Project List

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            "ob_id": 12146,
            "uuid": "f905b0ed03b9405b945d0e035c2642b7",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Diagnosing Earth's Energy Pathways in the Climate system (DEEP-C)",
            "abstract": "The DEEP-C project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/K004387/1 - led by Professor Richard Allen (University of Reading) and Dr Elaine McDonagh (National Oceanographic Centre).  \r\n\r\nA global warming trend since the 1970s has slowed over the most recent 10-15 years despite the continuing build up of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere (due primarily to the burning of fossil fuels). This research sought to understand the reasons for this \"hiatus\" in global warming and in particular the roles of the ocean and atmosphere in contributing to this hiatus through movement of energy around the climate system. This project has helped us monitor changes in climate and understand the processes that are important in enabling us to predict climate change more accurately over the coming decades.  \r\n\r\nWarming of the planet is caused by a small yet persistent imbalance between the amount of sunlight absorbed by the Earth and the outgoing flow of thermal (infra-red) radiative energy constantly emanating from our planet to space: if more energy is arriving than leaving then the climate heats up. To understand why the heating has apparently slowed required a detailed assessment of the flows of energy arriving from space, how this energy is transported by the atmosphere, taken up by the surface ocean and subducted deep below the sea surface. Previously, scientists had identified a discrepancy between these energy flows, or \"missing energy\" in the climate. A primary objective of this research program was to resolve the discrepancy between these energy flows and understand the root causes of the hiatus in the warming of the Earth's surface.  \r\n\r\nThe project combined the latest, improved satellite measurements of Earth's radiative energy imbalance (reflected sunlight and emitted thermal radiation) with the best estimates of energy flows in the atmosphere (from reanalysis simulations) and detailed 3-dimensional ocean heating measurements made by thousands of automated floating buoys, to determine the observed flows of energy in the climate system. The project combined these measurements with state-of-the-art depictions of Earth's climate from sophisticated computer simulations to understand the mechanisms by which the build up of energy due to greenhouse gas increases are redistributed into the oceans.  \r\n\r\nIt is plausible that increased amounts of reflective aerosols in the atmosphere (due to human activities or naturally through emissions by volcanic eruptions) may have diminished the heating of the planet. However, preliminary analyses lead to the hypothesis that in fact more heat has been entering the deep ocean rather than heating the planets surface. Getting to the bottom of this question was vital for understanding current climate variability and future change over the coming 10 years or more. The project considered that the research is also important for understanding regional sea level rise (since warmer water occupies a larger volume leading to rising sea level), fluctuations in clouds and whether they magnify or reduce warming tendencies (climate feedbacks) and simulating the ocean circulation and heat uptake, crucial for representing climate change over the coming decades.  \r\n\r\nThis research was only possible by combining the expertise from three institutions (the University of Reading, the National Oceanography Centre Southampton and the Met Office) covering satellite data, reanalyses of the atmosphere and ocean, ocean measurements and numerical computer simulations of the climate system. The current planetary changes are unusual and present a timely opportunity for understanding how our climate system works: to discover the cause of the global warming hiatus and to understand and simulate the mechanisms important in representing climate variability and change over the coming decades.\r\n\r\nThe primary objective of the project was to quantify Earth's Energy Imbalance, its variability and implications for climate change over the coming decades. The driving goal was to observe, understand and explain the slow rates of surface warming since 2000 using satellite data, atmospheric reanalyses, in situ observations of ocean heat content and climate simulations and to elucidate physical mechanisms operating during \"hiatus\" decades of slow surface warming rates through the following specific objectives:  \r\n\r\n1) Combine CERES satellite radiation budget measurements with ERA Interim reanalysis and additional datasets, providing improved 2D estimates of surface heat fluxes entering the ocean surface since 2000 \r\n2) Develop and compute global 3D ocean heat and freshwater content and its changes since 2003 using ARGO observations, leading to improved understanding of energy propagation through the climate system  \r\n3) Conduct multi-model assessment of simulated variability in ocean heat content, freshwater content and steric sea-level and evaluate the processes fundamental for ocean heat uptake and redistribution \r\n4) Provide accurate estimate of Earth's net radiative energy balance and its variability over the period 2000-2015 by combining results from (1-3) and compare with state-of-the-art CMIP5 climate simulations. \r\n5) Quantify and understand lags between OHC and top of atmosphere radiation involving additional minor energy storage terms in the climate system  \r\n6) Characterise spatial signatures and mechanisms of ocean and atmospheric heat re-distribution during the period 2000-2015 using observations and multi-model simulations of variability in ocean heat content, freshwater content and steric sea-level   \r\n\r\nMeeting these objectives also resulted in:   \r\n\r\n7) Explain the previously documented discrepancy between energy flows (or\"missing energy\") in the climate system \r\n8) Generate legacy software and methodologies for monitoring changes in Earth's radiative imbalance  \r\n\r\nAdditional outputs that stemmed from the project were:  \r\n\r\n9) Computations of ocean-basin scale estimates of energy budget,  \r\n10) Identification of key regions of energy subduction into the ocean on interannual-decadal time-scales \r\n11) Explore the potential for using deep hydrographic sections for quantifying changes deeper than 2000m and evaluate their significance.  \r\n12) New knowledge for regional sea level, climate feedback and reanalysis/climate modelling communities (see Academic Beneficiaries)",
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            "ob_id": 12147,
            "uuid": "6e6016d76b204d758388eab5470fbd98",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Historical Ocean Surface Temperatures: Adjustment, Characterisation and Evaluation (HOSTACE)",
            "abstract": "The HOSTACE project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/J02306X/2 - led by Professor Christopher Merchant (University of Reading). \r\n\r\nThe surface temperature of the land and sea is the main measure of \"global warming\". Measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) have been made for more than 200 years, first on sailing ships, now on a mixture of ships and buoys (drifting and moored). Technology has changed dramatically over this period, raising serious questions about whether technology changes over time give a misleading impression of how the temperature has changed - and therefore how climate has changed.  \r\n\r\nPeople first measured the temperature of a seawater sample hauled up in a wooden bucket. Buckets are now made of insulating rubber. Most direct SST measurements are now sent via satellites from drifting buoys. Many other measurement methods have also been used. Different methods don't yield precisely the same SST values, and because global warming is a gradual change, these subtle discrepancies (or \"biases\") could distort our picture about the timing and magnitude of global warming. So, we must be sure that we understand how the different methods used to measure SST have affected the observations.\r\n\r\nThese biases in SST have been a known problem for years, so why do we believe we can solve it? One reason is that recently many more observations have been retrieved from historical sources. Many ships' logbooks containing weather observations have been digitised. This has nearly doubled the number of observations before World War 2. Another reason is new, stable observations of SST from sensors on satellites orbiting Earth. Most satellite sensors give a detailed picture of patterns in SST and are tuned to drifting buoy SSTs to give reasonable accuracy. But compared to the subtle trends of global warming, they are not stable enough from year to year and across large distances. New high-quality SST measurements from a reworking of the SST measurements of a particular series of sensors are accurate and stable enough. Even better, they do not rely on ship or buoy SST observations, so we can use them as an independent point of reference. \r\n\r\nA major challenge is that the biases in SST made on ships are different for different measurement methods and we don't always know what methods were used. But we do know how we expect the biases for each method to vary with factors like the amount of heating by the Sun and wind speed. The project used these variations of the biases for each ship or buoy to assign measurement methods to observations (or, where it is not clear cut, the likelihood that the method is one or another type). E.g., we might be 80% confident that a particular ship used a canvas bucket to sample the water, but allow a 20% chance that a wooden bucket was used. The project then adjusted for the expected biases according to method, and indicated how uncertain the adjustment may be. \r\n\r\nThe next step was to combine the scattered observations into maps of monthly average SST over the whole ocean. They also calculated the degree of uncertainty in these monthly maps. There were few observations in the 19thC, so a global SST map required sophisticated gap-filling methods. The final step was to compare the projects maps of SST with those produced by other scientists. Normally when such comparisons are made it is hard to understand the source of differences between the datasets. Was it due to different input data? Or different bias adjustments? Or the way the gaps were filled? Collaborating with other dataset producers, the project separated these different effects. For example, they all used identical inputs, and isolated the effects of different gap-filling methods. This also tested the uncertainty estimates - if important factors affecting the SST biases have been missed, then estimates of uncertainty may be too small to explain the differences between the SST maps produced by different groups.\r\n\r\nSuch problems can mislead us in interpreting climate changes. The project used the new SST history to reassess explanations of phases of climate warming during the 20thC.\r\n\r\nHistorical sea surface temperature (SST) is a crucial parameter for climate change science but the high degree of present uncertainty in our knowledge of it is underestimated. This projects aims were to radically revise understanding of historical SST by quantifying the bias and uncertainty of SST observations throughout the instrumental record and to produce a new bias-adjusted gridded SST analysis quantified with credible estimates of uncertainty. In this way, use of recently recovered historical data and new climate-quality satellite data allowed us to improve our understanding of the evolution of centennial climate change. As an example, the project used the new historical SSTs to attribute the causes of the early 20thC warming. This is one of many areas where the results will advance understanding of climate, leading to increased confidence in predictions of future change.\r\n\r\nSpecific objectives of this project were:\r\n\r\nO1: Quantification, correction and validation of in situ SST bias for the entire observational record (from 1850 or earlier, to present)\r\nO2: Assessment of measurement, sampling and residual bias uncertainty in the in situ SST record\r\nO3: Development and publication of a new long-term bias-adjusted SST gridded analysis with estimates of measurement, sampling and residual bias uncertainty along with their correlations\r\nO4: Quantification of methodological uncertainty in gridded analyses of SST through an international SST dataset comparison exercise\r\nO5: Application of new SST to elucidate drivers of early 20thC climate change\r\n\r\nThe objectives directly addressed challenges in the Climate System theme of the NERC strategy:\r\n\r\n-  Increase knowledge of natural climate variability, and diagnose and improve its representation in climate models\r\n-  Provide accurate observations of the global climate system for long-term monitoring of climate to quantify changes and to test and evaluate climate models\r\n\r\nThe project argued that available uncertainty estimates in SST analyses are too small, leading to over-confidence in the estimates of trends and variability, and problems in understanding 20thC climate variability with climate models. Objectives 1 and 2 address problems with accurately estimating the uncertainty. Objective 3 applied the knowledge gained from 1 and 2 to develop a new SST analysis, including uncertainty estimates, for use in: assessment of climate change and our confidence in those changes; understanding the variability of the SST on long time-scales and validation of climate models. Objective 4 sought to address the uncertainty in our assessments and SST analyses due to methodological choices (\"structural uncertainty\"). Objective 5 applied the new SST analysis in a study to attribute the cause of early 20thC climatic change.",
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            "ob_id": 12148,
            "uuid": "407621ad08204f96a68708ceaf8cac2e",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "High accuracy line intensities for carbon dioxide",
            "abstract": "This project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/J010316/1 - led by Professor Jonathan Tennyson (University College London).  \r\n\r\nAll CO2 remote sensing activity, from both the ground and space, relies on monitoring how CO2 absorbs light. All this monitoring is therefore heavily dependent on understanding the absorption properties of the CO2 molecule which is usually obtained by measurements performed in the laboratory. In particular the accurate knowledge of the strength of individual absorption lines is crucial to determining how much CO2 is present and allowing the atmospheric data to be interpreted. Without high accuracy values for line intensities, reliable CO2 retrievals are simply not possible. Particularly with their emphasis on variation of CO2 concentrations with time, current missions and proposed missions require CO2 line intensities to be determined to significantly better than 1% accuracy if they are to fulfill their stated goals: intensities accurate to better than 0.5% are really required. Current line intensities measured in the laboratory simply do not gives this level of accuracy: most are accurate to about 5% with a few high quality measurements being good to 1 - 3%. Hence current CO2 retrievals values are limited by the available laboratory data. \r\n\r\nThe aim of this project was to provide an accurate theoretical solution to the problem of CO2 line intensities based on the application of high accuracy, first principles quantum mechanical calculations for the intensities and experimental data for the line positions. The resulting new lists of CO2 transition intensities were made widely available and, in particular, used to inform atmospheric databases which are used for the majority of atmospheric applications of molecular spectroscopy.\r\n\r\nThe main objectives of the project were to determine a complete set of high accuracy line intensities for the CO2 molecule for use in atmospheric studies. With the following specific objectives:\r\n\r\n1. Develop a theoretical model to compute a high accuracy dipole moments for asymmetric geometries of CO2.\r\n\r\n2. Compute dipole moments as a function of geometry and fit them to give a high accuracy dipole moment surface.\r\n\r\n3. Develop a model for and calculate high accuracy vibration-rotation wavefunctions and hence transition intensities\r\nfor CO2.\r\n\r\n4. Compare our results with laboratory data, particularly ultrahigh accuracy studies currently being performed in NIST.\r\n\r\n5. Generate a comprehensive linelist of CO2 transitions.\r\n\r\n6. Distribute our CO2 linelist widely via the web and via data compilations such as HITRAN, GEISA and BADC.",
            "publicationState": "published",
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            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 877,
                "uuid": "16e1c51a9eeae188510f2308b18a14fa",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)",
                "abstract": "The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is the UK's main agency for funding and managing research, training and knowledge transfer in the environmental sciences."
