climate change on fisheries (QUEST Fish)",
            "abstract": "QUEST Fish was led by Dr Manuel Barange (PML) with 18 co-investigators from POL, PML, CEFAS, University of Plymouth, University of Portsmouth, CSIC (Spain), UEA, WorldFish Centre, IPSL, ICES (Denmark), Met Office, IRD (Paris) and University of North Carolina, as part of  QUEST (Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System)\r\n\r\nQUEST-Fish has delivered a near-global assessment of consequences of climate change for fisheries, demonstrating excellent and innovative bridging of marine biogeochemistry models and socio-economics.  QUEST-Fish specifically focused on the added impacts that climate change is likely to cause on global fish production, and on the subsequent additional risks and vulnerabilities to human societies.\r\n\r\nThe team have demonstrated the broad capability of an integrated regional coastal/shelf seas model system. The physical-ecological POLCOMS-ERSEM model that underpinned the research was developed for Europe’s regional seas. Its application to 20 Large Marine Ecosystems (coastal bioregions) worldwide, covering two-thirds of the world’s fish catch, has been critically evaluated and found adequate for most regions (the physical and biogeochemical differences of the upwelling region off Peru presents challenges, with the climate impact likely to be over-expressed in the fisheries projection output). ",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "QUEST, Fish, biology, fisheries, climate change",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1650,
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                "title": "Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST)",
                "abstract": "The Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme assimilated scientists' knowledge of the Earth as an integrated system. Its aim was to substantially improve predictions of global environmental change.\r\n\r\nHuman activities are altering the atmosphere and oceans, transforming ecosystems, and changing the climate over and above natural variation. To predict how the complex interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth System will respond to our growing influence, they need to be considered together.\r\n\r\nThe programme had three main themes:\r\n\r\n-The contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-The natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales.\r\n-The implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources.\r\n\r\nQUEST helped to accelerate development of the next generation of environmental-change models, and provided a focal point for UK work, forging collaborations and synergies between worldwide experts in Earth System research and modelling."
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                    "ob_id": 5349,
                    "uuid": "c978c7501016e731997be67bfaae73bc",
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                    "title": "QUEST Fish: biomass estimates in four weight categories for exclusive economic zones",
                    "abstract": "QUEST Fish was led by Dr Manuel Barange (PML) with 18 co-investigators from POL, PML, CEFAS, University of Plymouth, University of Portsmouth, CSIC (Spain), UEA, WorldFish Centre, IPSL, ICES (Denmark), Met Office, IRD (Paris) and University of North Carolina, as part of QUEST (Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System)\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains global fish biomass estimates from the Global Coastal-Ocean Modelling System.\r\n\r\nQUEST-Fish has delivered a near-global assessment of consequences of climate change for fisheries, demonstrating excellent and innovative bridging of marine biogeochemistry models and socio-economics. QUEST-Fish specifically focused on the added impacts that climate change is likely to cause on global fish production, and on the subsequent additional risks and vulnerabilities to human societies.\r\n\r\nThe team have demonstrated the broad capability of an integrated regional coastal/shelf seas model system. The physical-ecological POLCOMS-ERSEM model that underpinned the research was developed for Europe’s regional seas. Its application to 20 Large Marine Ecosystems (coastal bioregions) worldwide, covering two-thirds of the world’s fish catch, has been critically evaluated and found adequate for most regions (the physical and biogeochemical differences of the upwelling region off Peru presents challenges, with the climate impact likely to be over-expressed in the fisheries projection output)."
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            "uuid": "3228fd0352497a56a98cf0dd1141c6d7",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "QUEST Theme 3- Fire Modelling and Forecasting System (FireMAFS)",
            "abstract": "Fire was the most important disturbance agent worldwide in terms of area and variety of biomass affected, a major mechanism by which carbon is transferred from the land to the atmosphere, and a globally significant source of aerosols and many trace gas species. Despite such clear coupling between fire, climate, and vegetation, fire was not  modelled as an interactive component of the climate/earth systems models of full complexity or intermediate complexity, that are used to model terrestrial ecosystem processes principally for simulating CO2 exchanges.\r\n\r\nThe objective of FireMAFS was to resolve these limitations by developing a robust method to forecast fire activity (fire 'danger' indices, ignition probabilities, burnt area, fire intensity etc), via a process-based model of fire-vegetation interactions, tested, improved, and constrained. This used a state-of-the-art EO data products and driven by seasonal weather forecasts issued with many months lead-time.\r\n\r\nFireMAFS was led by Prof Martin Wooster (Kings College, London) with 9 co-investigators from UCL, University of Leicester, University of Reading, ESSC, University of Bristol and CEH.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "QUEST, FireMAFS, Fire, modelling, forecasting",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1650,
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                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST)",
                "abstract": "The Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme assimilated scientists' knowledge of the Earth as an integrated system. Its aim was to substantially improve predictions of global environmental change.\r\n\r\nHuman activities are altering the atmosphere and oceans, transforming ecosystems, and changing the climate over and above natural variation. To predict how the complex interactions and feedbacks between different components of the Earth System will respond to our growing influence, they need to be considered together.\r\n\r\nThe programme had three main themes:\r\n\r\n-The contemporary carbon cycle and its interactions with climate and atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-The natural regulation of atmospheric composition on glacial-interglacial and longer time scales.\r\n-The implications of global environmental changes for the sustainable use of resources.\r\n\r\nQUEST helped to accelerate development of the next generation of environmental-change models, and provided a focal point for UK work, forging collaborations and synergies between worldwide experts in Earth System research and modelling."
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                    "ob_id": 428,
                    "uuid": "67afe8bb533652ee15c37f5a6474ebbc",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "FireMAFS (Fire Modelling and Forecasting System)",
                    "abstract": "FireMAFS was led by Prof Martin Wooster (Kings College, London) as part of QUEST Theme 3 (Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System) project.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains the MODIS Land Cover Type product multiple classification schemes, which describe land cover properties derived from observations spanning a year’s input of Terra and Aqua data. The data are stored in a 10 arc minute grid.\r\n\r\nFire was the most important disturbance agent worldwide in terms of area and variety of biomass affected, a major mechanism by which carbon is transferred from the land to the atmosphere, and a globally significant source of aerosols and many trace gas species. Despite such clear coupling between fire, climate, and vegetation, fire was not  modelled as an interactive component of the climate/earth systems models of full complexity or intermediate complexity, that are used to model terrestrial ecosystem processes principally for simulating CO2 exchanges.\r\n\r\nThe objective of FireMAFS was to resolve these limitations by developing a robust method to forecast fire activity (fire 'danger' indices, ignition probabilities, burnt area, fire intensity etc), via a process-based model of fire-vegetation interactions, tested, improved, and constrained. This used a state-of-the-art EO data products and driven by seasonal weather forecasts issued with many months lead-time.\r\n\r\nMuch of the activity of FireMAFS was shaped by the research and technical priorities of QUESTESM (earth system model).\r\nKey activities included the progressive development of the JULES-ED and SPITFIRE submodels.\r\nFire is now very well represented in QESM (Quest Earth System Model), making progress towards\r\na modelling capability for fire risk forecasting in the context of global change."
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            "title": "NCAS general FAAM flying (SeptEx, Winter 2010, Oil & Gas)",
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            "title": "FREE - Coastal Flooding by Extreme Events (CoFEE)",
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                    "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains measurements of O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).\r\n \r\nTORCH 2 took place in April and May 2004 at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, on the north Norfolk coast. \r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\n\r\nThis collection also includes data collected as part of the NERC Polluted Troposphere \"Advanced GC-MS technology for observing OVOCs and NMHCs in the polluted troposphere\" project.\r\n\r\n\r\n"
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