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                    "ob_id": 13147,
                    "uuid": "b7d3fffe79a34394becbb43feb163e7b",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "High accuracy line intensity data for carbon dioxide",
                    "abstract": "High accuracy line intensity for carbon dioxide project was NERC (Natural Environment Research Council) funded. The aim of the project was to provide an accurate theoretical solution to the problem of CO2 line intensities based on the application of high accuracy, first principles quantum mechanical calculations for the intensities and experimental data for the line positions. \r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains measurements of high accuracy line intensity for carbon dioxide.\r\n\r\nAtmospheric CO2 concentrations are being closely monitored by remote sensing experiments which rely on knowing line intensities with an uncertainty of 0.5% or better. Most available laboratory measurements have uncertainties much larger than this. The generated data is a result of a joint experimental and theoretical study providing rotation-vibration line intensities with the required accuracy. The calculations are extendable to all atmospherically important bands of CO2 and to its isotologues. As such, they will form the basis for detailed CO2 spectroscopic line lists for future studies."
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            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                8543
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            "ob_id": 12151,
            "uuid": "58f800717d044b4ea28be05eb80a20f0",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Facilities and Services",
            "abstract": "The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Facilities and Services (NERC S&F) was responsible for funding NERC's national capability facilities until around 2014 when the responsibility of the facilities was transferred to various NERC national centres.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
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                {
                    "ob_id": 7756,
                    "uuid": "c27dd85d3a45cb3b947bbadbeac87c6e",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "High Resolution Dynamics Limb Sounder (HIRDLS) Consortium",
                    "abstract": "HIRDLS was a joint US-UK development effort, with sponsorship by the British National Space Centre and the Natural Environment Research Council in the UK, and by NASA in the US. HIRDLS was an infrared limb-scanning radiometer designed to sound the upper troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere to determine: temperature; the concentrations of O3, H2O, CH4, N2O, NO2, HNO3, N2O5, CFC11, CFC12, ClONO2, and aerosols; and the locations of polar stratospheric clouds and cloud tops. The goals are to provide sounding observations with horizontal and vertical resolution superior to that previously obtained; to observe the lower stratosphere with improved sensitivity and accuracy; and to improve understanding of atmospheric processes through data analysis, diagnostics, and use of two- and three-dimensional models. "
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            "ob_id": 12152,
            "uuid": "9460ad3177d346f8ad5ad98625460960",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) cloud radar development project",
            "abstract": "The Rutherford Appleton Laboratory (RAL) cloud radar development project sought to develop a cloud radar instrument",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
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            "ob_id": 12154,
            "uuid": "6f481c86104844acb5f479feb91bd269",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "The Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute (KNMI) and Climatic Research Unit (CRU) Drought variability Project",
            "abstract": "In collaboration with the Climatic Research Unit (CRU), the KNMI  Drought Variability project generates the self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) and associated maps. Some of those datasets are stored at CEDA-BADC.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "PDSI KNMI CRU",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": null,
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                    "ob_id": 5004,
                    "uuid": "0ce9f24ff8719cced7f407694466c2ed",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Global maps of monthly self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI) based on Climatic Research Unit Time Series (CRU TS) data",
                    "abstract": "PDSI consists of global maps of monthly self-calibrating Palmer Drought Severity Index (scPDSI)\r\nwhich have been calculated for selected periods of time based on the CRU TS data sets. The PDSI datasets are produced by KMNI in partnership with the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) at the University of East Anglia. \r\n\r\nThe Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) is a measure of soil moisture availability that has been used extensively to study droughts and wet spells in the contiguous USA and elsewhere, particularly as the primary indicator of the severity and extent of recent droughts. Recently, the PDSI has become more popular as a drought metric in studies quantifying possible trends in future soil moisture availability and it has been used as the basis for reconstructing past variations in drought. "
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            "ob_id": 12257,
            "uuid": "d982781218704637a8c180fdeb598984",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "The IGAC/SPARC Chemistry Climate Model Initiative (CCMI)",
            "abstract": "Increasingly, the chemistry and dynamics of the stratosphere and troposphere are being studied and modeled as a single entity in global models. As evidence, in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5), several groups performed simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) using global models with interactive chemistry spanning the surface through the stratosphere and above. In addition, tropospheric and stratospheric global chemistry-climate models are continuously being challenged by new observations and process analyses. Some recent intercomparison exercises have for example highlighted shortcomings in our understanding and/or modeling of long-term ozone trends and methane lifetime. Furthermore, there is growing interest in the impact of stratospheric ozone changes on tropospheric chemistry via both ozone fluxes (e.g. from the projected strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation) and actinic fluxes. This highlights that there is a need to better coordinate activities focusing on the two domains and to assess scientific questions in the context of the more comprehensive stratosphere-troposphere resolving models with chemistry. To address the issues, the joint IGAC/SPARC Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) was established to coordinate future (and to some extent existing) IGAC and SPARC chemistry-climate model evaluation and associated modeling activities.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Chemistry Climate SPARC",
            "status": "ongoing",
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                "ob_id": 19200,
                "uuid": "17f7c4658b8742b79c9d66ec46be8f63",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)",
                "abstract": "The WCRP mission is to facilitate analysis and prediction of Earth system variability and change for use in an increasing range of practical applications of direct relevance, benefit and value to society. The two overarching objectives of the WCRP are to determine the predictability of climate; and to determine the effect of human activities on climate.\r\n\r\nRecent progress in the understanding of climate system variability and change makes it possible to gauge its predictability, and to use this predictive knowledge in developing adaptation and mitigation strategies. Such strategies assist global communities in responding to the impacts of climate variability and change on major social and economic sectors including food security, energy and transport, environment, health and water resources.\r\n\r\nThe main foci of WCRP research are:\r\n\r\n - observing changes in the components of the Earth system (atmosphere, oceans, land and cryosphere) and in the interfaces between these components;\r\n - improving our knowledge and understanding of global and regional climate variability and change, and of the mechanisms responsible for this change;\r\n - assessing and attributing significant trends in global and regional climates;\r\n - developing and improving numerical models that are capable of simulating and assessing the climate system for a wide range of space and time scales; and\r\n - investigating the sensitivity of the climate system to natural and human-induced forcing and estimating the changes resulting from specific disturbing influences.\r\n\r\nThe World Climate Research Programme is sponsored by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 25328,
                    "uuid": "21b4b5eda2564fc0a1af66e5c69eebe8",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "WCRP CCMI-1: The Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) contribution",
                    "abstract": "WCRP CCMI-1 project contribution by the Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) team.\r\n\r\nThe WCRP Chemistry Climate Model Initiative phase 1 (CCMI-1), is a global chemistry climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by the University of Reading on behalf of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP)."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 25296,
                    "uuid": "48e604045eb44e258c81d5a06464390f",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "WCRP CCMI-1: The CNRM-CERFACS contribution",
                    "abstract": "WCRP CCMI-1 project contribution by CNRM-CERFACS. \r\n\r\nThe CNRM-CERFACS team consisted of the following agencies: Centre National de Recherches Meteorologiques (CNRM) and Centre Européen de Recherche et Formation Avancées en Calcul Scientifique (CERFACS).\r\n\r\nThe WCRP Chemistry Climate Model Initiative phase 1 (CCMI-1), is a global chemistry climate model intercomparison project, coordinated by the University of Reading on behalf of the World Climate Research Program (WCRP)."
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "The IGAC/SPARC Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative Phase-1 (CCMI-1) model data output",
                    "abstract": "Increasingly, the chemistry and dynamics of the stratosphere and troposphere are being studied and modeled as a single entity in global models. As evidence, in support of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Fifth Assessment Report (IPCC AR5), several groups performed simulations in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5) using global models with interactive chemistry spanning the surface through the stratosphere and above. In addition, tropospheric and stratospheric global chemistry-climate models are continuously being challenged by new observations and process analyses. Some recent intercomparison exercises have for example highlighted shortcomings in our understanding and/or modeling of long-term ozone trends and methane lifetime. Furthermore, there is growing interest in the impact of stratospheric ozone changes on tropospheric chemistry via both ozone fluxes (e.g. from the projected strengthening of the Brewer-Dobson circulation) and actinic fluxes. This highlights that there is a need to better coordinate activities focusing on the two domains and to assess scientific questions in the context of the more comprehensive stratosphere-troposphere resolving models with chemistry. To address the issues, the joint IGAC/SPARC Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) was established to coordinate future (and to some extent existing) IGAC and SPARC chemistry-climate model evaluation and associated modeling activities."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Dendroclimatic Divergence Phenomenon: Reassessment of Causes and Implications for Climate Reconstruction Project",
            "abstract": "Background Information:\r\n\r\nPalaeoclimate reconstructions extend our knowledge of how climate varied in times before expansive networks of measuring instruments became available. These reconstructions are founded on an understanding of theoretical and statistically-derived associations acquired by comparing the parallel behaviour of palaeoclimate proxies and measurements of varying climate. Inferences about variations in past climate, based on this understanding, necessarily assume that the associations we observe now hold true throughout the period for which reconstructions are made. This is the essence of the uniformitarian principle. \r\n\r\nIn some northern areas of the world, recent observations of tree growth and measured temperature trends appear to have diverged in recent decades, the so called 'divergence' phenomenon. There has been much speculation, and numerous theories proposed, to explain why the previous temperature sensitivity of tree growth in these areas is apparently breaking down. The existence of divergence casts doubt on the uniformitarian assumption that underpins a number of important tree-ring based (dendroclimatic) reconstructions. It suggests that the degree of warmth in certain periods in the past, particularly in medieval times, may be underestimated or at least subject to greater uncertainty than is currently accepted. \r\n\r\nThe lack of a clear overview of this phenomenon and the lack of a generally accepted cause had led some to challenge the current scientific consensus, represented in the 2007 report of the IPCC on the likely unprecedented nature of late 20th century average hemispheric warmth when viewed in the context of proxy evidence (mostly from trees) for the last 1300 years. \r\n\r\nThis project will seek to systematically reassess and quantify the evidence for divergence in many tree-ring data sets around the Northern Hemisphere. It will establish a much clearer understanding of the nature of the divergence phenomenon, characterising the spatial patterns and temporal evolution. \r\n\r\nBased on recent published and unpublished work by the proposers, it has become apparent that foremost amongst the possible explanations is the need to account for systematic bias potentially inherent in the methods used to build many tree-ring chronologies including many that are believed to exhibit this phenomenon. This proposal is designed to build on recent innovations in tree-ring chronology production techniques, also developed by the proposers. These new methods will produce tree-ring chronologies whose variability is unbiased, either by temporal changes in the age structure of the constituent sample series, or by any distortion in the data that can arise when using the previously applied techniques. The extensive reprocessed and improved data sets will then form the basis for many detailed, site-by-site comparisons of local climate and various tree-growth parameters in order to re-characterise the nature, strength and temporal stability of the climate/growth associations. This will represent a systematic and objective re-assessment of the evidence for divergence in different forest contexts.\r\n\r\nThe project will then explore all of the current theories for the cause(s) of divergence employing both statistical and process-modelling techniques. The project will go on to use the reprocessed tree-ring data sets to re-calibrate many important climate reconstructions, with varying levels of spatial detail, and carefully assess the implications of the divergence effect, as newly characterised, on reconstruction uncertainty. This project will provide results that will inform the international scientific debate and widespread public perception of the reliability of tree-ring-based climate reconstructions in particular, but also our current understanding of the reliability of current evidence for high-resolution temperature changes during the late Holocene.  \r\n\r\nThis project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for three and a half years from May 2010 to October 2013 (NERC Reference: NE/G018863/1).\r\n\r\nData can be found on the website below. The data is not in the BADC archive due to the poor quality. \r\nhttp://www.cru.uea.ac.uk/cru/papers/melvin2012holocene/\r\n\r\n",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "tree-ring, NERC",
            "status": "completed",
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                "ob_id": 1341,
                "uuid": "ae2203ccbca9b6d5b28b35e66b2bcd05",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "NERC Research Mode 2010 Projects",
                "abstract": "Data generated from NERC Research Mode 2010 funding programme and stored for long-term archiving at the BADC."
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            "ob_id": 12272,
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Quantifying the Amazon Isoprene Budget: Reconciling Top-down versus Bottom-up Emission Estimates Project",
            "abstract": "The term climate change is now a household phrase and we are used to hearing about rising greenhouse gas levels and global warming. One of the first events that increased the public's awareness of environmental issues was the discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole in the 1980s. Ozone is a gas that comprises only a tiny fraction of all the gases that make up the atmosphere but it is very important in climate. At high altitudes (about 15 to 30 km), there is lots of ozone which is good thing for the planet, as it shields the Sun's harmful UV radiation. However, ozone is a toxic substance and if it builds up within the troposphere (the lowermost part of the atmosphere) and at the surface then this is not good. Tropospheric ozone is bad for us because it is (a) a greenhouse gas, and (b) and air pollutant that affects the human respiratory system and agricultural crop yields. Ozone is produced near the surface when substances known as volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are emitted from the surface and subsequently react within the atmosphere. VOCs can be emitted from human activities, but they are predominantly emitted by vegetation that grows on land. Of all the biogenic VOCs emitted into the atmosphere, none is more important than isoprene owing to its ability to quickly react with other compounds (to produce tropospheric ozone) and because it is emitted in large amounts. Isoprene is also important, as it is a source of very small particles called secondary organic aerosol (SOA) that scatter light, which influences how the Earth warms, and which also have adverse health effects. We need to know (a) when, (b) where and (c) how much isoprene is emitted into the atmosphere in order to better understand tropospheric ozone and SOA. Currently we use generic computer models that are based on observations to simulate the amount of isoprene emitted from different types of vegetation, such as trees or grasses. Isoprene emissions from the Amazon Basin, which contains the world's largest rain forest and is thought to be one of the biggest isoprene sources, are poorly quantified since it is very difficult to measure the emissions in this largely inaccessible and remote region. Satellite observations of a gas called formaldehyde (HCHO), contain information on isoprene emissions, and can be used to determine the amount of isoprene emitted from terrestrial vegetation. The overall goal of my proposal is to use satellite observations of HCHO to accurately quantify isoprene emissions from the Amazon Basin. To achieve this goal I will develop a new unique high resolution model for the Amazon, which will be able to simulate isoprene emissions and atmospheric chemistry at finer spatial scales than have been able previously. I will then compare the isoprene emissions from this 'bottom-up' model with the 'top-down' isoprene emissions inferred from the satellite observations of HCHO, to identify regions or time periods where there is significant disagreement between the model and the observations, which highlights where we have poor understanding of the isoprene emissions. I will then develop an improved isoprene emission model by fine tuning the 'bottom-up' emission model to the inferred 'top-down' emissions, taking into account individual scenes (utilizing the high spatial resolution of the nested-grid) and different seasons. By reconciling the differences between the 'bottom-up' model and the 'top-down' emissions we will gain a more accurate estimate of how much isoprene is emitted from the Amazon, and more importantly gain a better understanding of the factors that influence when it is emitted. This research is important because the Amazon Basin is also one of the regions identified as being most susceptible to climate change, and it is crucial we determine the key factors that influence its isoprene emissions in order to improve confidence in our ability to predict future climate. \r\n\r\nObjectives: \r\n\r\n1) Develop a high resolution, nested-grid chemistry-transport model, centred over the Amazon, which will be driven using two bottom-up isoprene emission models that are based on fundamentally different approaches to simulate isoprene fluxes \r\n\r\n2) Compare the simulated isoprene emissions and oxidation products, from the two bottom-up inventories, against each other and in situ observations to assess which is more accurate \r\n\r\n3) Optimally estimate Amazon isoprene emissions using a Bayesian approach constrained by satellite observations of formaldehyde \r\n\r\n4) Develop emission model parameterizations that will reconcile the spatial and temporal differences between the top-down and bottom-up estimates \r\n\r\n5) Quantify the difference of the bottom-up and top-down isoprene emissions on the Amazonian atmospheric chemistry\r\n\r\nThis project was funded by NERC under grant NE/G013810/1.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "nerc, research mode, amazon, isoprene",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1341,
                "uuid": "ae2203ccbca9b6d5b28b35e66b2bcd05",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "NERC Research Mode 2010 Projects",
                "abstract": "Data generated from NERC Research Mode 2010 funding programme and stored for long-term archiving at the BADC."
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                    "ob_id": 3823,
                    "uuid": "387ca240c6585dabd158a06b2ce4af4b",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Quantifying the Amazon Isoprene Budget: Reconciling Top-down versus Bottom-up Emission Estimates Project: High-Resolution Chemistry Model data for the Amazon basin.",
                    "abstract": "The Quantifying the Amazon Isoprene Budget: Reconciling Top-down versus Bottom-up Emission Estimates project ran a unique high resolution model for the Amazon basin, able to simulate isoprene emissions and atmospheric chemistry. Model outputs are available through CEDA. This was a NERC funded project (NE/G013810/1)."
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            "uuid": "5fcda0aef03b4f0eaa2a665c69b5e029",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Snow-Vegetation-Atmosphere Interactions over Heterogeneous Landscapes Project",
            "abstract": "By modifying the amount of solar radiation absorbed at the land surface, bright snow and dark forests have strong influences on weather and climate; either a decrease in snow cover or an increase in forest cover, which shades underlying snow, increases the absorption of radiation and warms the overlying air. \r\n\r\nComputer models for weather forecasting and climate prediction thus have to take these effects into account by calculating the changing mass of snow on the ground and interactions of radiation with forest canopies. Such models generally have coarse resolutions ranging from kilometres to hundreds of kilometres. Forest cover cannot be expected to be continuous over such large distances; instead, northern landscapes are mosaics of evergreen and deciduous forests, clearings, bogs and lakes. Snow can be removed from open areas by wind, shaded by surrounding vegetation or sublimated from forest canopies without ever reaching the ground, and these processes which influence patterns of snow cover depend on the size of the openings, the structure of the vegetation and weather conditions. Snow itself influences patterns of vegetation cover by supplying water, insulating plants and soil from cold winter temperatures and storing nutrients.\r\n\r\nThe aim of this project was to develop better methods for representing interactions between snow, vegetation and the atmosphere in models that, for practical applications, cannot resolve important scales in the patterns of these interactions.\r\n\r\nInformation was gathered on distributions of snow, vegetation and radiation during two field experiments at sites in the arctic: one in Sweden and the other in Finland. These sites were chosen because they have long records of weather and snow conditions, easy access, good maps of vegetation cover from satellites and aircraft and landscapes ranging from sparse deciduous forests to dense coniferous forests that are typical of much larger areas. \r\n\r\nUsing 28 radiometers, and moving them several times during the course of each experiment, allowed us to measure the highly variable patterns of radiation at the snow surface in forests.\r\n\r\nInformation from the field experiments have been used in developing and testing a range of models. To reach the scales of interest, we began with a model that explicitly resolves individual trees and work up through models with progressively coarser resolutions, testing the models at each stage against each other and in comparison with observations. The ultimate objective was a model that will be better able to make use of landscape information in predicting the absorption of radiation at the surface and the accumulation and melt of snow. \r\n\r\nThis project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for three and a half years from November 2010 to February 2014 (NERC Reference: NE/H008187/1).\r\n",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "NERC, snow, vegetation, abisko, sodankyla",
            "status": "completed",
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                "ob_id": 1341,
                "uuid": "ae2203ccbca9b6d5b28b35e66b2bcd05",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "NERC Research Mode 2010 Projects",
                "abstract": "Data generated from NERC Research Mode 2010 funding programme and stored for long-term archiving at the BADC."
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            "ob_id": 12274,
            "uuid": "22bd6d14c5d74b84bd5a0835b9f9fb7a",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Interrogating Trees as Archives of Environmental Sulphur Variability Project",
            "abstract": "'Give me a tree and I'll read climate history' is the basic premise of dendrochronology, and to a large extent is perfectly true. Each ring within a tree represents one year of growth and contains within it a record of the prevailing environmental conditions. Trees can thus be age dated, and used as a record of climate change through ring-width analysis and chemical composition. \r\n\r\nHowever, chemical interpretations of the nutrient chemistry within each ring have often been subject to much criticism. The basic premise that nutrients which are taken up by the tree are encapsulated to represent environmental conditions for that particular year, is true only for elements which are immobilised from further biological transport accross the width of the tree.\r\n\r\nWe now think we have found such an element which is fixed within the woody tissues during growth and can be used with certainty for environmental reconstruction - this element is sulphur. \r\n\r\nThat sulphur should be the element which is fixed within the annual growth rings is fortuitous given its key role in modulating climate and fantastic potential as an environmental diagnostic tool. The injection of sulphur aerosol into the atmosphere is a key determinant of climate through backscattering and absorption of radiation, and has long been a concern for terrestrial ecology, causing widespread acidification of catchments upon deposition. \r\n\r\nTwo of the key sources of sulphur aerosol injected into the atmosphere are from volcanic and industrial emissions. Both sources can be readily distinguished from background inputs using concentrations and stable isotopes, rendering the sulphur isotopic content of palaeoarchives to be perhaps one of the most important diagnostic elemental signatures available.\r\n \r\nWhilst the sulphur isotopic content of ice cores has been extensively exploited, the more localised archives such as speleothems and tree rings have largely remained beyond the reach of climate change scientists and we have yet to discover many of the secrets they harbour. \r\n\r\nWhilst we have initiated and had excellent success with extracting the sulphur record from speleothems, we believe trees will behave as a much more sensitive, readily available record of local atmospheric change over the past millenium. We believe we are now in a position to conduct an intensive research programme to extract the sulphur isotopic composition of trees and forge ahead with the development of such an important local indicator of sulphur forcing and atmospheric change.\r\n\r\nThis project is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) for one and a half year from September 2010 to May 2012 (NERC Reference: NE/H012257/1).\r\n",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "NERC, sulphur, tree",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1341,
                "uuid": "ae2203ccbca9b6d5b28b35e66b2bcd05",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "NERC Research Mode 2010 Projects",
                "abstract": "Data generated from NERC Research Mode 2010 funding programme and stored for long-term archiving at the BADC."
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                {
                    "ob_id": 13790,
                    "uuid": "327e87e5123f4d20a1766dca366364b8",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Interrogating Trees as Archives of Environmental Sulphur Variability Project: Sulphur Dendrochemistry measurement collection from trees in Italy and in the UK",
                    "abstract": "Sulphur is an element which is fixed within the woody tissues during growth and can be used with certainty for environmental reconstruction.\r\n\r\nThat sulphur should be the element which is fixed within the annual growth rings is fortuitous given its key role in modulating climate and fantastic potential as an environmental diagnostic tool. The injection of sulphur aerosol into the atmosphere is a key determinant of climate through backscattering and absorption of radiation, and has long been a concern for terrestrial ecology, causing widespread acidification of catchments upon deposition. \r\n\r\nHistorical sulphur concentration and isotopic values obtained from tree cores in Italy and in the UK are presented, spanning the period 1840-2012.\r\n\r\nThis work was funded by NERC (grant NE/H012257/1).\r\n"
                }
            ],
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                8372
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            "ob_id": 12275,
            "uuid": "2b90309824f548a9be5159082842e669",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Stratospheric Network for the Assessment of Predictability (SNAP)",
            "abstract": "Forecasting the weather from days to two weeks in advance has typically focused on the troposphere, the layer of the atmosphere closest to the ground. A typical weather forecast first attempts to estimate what the atmosphere is like now, and then extrapolates forward in time, using a complex model of the atmosphere based on the basic physical laws of motion. \r\n\r\nOver the last 15 years, evidence has been growing that different parts of the atmosphere and Earth system can also be exploited to improve weather forecasts. One of these regions is the stratosphere, the layer directly above the troposphere. Because, temperatures increase with height in the stratosphere, winds and weather systems are quite different, and a distinct community of scientific researchers who study the stratosphere exists around the world. \r\n\r\nThrough the work of this community, many weather forecasting centres have been encouraged to look to the stratosphere to improve their weather forecasts and have been modifying their weather forecasting models accordingly. What has been missing, however, is a concerted effort to understand how best to make use of the stratosphere to improve weather forecasts and to determine how much weather forecasts might benefit. \r\n\r\nThis proposal will fund a new international scientific network which will bring scientists from around the world together to study the stratosphere and how it might be used to improve weather forecasts. The network is made up of scientists from universities and weather forecasting centres around the world and is supported by two other international scientific research bodies. The network will allow scientists to come together to discuss current research in this area and to plan and carry out a new experiment which will compare the stratosphere and its impact on weather forecasts in their weather forecasting models. \r\n\r\nAt the end of the research project, the network members will work together to produce a report which will provide guidance to all weather forecasting centres on the use of the stratosphere for weather forecasting.\r\n\r\nThis project started in January 2013 funded by the UK Natural Environment Research Council and the World Climate Research Program/Stratospheric Processes and their Role in Climate project (WCRP-SPARC). \r\n\r\n",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "snap nerc stratosphere",
            "status": "ongoing",
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            "ob_id": 12286,
            "uuid": "e0e2261d155848fab84b1169aeb2be80",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Aerosol Cloud Coupling and Climate Interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA)",
            "abstract": "ACCACIA was a £3M NERC-funded consortium project in collaboration with the Universities of Manchester, York, and East Anglia, and the British Antarctic Survey, along with the Met Office and project partners in the US and Europe. ACCACIA aimed to improve our understanding of aerosol-cloud interactions in the Arctic, and the potential changes and feedbacks that may result from decreasing Arctic sea ice cover in the future. In situ measurements have been made during two field campaigns utilising ship-based measurements of surface aerosol sources and airborne measurements of aerosol and cloud microphysical properties, boundary layer dynamics, and radiative forcing. The observations have been complemented by modelling studies on a range of scales: from explicit aerosol and cloud microphysics process modelling, through large eddy simulation and mesoscale models, up to global climate models.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ACCACIA, ARP, Artic, NERC",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11699,
                "uuid": "f57067adf93e4bc693024d5b0421c509",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Arctic Research Programme (ARP)",
                "abstract": "The NERC Arctic Research Programme (or ARP) was launched in 2010 to address specific topics of scientific uncertainty in the Arctic region and is co-ordinated and managed at NERC’s British Antarctic Survey. The £15m research effort is working over a five-year period to address key questions about what is behind the environmental changes occurring in the Arctic and how they can impact on levels of greenhouse gas and influence extreme weather events in the future."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 7773,
                    "uuid": "c59f184de7a408212ee926a9ee6bf66e",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Aerosol-Cloud Coupling And Climate Interactions in the Arctic (ACCACIA) Measurement Campaign",
                    "abstract": "ACCACIA was part of the NERC Arctic research programme. (NERC Reference: NE/I028858/1).\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains atmospheric measurements from Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) BAe-146 aircraft, the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) Masin aircraft and from RRS James Clark Ross ship. This dataset collection also contains data from specially configured Met Office Unified Model runs. Data from corresponding ship measurements are also available.\r\n\r\nThe climate of the Arctic is changing faster than that almost anywhere else on Earth, warming at a rate of twice the global average. This warming is accompanied by a rapid melting of the sea ice and a thinning of the ice that remains from year to year. The strong warming in the Arctic is due to several positive feedback processes, including a sea-ice albedo feedback (warmer conditions melt ice, lowering the average reflectivity of the mixed ice/ocean surface and thus absorbing more solar radiation, leading to increased ice melt and further lowering of the albedo) and several cloud feedbacks. There is a large uncertainty in models of the Arctic climate primarily because of the poor representation of physical processes within the models - particularly the representation of Arctic clouds, and due to some unique and particularly challenging conditions. \r\n\r\nA better understanding of cloud and aerosol processes in the Arctic is critical to understanding the polar atmosphere and developing more realistic climate models. \r\n\r\nTo address this issue the ACCACIA project embarked on an intensive measurement campaign in the Svalbard archipelago near the margin of permanent Arctic sea ice cover resulting in a comprehensive dataset comprising of airborne in situ measurements of cloud microphysical properties, the vertical structure of the boundary layer and aerosol properties, and the fluxes of solar and infra red radiation above, below, and within cloud.\r\n\r\n"
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        {
            "ob_id": 12321,
            "uuid": "7896ea1117dc4fa9bb95485ca9b1c6be",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Copernicus Programme",
            "abstract": "Copernicus, formerly known as the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) programme, is headed by the European Commission (EC) in partnership with the European Space Agency (ESA). Within the Copernicus Space Component, ESA is developing a series of Sentinel satellite missions. Data from the Sentinel missions, as well as from Contributing Missions from other space agencies, are made freely available through a unified ground segment. Each Sentinel mission is comprised of a constallation of two or more satellites to fulfil the timeliness and reliability requirements of the Copernicus Services environmental monitoring and civil security activities. As well as operational and monitoring capabilities, the Sentinel missions will provide a wealth of Earth Observation data for scientific exploitation. The Sentinel 1 mission provides all weather, day and night radar imagery with scientific applications in sea-ice measurements, biomass observations and earthquake analysis. Sentinel 2 is a high resolution imaging mission to provide imagery of vegetation, soil and water cover, inland waterways and coastal areas. Sentinel 3 is a multi-instrument mission to measure sea-surface topography, sea- and land-surface temperature, ocean colour and land colour with high-end accuracy and reliability. Sentinel 4 is devoted to atmospheric monitoring and will be flown on a Meteosat Third Generation-Sounder (MTG-S) satellite in geostationary orbit. Sentinel 5 will monitor the atmosphere from polar orbit on board a MetOp Second Generation satellite. The Sentinel 5 precursor satellite mission is being developed to reduce data gaps between Envisat, in particular the Sciamachy instrument, and the launch of Sentinel 5. The Sentinel 5 mission will be dedicated to atmospheric monitoring. Sentinel 6 carries a radar altimeter to measure global sea-surface height, primarily for operational oceanography and for climate studies.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Sentinel, Copernicus, GMES, European Commission,  EC, European Space Agency, ESA",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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                    "ob_id": 20016,
                    "uuid": "356ae234d1ad4681a2dd2c599f21883c",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Sentinel 1B: C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection contains radar data from the C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 1B satellite. Sentinel 1B was launched on 25th April 2016 and provides continuous all-weather, day and night imaging radar data. Three acquisition modes are available: Stripmap (SM), Interferometric Wide swath (IW), and Extra Wide swath (EW). The main operational mode is IW. The EW mode is primarily used for wide area coastal monitoring. The SM mode is only used on special request for extraordinary events such as emergency management. The SM, IW and EW modes are available in single (HH or VV) and dual (HH+HV or VV+VH) polarisation. The C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar images the Earth with enhanced frequency and revisit times obtaining full Earth coverage every two weeks. Timeliness and reliability is optimized for emergency response and operational applications with Europes’s coastal zones and shipping routes being monitored on a daily basis. The data has a wide range of scientific applications including sea-ice monitoring, imaging of forests and investigation into the carbon cycle, and the analysis of earthquakes. Data are provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) and are made available via CEDA to any registered scientific user in the UK."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 12314,
                    "uuid": "06d1c86f906e42f58172de32c2640be2",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Sentinel 1A: C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection contains radar data from the C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) on the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 1A satellite. Sentinel 1A was launched on 3rd April 2014 and provides continuous all-weather, day and night imaging radar data. Three acquisition modes are available: Stripmap (SM), Interferometric Wide swath (IW), and Extra Wide swath (EW). The main operational mode is IW. The EW mode is primarily used for wide area coastal monitoring. The SM mode is only used on special request for extraordinary events such as emergency management. The SM, IW and EW modes are available in single (HH or VV) and dual (HH+HV or VV+VH) polarisation. The C-band Synthetic Aperture Radar images the Earth with enhanced frequency and revisit times obtaining full Earth coverage every two weeks. Timeliness and reliability is optimised for emergency response and operational applications with Europe’s coastal zones and shipping routes being monitored on a daily basis. The data has a wide range of scientific applications including sea-ice monitoring, imaging of forests and investigation into the carbon cycle, and the analysis of earthquakes. Data are provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) and are made available via CEDA to any registered user."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 25939,
                    "uuid": "5fda5ee95a544a3b894dd4a5392be618",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Sentinel 2B: High-resolution optical imaging data from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI)",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection contains land monitoring data from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) on the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 2B satellite. Sentinel 2B was launched on 7th March 2017 and provides sun-synchronous platform for the multispectral imaging data. The instrument uses 13 spectral bands from visible to the near infrared to obtain images with a swath width of 290km. Level 1C processing provides Top-Of-Atmosphere (TOA) reflectances in cartographic geometry. A further processing level, bottom-of-atmosphere (BOA) reflectance in cartographic geometry (prototype product) can be produced by the user with the Sentinel 2 toolbox. The BOA mode allows for the accurate assessment of biophysical parameters e.g. Leaf Area Index, with reduced cloud interference."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 23997,
                    "uuid": "6aba66fd039c437bba1f6df4023c8382",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Sentinel 3A: Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) data",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection contains data from the Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR) on the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 3A satellite. Sentinel 3A was launched on 16th February 2016 and provides data globally.  \r\n\r\nThe primary mission objective of the SLSTR instrument is to extend the long-term consistent set of global Sea Surface Temperature (SST) measurements. In addition, SLSTR using a suite of visible and infrared radiance measurements provides land surface temperature, active fire monitoring, ice surface temperature, cloud, atmospheric aerosol, land surface, forestry and hydrology products in support of Copernicus services. Data are provided by ESA and are made available via CEDA to any registered user."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13167,
                    "uuid": "70d627f22d3c44d5ac64d9727c9d1a13",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Sentinel 2A: High-resolution optical imaging data from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI)",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection contains land monitoring data from the Multispectral Instrument (MSI) on the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 2A satellite. Sentinel 2A was launched on 23rd June 2015 and provides sun-synchronous platform for the multispectral imaging data. The instrument uses 13 spectral bands from visible to the near infrared to obtain images with a swath width of 290km. Level 1C processing provides Top-Of-Atmosphere (TOA) reflectances in cartographic geometry. A further processing level, bottom-of-atmosphere (BOA) reflectance in cartographic geometry (prototype product) can be produced by the user with the Sentinel 2 toolbox. The BOA mode allows for the accurate assessment of biophysical parameters e.g. Leaf Area Index, with reduced cloud interference. "
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 26459,
                    "uuid": "6accd46663bc4669afaac418f2bf498e",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Sentinel 5 Precursor: Level 2 data",
                    "abstract": "Need some info!"
                },
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                    "ob_id": 26538,
                    "uuid": "d491b9e869d845a3a727b569f95dde60",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Sentinel 5 Precursor: Level 1 data",
                    "abstract": "Level 1 radiance and irradiance data from the TROPOspheric Monitoring Instrument (TROPOMI) aboard the Sentinel 5P satellite. Sentinel 5P was launched on 13th October 2017. This satellite aims to provide atmospheric measurements relating to air quality, climate forcing, ozone and ultraviolet radiation. This data looks to build on the data from GOME, SCIAMACHY and OMI missions."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 32784,
                    "uuid": "29fc47bb023a4ac1bfa59aebd461c3ac",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Sentinel 3B data",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection contains data products from all of the instruments on the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 3B satellite. Sentinel 3B was launched on 25th April 2018.\r\n\r\nThe Sentinel 3 satellites have 3 main instruments on board: Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR), Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) and SAR Radar Altimeter (SRAL).\r\n\r\nData are provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) and are made available via CEDA to any registered user."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 32818,
                    "uuid": "0bcc2457250548abb51a90f96772c374",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Sentinel 3A data",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection contains data products from all of the instruments on the European Space Agency (ESA) Sentinel 3A satellite. Sentinel 3A was launched on 16th February 2016.\r\n\r\nThe Sentinel 3 satellites have 3 main instruments on board: Sea and Land Surface Temperature Radiometer (SLSTR), Ocean and Land Colour Instrument (OLCI) and SAR Radar Altimeter (SRAL).\r\n\r\nData are provided by the European Space Agency (ESA) and are made available via CEDA to any registered user."
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            "uuid": "0a5fb98570a0459fb326deb173f50b2f",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Process Based Earth System Model (ESM) Evaluation",
            "abstract": "This project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant reference - NE/K016008/1 - led by Professor Mathew Evans (University of York).\r\n\r\nClimate change and air pollution are two of the biggest challenges facing humanity today. Ozone and particulate matter are pollutants that are particularly harmful to human health. Recent studies have suggested that in the UK alone they cause 50,000 extra deaths and result in a financial burden of 8-22 billion pounds per year. Both ozone and particulate matter also play an important role in climate change. Ozone absorbs infra-red radiation resulting in a warming of the climate. Particles scatter and absorb incoming solar radiation and alter the properties of clouds. This results in complex interactions with the Earth's climate, with some types of aerosol pollution warming climate whereas others cool climate. Future air quality depends both on changes to emissions of pollutants and to changes in climate. Furthermore, a warming climate can result in worsened air pollution, which in turn can drive additional warming, meaning that complex feedbacks are possible between air pollution and climate.\r\n\r\nTo help understand these complex interactions and feedbacks scientists have developed Earth System Models that include a description of the important physical and biogeochemical processes. These models are increasingly being used by policy makers to make predictions about future air quality and climate and to guide policy decisions. It is therefore important that the models are rigorously tested. \r\n\r\nThis testing involves using detailed observations of atmospheric composition that have been made over the past few decades at locations around the world. Most model evaluation to date has involved testing whether the models simulate current average concentrations of atmospheric pollutants. Whilst this is a useful and necessary first step in model evaluation it does not test whether the model accurately simulates the change in concentration of a pollutant under changing emissions or changing climate. For example, does the model capture the real-world change in concentrations of a pollutant given a particular change in emission or under a future climate change scenario? This is particularly important as these predictions under-pin policy recommendations for air quality abatement. \r\n\r\nThis project synthesised long-term (multi-decadal) observations of ozone and particulate matter and their atmospheric precursors. They used these observations to explore trends and variability that have been observed over the past few decades. A model-observation framework was developed that can be used to evaluate how well models simulate observed variability and trends. The project tested state-of-the-art Earth System Models using existing model output from model intercomparison exercises. Finally, they explored the model processes that are driving simulated variability and trends.\r\n\r\nThe results inform the scientific community as to the fidelity of Earth System Models. This project helped to improve our models and give us more confidence in our predictions.\r\n\r\nThe overall objective of this project was to develop and implement a framework capable of evaluating the sensitivity of atmospheric composition simulated by ESMs to changing climate and emissions. \r\n\r\nOur scientific objectives were to:\r\n\r\nO1. Develop observationally-based metrics and relationships with which to evaluate variability and trends in atmospheric composition and its drivers in ESMs.   \r\n\r\nO2. Understand the sensitivity of observed and simulated atmospheric composition to environmental drivers.\r\n\r\nO3. Quantify the ability of ESMs to capture observed temporal variability and trends in atmospheric composition.\r\n\r\nO4. Improve our understanding of the processes driving observed variability in atmospheric composition.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Ozone, Climate Change, Air Pollution, Particulate matter, Atmospheric Composition, Earth System Models",
            "status": "ongoing",
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                    "ob_id": 12398,
                    "uuid": "5af3f51efc1d46c88d35be217b20fad3",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Process Based Earth System Model Evaluation: Gridded Global Surface Ozone Metrics and Precursor species data collection for Atmospheric Chemistry Model Evaluation",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection presents a global surface ozone compilation for long-term trends and ESM (Earth System Model) evaluation.\r\n\r\nThe project (Process Based Earth System Model Evaluation) brought together all publicly available surface ozone observations from online databases from the modern era to build a consistent dataset for the evaluation of chemical transport and chemistry-climate (Earth System) models for projects such as the Chemistry-Climate Model Initiative (CCMI) and Aer-Chem-MIP.  \r\n\r\nFrom a total dataset of approximately 6600 sites and 500 million hourly observations from 1971-2015, approximately 2200 sites and 200 million hourly observations pass screening as high-quality sites in regional background locations that are appropriate for use in global model evaluation. There was generally good data volume in the datasets since the start of air quality monitoring networks in 1990 through to 2013. Ozone observations are biased heavily toward North America and Europe with sparse coverage over the rest of the globe.  \r\n\r\nThis dataset collection was made available for the purposes of model evaluation as a set of gridded metrics intended to describe the distribution of ozone concentrations on monthly and annual timescales. This collection currently holds version 2.4 data only, but future versions may follow."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "MINERVA: North-West European Shelf Seas Marine Climate Projections",
            "abstract": "Climate projections for the North-West European Shelf Seas.  An update to the shelf seas component of UKCP09 Marine Report (Lowe et al, 2009) funded by the MINERVA project.\r\n\r\n",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "MINERVA, UKCP, Marine Climate, Uncertainty, Climate Downscaling, Shelf Seas, Temperature, SST, Salinity, Stratification, Sea Surface Temperature",
            "status": "ongoing",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "MINERVA: Update to the UKCP09 Marine Report North-West European Shelf Seas Marine Climate Projections",
                    "abstract": "An update to the shelf seas component of UKCP09 Marine Report (Lowe et al. 2009) funded by the Minerva Project. \r\nA Perturbed Physics Ensemble (PPE) of HadCM3 has been downscaled with the shelf seas model POLCOMS. Each of the 11 ensemble members have been downscaled as transient simulations (from 1952-2098) under the SRES A1B emissions scenario. The PPE (QUMP: Quantifying Uncertainty in Model Projections) was designed to span the range of uncertainty associated with model parameter uncertainty in the atmosphere of the driving global climate model. POLCOMS was run at a 12km resolution, with 32 vertical levels using s-coordinates. Monthly statistics of the model results were recorded. \r\n"
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            "ob_id": 12407,
            "uuid": "b4a5480f3b1d4a41b5e5262424686f6d",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ICOZA - Integrated Chemistry of Ozone in the Atmosphere",
            "abstract": "The ICOZA (Integrated Chemistry of Ozone in the Atmosphere) project was funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the grant references; NE/K012169/1, NE/K012398/1 and NE/K012029/1. The grants were led by Dr William Bloss (University of Birmingham), Professor Claire Reeves (University of East Anglia) and Professor Dwayne Ellis Heard (University of Leeds) respectively. \r\n\r\nTropospheric ozone is an important air pollutant, harmful to human health, agricultural crops and vegetation.  It is the main precursor to the atmospheric oxidants which initiate the degradation of most reactive gases emitted to the atmosphere, and is an important greenhouse gas in its own right.  As a consequence of this central role in atmospheric chemistry and air pollution, the capacity to understand, predict and manage tropospheric ozone levels is a key goal for atmospheric science research.  This goal is hard to achieve, as ozone is a secondary pollutant, formed in the atmosphere from the complex oxidation of VOCs in the presence of NOx and sunlight, and the timescale of ozone production is such that a combination of in situ chemical processes, deposition and transport govern ozone levels.  Uncertainties in all of these factors affect the accuracy of numerical models used to predict current and future ozone levels, and so hinder development of optimal air quality policies to mitigate ozone exposure.  The project addressed this problem by measuring the local chemical ozone production rate, and (for the first time) perform measurements of the response of the local atmospheric ozone production rate to NOx and VOC levels - directly determining the ozone production regime.  \r\n\r\nThe project aimed to achieve this by building upon an existing instrument for the measurement of atmospheric ozone production rates (funded through a NERC Technology Proof-of-Concept grant, and deployed in the recent ClearfLo 'Clean Air for London' NERC Urban Atmospheric Science programme).  In addition to directly measuring ozone production, by perturbing the ambient chemical conditions (for example, through addition of NOx or VOCs to the sampled airflow), and measuring the effect of this change upon the measured ozone production rate, the ozone control regime (extent of NOx vs VOC limitation) may be directly determined.   Within the project, they developed an existing ozone production instrument to include this capability, and validated the measurements, through comparison with ozone production from VOC oxidation in a large simulation chamber, and by measurement of the key oxidant OH radicals, and their precursors, within the system.  \r\n\r\nICOZA then applied the instrument to compare the measured ozone production rates with those calculated using other observational and model approaches, and to characterise the ozone control regime, in two contrasting environments: In the outflow of a European megacity (at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, WAO, in the UK), and in a rural continental location (at Hohenpeissenberg, HPB, in southern Germany).  At WAO, the project compared the measured ozone production rate with that calculated through co-located measurements of HO2 and RO2 radicals (using a newly developed approach to distinguish between these closely related species), and with that simulated using a constrained photochemical box model.  They then compared the NOx-dependence of the ozone production rate with that predicted using indicator approaches, based upon observations of other chemical species.  At HPB, they focused upon the VOC-dependence of the ozone production rate, and assess the error in model predictions of ozone production, which arise from the presence of unmeasured VOCs.\r\n\r\nThe project developed and demonstrated a new measurement approach, and applied this to improve the understanding of a fundamental aspect of atmospheric chemical processing.  Future applications have considerable potential both to support atmospheric science research, but also as an important air quality tool, alongside existing measurement and modelling approaches, to inform the most effective emission controls to reduce ozone production in a given location.  In the context of global crop yield reductions arising from ozone exposure of 7 - 12  % (wheat), 6 - 16 % (soybean) and 3 - 4 % (rice), this is an important societal as well as scientific impact. \r\n\r\nThe aim of the ICOZA project was to develop, refine and apply in situ measurements of the local chemical ozone production rate and its response to NOx and VOC levels.  They aimed to assess the accuracy of model predictions of ozone production rates, and the systematic errors which arises from the presence of unmeasured species and/or limitations in our understanding of the atmospheric chemistry, through field observations in two contrasting environments.  \r\n\r\nThe specific objectives were :\r\n\r\n1. To establish and validate the Perturbed Ozone Production Rate (POPR) concept, through laboratory development and simulation chamber testing\r\n\r\n2. To compare the directly measured ozone production rate with that calculated from measured peroxy radical abundance, and deduced from photochemical model predictions.\r\n\r\n3. To characterise the local ozone control regime in the contrasting environments of the outflow from a European megacity, and a continental rural location, for comparison with indicator approaches and zero dimensional photochemical model predictions\r\n\r\n4. To quantify the error in model-derived dP(O3)/d[VOC] due to unmeasured VOCs, and explore the scope for empirical determination of an expression for the chemical ozone production term, as a computationally cheap integration of tropospheric ozone chemistry.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Ozone, VOC, NOx, Tropospheric ozone chemistry",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": null,
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            "ob_id": 12408,
            "uuid": "a525f9c2b77043b3a12514da2a30aa86",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "GloboLakes Project",
            "abstract": "Global Observatory of Lake Responses to Environmental Change (GloboLakes) was a project funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) with the following grant references; NE/J023345/2, NE/J02211X/1, NE/J023396/1, NE/J021717/1 and NE/J022810/1. These grants were led by Professor Christopher Merchant, Dr Mark Cutler, Mr Stephen Groom, Professor Stephen Maberly and Dr Claire Miller respectively. \r\n\r\nThere are around 304 million lakes globally. These provide essential resources for human survival and are an important component of global biogeochemical cycles. Lakes are also fragile systems that are sensitive to multiple pressures including nutrient enrichment, climate change and hydrological modification, making them important 'sentinels' of environmental perturbation. However, traditional monitoring has only produced data from a tiny fraction of the global population of lakes and disentangling the causes of change requires consistently-produced data from a large number of lakes, along with measurements of possible causes of change. Satellite observations (remote sensing) and the establishment of a global lake observatory would produce a step-change in our ability to detect and attribute the causes of changes in lakes world-wide. \r\n\r\nThis is now possible for three reasons: \r\n(1) the improved wavebands, spatial resolution and frequency of data collection from satellite sensors is now sufficient to monitor inland waters; \r\n(2) formulae to correct for atmospheric properties and to convert the detected reflected light to useful lake properties have been developed; and \r\n(3) computing power has increased to the point that allows near real time and archived information from satellites to be processed. \r\n\r\nGloboLakes analysed 20 years of data from more than 1000 large lakes across the globe to determine 'what controls the differential sensitivity of lakes to environmental perturbation'. \r\n\r\nThis was an ambitious project that was only possible by bringing together a consortium of scientists with complementary skills. These included expertise in remote sensing of freshwaters and processing large volumes of satellite images, collation and analysis of large-scale environmental data, environmental statistics and the assessment of data uncertainty, freshwater ecology and mechanisms of environmental change and the ability to produce lake models to forecast future lake conditions. \r\n\r\nThe eight objectives of GloboLakes were to:\r\n(i) develop remote sensing algorithms to estimate lake biogeochemical and physical parameters;\r\n(ii) make these algorithms operational and process satellite data;\r\n(iii) compile integrated spatio-temporal information on climatic and catchment data for >1000 lakes;\r\n(iv) integrate data and assess uncertainty in data sources;\r\n(v) detect spatial and temporal patterns in lake water quality;\r\n(vi) attribute the causes of lake response to environmental conditions;\r\n(vii) forecast lake sensitivity to environmental change;\r\n(viii) apply data to lake management and the monitoring of freshwater resources.\r\n\r\nThe project focused on the retrieval of surface water temperature as this has a fundamental effect on lake ecology, the concentration of coloured dissolved organic matter and suspended solids that derive largely from the catchment, the abundance of phytoplankton measured as the concentration of the pigment, chlorophyll a, and the abundance of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that can potentially be toxic. Knowledge of the conditions of lakes and their sensitivity to change is also extremely valuable for the management of lakes and reservoirs and GloboLakes provided information and products specifically for environmental managers. \r\n\r\nA satellite launched during the course of the project, called Sentinel 2, provided even greater spatial resolution allowing data to be collected and exploited from even smaller lakes. This was investigated by GloboLakes and incorporated into the framework of a global lake observatory.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "limnology, lake, freshwater, satellite, environmental change, surface water temperature",
            "status": "ongoing",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "GloboLakes: high-resolution global limnology data",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection holds high-resolution datasets related to in-land water for limnology (study of in-land waters) and remote sensing applications. These were produced by the Department of Meteorology at the University of Reading. \r\n\r\nInformation on distance-to-land for each water cell and the distance-to-water for each land cell has many potential applications in remote sensing, where the applicability of geophysical retrieval algorithms may be affected by the presence of water or land within a satellite field of view (image pixel).\r\n\r\nThe data was recorded over a 5 year period from 2005-2010 on a global scale. It is expected that new and updated datasets will be added in the future.\r\n\r\n"
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            "ob_id": 12409,
            "uuid": "9fb1936a4a434befb772c53f79259fe7",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "The GAUGE (Greenhouse gAs UK and Global Emissions Project",
            "abstract": "The GAUGE (Greenhouse gAs UK and Global Emissions) project was one of 3 consortia funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Feedback Programme, which aimed to deliver improved Greenhouse Gases (GHG) inventories and predictions for the UK and for the globe at a regional scale.\r\n\r\nThe main focus of GAUGE was to quantify the UK GHG budget in order to underpin the development of effective emission reduction policies. The UK GHG budget wsa put into a global context by providing extended analyses on European and global scales. \r\n\r\nGAUGE addressed this objective by integrating inter- calibrated information from ground-based, airborne, ferry-borne, balloon-borne, and space-borne sensors, including new sensor technology, allowing it to lay the foundations of a new measurement infrastructure that will deliver beyond GAUGE. It will incorporate world-class modelling expertise.\r\n\r\nGAUGE was led by the University of Edinburgh and consists of researchers from the Universities of Bristol, Leicester, Leeds, Manchester, and Cambridge, the UK Met Office, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, and STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory.",
            "publicationState": "published",
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                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Feedback Programme",
                "abstract": "The Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Feedback Programme is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).\r\n\r\nIts overarching objective is to deliver improved Greenhouse Gases (GHG) inventories and predictions for the UK, and for the globe at a regional scale. It is addressing this objective by developing a comprehensive, multi-year and interlinked measurement and data analysis programme, focussing on the major GHGs carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The Programme integrates three UK research consortia (GAUGE, RAGNARocc and GREENHOUSE) with complementary objectives:\r\n\r\nGAUGE will produce robust estimates of the UK GHG budget, using new and existing measurement networks and modelling activities at a range of scales. \r\n\r\nRAGNARoCC is an oceanographic project to investigate the air-sea fluxes of GHGs in the North Atlantic region.\r\n\r\nGREENHOUSE uses extensive existing UK field data and targeted new measurements to build regional GHG inventories and improve the capabilities of land surface models. \r\n"
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                    "abstract": "Collection of data produced by the GAUGE (Greenhouse gAs Uk and Global Emissions) Project.\r\n\r\nThe GAUGE project aimed to produce robust estimates of the UK Greenhouse Gas budget, using new and existing measurement networks and modelling activities at a range of scales. It aimed to integrate inter- calibrated information from ground-based, airborne, ferry-borne, balloon-borne, and space-borne sensors, including new sensor technology.\r\n\r\nGAUGE was part of the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Feedback Programme funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)."
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            "title": "Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Feedback Programme",
            "abstract": "The Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Feedback Programme is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC).\r\n\r\nIts overarching objective is to deliver improved Greenhouse Gases (GHG) inventories and predictions for the UK, and for the globe at a regional scale. It is addressing this objective by developing a comprehensive, multi-year and interlinked measurement and data analysis programme, focussing on the major GHGs carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O). The Programme integrates three UK research consortia (GAUGE, RAGNARocc and GREENHOUSE) with complementary objectives:\r\n\r\nGAUGE will produce robust estimates of the UK GHG budget, using new and existing measurement networks and modelling activities at a range of scales. \r\n\r\nRAGNARoCC is an oceanographic project to investigate the air-sea fluxes of GHGs in the North Atlantic region.\r\n\r\nGREENHOUSE uses extensive existing UK field data and targeted new measurements to build regional GHG inventories and improve the capabilities of land surface models. \r\n",
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                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "The GAUGE (Greenhouse gAs UK and Global Emissions Project",
                    "abstract": "The GAUGE (Greenhouse gAs UK and Global Emissions) project was one of 3 consortia funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) under the Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Feedback Programme, which aimed to deliver improved Greenhouse Gases (GHG) inventories and predictions for the UK and for the globe at a regional scale.\r\n\r\nThe main focus of GAUGE was to quantify the UK GHG budget in order to underpin the development of effective emission reduction policies. The UK GHG budget wsa put into a global context by providing extended analyses on European and global scales. \r\n\r\nGAUGE addressed this objective by integrating inter- calibrated information from ground-based, airborne, ferry-borne, balloon-borne, and space-borne sensors, including new sensor technology, allowing it to lay the foundations of a new measurement infrastructure that will deliver beyond GAUGE. It will incorporate world-class modelling expertise.\r\n\r\nGAUGE was led by the University of Edinburgh and consists of researchers from the Universities of Bristol, Leicester, Leeds, Manchester, and Cambridge, the UK Met Office, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, and STFC Rutherford Appleton Laboratory."
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            "ob_id": 12420,
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Met Office UKCP09 Contribution Project",
            "abstract": "Met Office contribution to UKCP09 Project",
            "publicationState": "published",
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                "ob_id": 12930,
                "uuid": "077fd790439c44b99962552af8d37a22",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09)",
                "abstract": "The UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) project provided access to information on plausible changes in 21st century climate for the UK through the UKCP09 website. The website allowed dynamic interaction through a user interface to the data. UKCP09 provides future climate projections for land and marine regions as well as observed (past) climate data for the UK.\r\n\r\nUKCP09 was produced in 2009, funded by a number of agencies led by Defra. It is based on sophisticated scientific methods provided by the Met Office, with input from over 30 contributing organisations, it was initially delivered through the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP). UKCP09 can be used to help organisations assess potential impacts of the projected future climate and to explore adaptation options to address those impacts.\r\n\r\nThe UKCP09 website is managed by the Environment Agency working with the Met Office. A new set of UK climate projections is due to be released in 2018 under the UKCP18 project."
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "UKCP09: Met Office gridded and regional land surface climate observation datasets",
                    "abstract": "This collection contains datasets of climate variables derived from the network of UK land surface observations. The data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The data sets cover the UK at 5 x 5 km resolution and span the period 1910 - 2015. They are available at daily, monthly and annual timescales, as well as long-term averages for the periods 1961 - 1990, 1971 - 2000, and 1981 - 2010. Baseline averages are also available at 25 x 25 km resolution to match the UKCP09 climate change projections. \r\n\r\nThe primary purpose of this data resource is to encourage and facilitate research into climate change impacts and adaptation. The datasets have been created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) and are promoted within the UK Climate Projections (UKCP09). The UKCP09 report The climate of the UK and recent trends uses these gridded data sets to describe UK climatoloagies and regional trends."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE)",
            "abstract": "ACSOE was a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Thematic Research Programme to investigate the chemistry of the lower atmosphere (0-12 km) over the oceans to understand the natural processes occurring in this layer and the effects of pollutants originating from the continents on them. The project was run by scientists from UK institutes and universities between 1995 and 2000, with fieldwork carried out between 1996 and 1998 over the North Atlantic from the south of Iceland to the Canary Islands. BADC holds the atmospheric data collected during the programme, while the marine data is stored in the British Oceanic Data Centre (BODC).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ACSOE, Chemistry, Climate",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 12834,
                    "uuid": "f4f03877e046436a82573cf5f9032356",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "ACSOE OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA) - Testing Atmospheric Chemistry in Anticyclone (TACIA) Joint Programme",
                    "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA) and Testing Atmospheric Chemistry in Anticyclone (TACIA) combined efforts to focus on continental plumes, mainly through in-situ measurements from on-board MRF C-130. Known affectionately as Snoopy, the C-130 research aircraft is a former transport aircraft operated by the Meteorological Research Flight (MRF), with a Royal Air Force crew. It has a range of 5,000 km and an endurance of up to 12 hours. It can reach a ceiling of 10 km, or can skim the wave-tops at fifty feet. During ACSOE it flew missions over the North Sea and North Atlantic from its home base at Boscombe Down, Wiltshire, and was also detached to the Azores, mainland Portugal, and Tenerife for experiments further afield. It was instrumented in a number of different configurations, depending on the experiment in progress, including a new fit of fast in-situ trace gas photochemistry instruments developed specifically for ACSOE. The aircraft has a central data acquisition system that logs data from all of the instruments and an on-board computer system called HORACE. The latter was configured to run various algorithms based on the real-time measurements."
                },
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                    "ob_id": 1923,
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                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Atmosphere Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) - Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange (MAGE)",
                    "abstract": "ACSOE (Atmosphere Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment) - MAGE (Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange). ACSOE, which took place between 1995 and 2000, is a UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Thematic Research Programme to investigate the chemistry of the lower atmosphere (0 - 12 km) over the oceans. The studies aimed to bring about a clearer understanding of natural processes in the remote marine atmosphere, and how these processes are affected by atmospheric pollution originating from the continents. This information is vital in understanding regional and global-scale changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The principal Investigator of ACSOE was Prof Stuart Penkett of University of East Anglia. The project had three consortia of UK institutes and universities, each of which focused on a different scientific topic: OXICOA (OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere), MAGE (Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange) and ACE (Aerosol Characterisation Experiment). MAGE was a study of aspects of air-sea exchange relevant to atmospheric chemistry and aerosol production."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 2215,
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                    "title": "Atmosphere Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) - Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE)",
                    "abstract": "ACSOE (Atmosphere Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment) - ACE (Aerosol Characterisation Experiment). ACSOE, which took place between 1995 and 2000, is a UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Thematic Research Programme to investigate the chemistry of the lower atmosphere (0 - 12 km) over the oceans. The studies aimed to bring about a clearer understanding of natural processes in the remote marine atmosphere, and how these processes are affected by atmospheric pollution originating from the continents. This information is vital in understanding regional and global-scale changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The principal Investigator of ACSOE was Prof Stuart Penkett of University of East Anglia. The project had three consortia of UK institutes and universities, each of which focused on a different scientific topic: OXICOA (OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere), MAGE (Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange) and ACE (Aerosol Characterisation Experiment). ACE was a study of the processing of gases and aerosols through hill-cap clouds on Tenerife and sub-tropical marine stratocumulus."
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                    "title": "Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) - OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA)",
                    "abstract": "ACSOE (Atmosphere Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment) - OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA). ACSOE, which took place between 1995 and 2000, is a UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Thematic Research Programme to investigate the chemistry of the lower atmosphere (0 - 12 km) over the oceans. The studies aimed to bring about a clearer understanding of natural processes in the remote marine atmosphere, and how these processes are affected by atmospheric pollution originating from the continents. This information is vital in understanding regional and global-scale changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The principal Investigator of ACSOE was Prof Stuart Penkett of University of East Anglia. The project had three consortia of UK institutes and universities, each of which focused on a different scientific topic: OXICOA (OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere), MAGE (Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange) and ACE (Aerosol Characterisation Experiment). OXICOA was a study of oxidant, radical and related gas-phase chemistry in the clean and moderately polluted marine atmosphere."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Met Office LIDARNET system",
            "abstract": "Met Office operate a network of ceilometers from which they obtain both cloud base and backscatter information.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Met Office, lidar, ceilometer, ash",
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                "ob_id": 4,
                "uuid": "fab53ee460e05f1b68e23657f4b6c5f4",
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                "title": "Met Office",
                "abstract": "The Met Office is the UK national meteorological service and one of the world's leading providers of environmental and weather-related services. Their solutions and services meet the needs of many communities of interest, from the general public, government and schools, through broadcasters and online media, to civil aviation and almost every other industry sector - in the UK and around the world. The Met Office headquarters are located in Exeter, UK. The Met Office makes a number of datasets available to the academic research community under the NERC - Met Office agreement. For further details of these datasets see the links to this record."
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                    "ob_id": 10994,
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office LIDARNET ceilometer network cloud base and backscatter data",
                    "abstract": "Data from the Met Office's laser cloud base recorders network (LCBRs), or ceilometers, returns a range of products for use in forecasting and hazard detection. These include cloud base height and also backscatter profiles. The backscatter profiles can allow detection of aerosol species such as volcanic ash where suitable instrumentation is deployed. The Met Offices operational LIDARNET network consists of Vaisala CT25k and CL31 ceilometers and the Jenoptik CHM15k Nimbus. In addition, this dataset also contains data from the development ceilometers operated by the Met Office."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "The UK Ice in Clouds Experiment -- Dust (UK ICE-D)",
            "abstract": "The UK ICE-D project was funded by the Natural Environement Research Council (NERC) with the grant references: NE/M00340X/1 and NE/M001954/1. These were led by Professor Alan Blyth (University of Leeds) and Professor Thomas William Choularton (The University of Manchester)\r\n\r\nThe goal of this research was to determine how desert dust affects the nucleation of ice particles in convective and layer clouds and the subsequent development of precipitation and glaciation of the clouds. Dust is believed to be a critical aerosol particle in the Earth system mainly because the dust particles themselves, and particles that are chemically and possibly biologically modified as they are transported from their source, are believed to be the most important ice nuclei in a global sense and because dust particles are transported to many parts of the globe.  Predicting the initiation and subsequent evolution of the size distribution of ice particles in clouds from a distribution of aerosol particles is one of the most important problems in atmospheric science.  It is fundamental to the NERC high-level strategy objective ``Understand and predict how our planet works'', because the lack of understanding of the processes causes uncertainty in the way global models treat the interaction of radiation with ice and mixed-phase clouds and the development of precipitation.  They also cause uncertainty in Numerical Weather Prediction (NWP) models, which is concerned with the NERC strategy objective ``Resilience to environmental hazards''.  The proposed research aims was to tackle this problem by making measurements of aerosols and cloud particles close to one of the largest sources of desert dust in the world.  The measurements are difficult to make, which is why such detailed measurements have never been made in this region before.  It is possible to do this now because the instruments are capable of determining the chemical and physical properties of aerosol particles, the aircraft cloud physics instruments can detect small ice particles, and there is a mobile dual-polarisation radar. \r\n\r\nThe UK Ice in Clouds Experiment -- Dust (UK ICE-D) was part of the US-UK aircraft and ground-based project based in Cape Verde off the coast of Senegal, Africa to be held in 2015 (mainly UK) and 2016 (mainly US). Measurements will be made in the environment around the clouds to characterise the aerosol particles and their ability to act as ice nuclei and cloud condensation nuclei, and within the clouds to determine the influence of the particles on the cloud properties.  Convective clouds will be measured as a priority, but layer clouds will also be targeted.  Observations will be made when dust is present in high concentrations at appropriate altitudes and when almost no dust is present. The availability of the US and UK aircraft has inadvertently provided a unique opportunity to maximise the sampling statistics of the clouds.  The location and time was selected from climatology studies because dust concentrations are often large and convective and layer clouds also occur frequently.  In addition, the convective clouds in the region are known to be important since they can form clusters that lead to storms and hurricanes in the Tropical Atlantic.\r\n\r\nSpecifically, UK ICE-D made measurements on days with and without the presence of dust of the following:\r\n* Aerosol particles on the ground with the instruments in the aerosol container at Cape Verde and with the BAe 146 aircraft;\r\n* Cloud droplets, supercooled raindrops, the first ice particles and development of ice and precipitation particles with the aircraft;\r\n* The altitudes of the supercooled raindrops, the location and time of the first precipitation echoes, and the radial air motions using the radar;\r\n* The thermodynamics and dynamics of the clouds and their environment with the aircraft and to some extent the radar.\r\n\r\nModel results were compared with the observations of the initiation temperatures and rates of growth and development.  A spectrum of models ranging from climate through regional forecast models to explicit cloud physics process-based models, will be used as forecasting tools and as tools to interpret the data and to develop or\r\n\r\nObjectives: \r\n1. Characterise the chemical and physical properties of aerosol particles and determine the activation properties of CCN and IN.\r\n\r\n2. Given an initial well-characterised aerosol distribution, can we predict the number concentration of ice particles that will be produced in the clouds through primary nucleation? Specifically, determine if primary ice particles first form as a result of freezing of supercooled raindrops.  \r\n\r\n3. Determine the physical processes responsible for the production of warm rain and the rates of growth.  E.g. is the process dependent on entrainment and mixing or determined by straightforward autoconversion or by giant CCN.\r\n\r\n4. Determine whether the HM secondary ice formation process is critical to the glaciation of the convective clouds and if so (likely) the effect of dust on the process. \r\n\r\n5. Determine the influence of dust on the physical properties of the convective and layer clouds (e.g.\\ dynamics, entrainment, liquid water content distribution, development of precipitation) and if the effects can be represented with models of all scales.\r\n\r\n6. Use the new observations to test and improve the ability of regional NWP, global NWP and climate models to accurately simulate the properties of clouds and their environment.  In particular, determine if the new prognostic treatment of aerosol through its effect on ice nucleation and cloud droplet number outperforms simpler non-prognostic treatments.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "desert dust, ice nucleation, clouds, aerosol, cloud condensation nuclei",
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                    "title": "UK ICE-D: atmospheric measurements dataset collection",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection holds datasets from the FAAM BAe-146 aircraft and ground-based measurements taken in Cape Verde off the coast of Senegal, Africa during 2015 and 2016 in support of the UK Ice in Clouds Experiment - Dust (UK ICE-D) project."
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            "ob_id": 12666,
            "uuid": "7bbe2b7eebec4c54af98244b79c04fa0",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ACSOE MAGE  Eastern Atlantic Experiments (EAE)",
            "abstract": "As part of the Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) MAGE (Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange), this series of Eastern Atlantic Experiments (EAE) was an extensive study of the speciation of sulphur and nitrogen in both clean and moderately polluted atmospheres. It involved the measurement of DMS (and other gases) in the ocean and calculation of fluxes into the atmosphere, combined with the measurement of the speciation of sulphur and nitrogen in both gas and size-fractionated aerosol phases. Isotopic measurements will be used to assess the relative importance of the natural and anthropogenic sources of sulphur and nitrogen, as well as the branching ratio of MSA to SO2 in the atmospheric oxidation of DMS. The gas-to-particle conversion process and a detailed study of physical and chemical composition of fine particles in North Atlantic air will provide information leading to a better understanding of \"bursts\" of new particle formation observed previously at Atlantic coastal sites.\r\nThe experiments were carried out in the spring seasons of 1996 and 1997 during the period of maximum DMS production in this ocean area, thus providing a strong natural signal to the atmosphere. Measurements were made both offshore on the RRS. Challenger and at Mace Head, Ireland. In addition, profiles of aerosol size and distribution and trace gases throughout the marine boundary layer were made using the Jetstream aircraft. An integral part of this experiment is modelling via a zero-dimensional time-dependent photochemical box model of an air mass in the marine boundary layer. The 1997 period of measurements (May) coincided with the OXICOA measurements at Mace Head, resulting in a large collaborative experiment.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ACSOE, MAGE, EAE, Tropospheric Chemistry",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1923,
                "uuid": "656702572b4965d88c1921046a82030d",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Atmosphere Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) - Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange (MAGE)",
                "abstract": "ACSOE (Atmosphere Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment) - MAGE (Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange). ACSOE, which took place between 1995 and 2000, is a UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Thematic Research Programme to investigate the chemistry of the lower atmosphere (0 - 12 km) over the oceans. The studies aimed to bring about a clearer understanding of natural processes in the remote marine atmosphere, and how these processes are affected by atmospheric pollution originating from the continents. This information is vital in understanding regional and global-scale changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The principal Investigator of ACSOE was Prof Stuart Penkett of University of East Anglia. The project had three consortia of UK institutes and universities, each of which focused on a different scientific topic: OXICOA (OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere), MAGE (Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange) and ACE (Aerosol Characterisation Experiment). MAGE was a study of aspects of air-sea exchange relevant to atmospheric chemistry and aerosol production."
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ACSOE MAGE EAE-96 and EAE-97: Airborne, Shipborne and Ground-based Measurements of Aerosols and Gases in the Marine Boundary Layer",
                    "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange (MAGE) Eastern Atlantic Experiment (EAE) aimed to quantify input of Dimethyl sulphide (DMS) into a parcel of air, examine the oxidation of DMS and its reaction with nitrogen species with time, investigate the formation of new particles as a results of these transformations, and to discriminate between natural and anthropogenic fractions of sulphur and nitrogen using isotopic measurements. To meet these aims, numerous species of gases and aerosols in the marine boundary layer were measured on land from the Mace Head Research Station, on sea from the RSS Challenger and in the air from the Cranfield Jetstream Research Aircraft during two separate campaigns in 1996 and in 1997, and the observations are currently stored under this collection."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Met Office Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) GPS system",
            "abstract": "The Met Office operate a network of GPS receivers from which integrated water vapours data are collected over the UK as part of their operational forecasting system",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Met Office, IWV, GPS",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 4,
                "uuid": "fab53ee460e05f1b68e23657f4b6c5f4",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Met Office",
                "abstract": "The Met Office is the UK national meteorological service and one of the world's leading providers of environmental and weather-related services. Their solutions and services meet the needs of many communities of interest, from the general public, government and schools, through broadcasters and online media, to civil aviation and almost every other industry sector - in the UK and around the world. The Met Office headquarters are located in Exeter, UK. The Met Office makes a number of datasets available to the academic research community under the NERC - Met Office agreement. For further details of these datasets see the links to this record."
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            "ob_id": 12801,
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            "title": "ACSOE OXICOA Eastern Atlantic Spring/Summer Experiments (EASE)",
            "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA) Eastern Atlantic Spring/Summer Experiments (EASE) were carried out from the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station, Ireland and from on-board the Cranfield Jetstream Research Aircraft. The objectives of the project were: to investigate the chemical production and loss mechanisms of atmospheric oxidants in the marine boundary layer; to determine the role of photochemically produced radical species in the ozone cycle in the marine boundary layer; to investigate the speciation of oxidised nitrogen and its consequences for long range transport and photochemical processing; to characterise the air masses arriving off the West coast of Ireland and determine whether trace gas composition is indicative of the source of the air mass; to quantify the extent of NOy chemistry in the marine atmosphere over the Atlantic Ocean; to investigate the extent of halogenation chemistry occurring over the Atlantic Ocean; and to study the extent of NO3 chemistry, particularly its impact on DMS and hydrocarbons. The experiments at the Mace Head Atmospheric Research Station focused on ozone, OH and nitrogen species active in the oxidant chemistry, while the Cranfield Jetstream Research Aircraft was used to characterise the vertical and horizontal homogeneity of the air mass in the troposphere.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ACSOE, OXICOA, EASE, Tropospheric Chemistry",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 2913,
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                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) - OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA)",
                "abstract": "ACSOE (Atmosphere Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment) - OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA). ACSOE, which took place between 1995 and 2000, is a UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Thematic Research Programme to investigate the chemistry of the lower atmosphere (0 - 12 km) over the oceans. The studies aimed to bring about a clearer understanding of natural processes in the remote marine atmosphere, and how these processes are affected by atmospheric pollution originating from the continents. This information is vital in understanding regional and global-scale changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The principal Investigator of ACSOE was Prof Stuart Penkett of University of East Anglia. The project had three consortia of UK institutes and universities, each of which focused on a different scientific topic: OXICOA (OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere), MAGE (Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange) and ACE (Aerosol Characterisation Experiment). OXICOA was a study of oxidant, radical and related gas-phase chemistry in the clean and moderately polluted marine atmosphere."
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                    "title": "ACSOE OXICOA EASE-96 and EASE-97: Airborne and Ground-based Measurements of Atmospheric Oxidants",
                    "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) was a 5-year Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) programme on tropospheric chemistry coordinated by the University of East Anglia and involving research groups from a number of UK universities and research institutes. The project had three consortia of UK institutes and universities, each of which focused on a different scientific topic. OXICOA (OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere) was a study of oxidant, radical and related gas-phase chemistry in the clean and moderately polluted marine atmosphere. The Eastern Atlantic Spring/Summer Experiments (EASE-96 and EASE-97) were carried to collect data. The dataset includes measurements of the OH and HO2 radicals, measurements of halogen oxide radicals at Mace Head in conjunction with a survey of potential organic halogen source gases. In EASE 96 the Cranfield Jetstream aircraft was deployed to measure the vertical and horizontal homogeneity of the air mass."
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            "title": "ACSOE OXICOA Ozone Profile Experiment (OZPROF)",
            "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA) was a study of oxidant, radical and related gas-phase chemistry in the clean and moderately polluted marine atmosphere. The objectives of Ozone Profile Experiment (OZPROF) was to obtain ozone profiles data which could be used to study the variations and structures of tropospheric ozone.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ACSOE, OXICOA, OZPROF, Tropospheric Chemistry",
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                    "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA) was a study of oxidant, radical and related gas-phase chemistry in the clean and moderately polluted marine atmosphere. The objectives of Ozone Profile Experiment (OZPROF) was to obtain ozone profiles data which could be used to study the variations and structures of tropospheric ozone. This collection contains ozone profiles data obtained from Aberystwyth using ozonesondes and LIDAR for the period between 1996 and 1998."
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                    "title": "ACSOE OXICOA FREETEX-96 and FREETEX-98: Ozone and Radical Chemistry Data from Jungfraujoch High Alpine Research Station",
                    "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA) Free Tropospheric Experiment (FREETEX) Gas and Aerosol Data from Jungfraujoch High Alpine Research Station contains measurements of chemical species implicated in the control of ozone (O3, NOx, NOy, HNO3, PAN, CO, HO2 + RO2, HCHO, VOCs, etc.), at the Jungfraujoch High Alpine Research Station (3,580m above sea level) over a five-week period in 1996 and again in 1998. Jungfraujoch is located in the lower free troposphere during winter and very often in spring and autumn, during which ozone concentration increases, making it an ideal location to study ozone and peroxy radical chemistry observed in the free troposphere."
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                    "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) was a 5-year Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) programme on tropospheric chemistry coordinated by the University of East Anglia and involving research groups from a number of UK universities and research institutes. The project had three consortia of UK institutes and universities, each of which focused on a different scientific topic. The Aerosol Characterisation Experiment (ACE) aim was to determine and understand the properties and controlling factors of aerosol in the anthropogenically modified atmosphere of the North Atlantic, and to assess their relevance to radiative forcing. The data was collected as part of the HILLCLOUD-96 and 98 experiments, where a hill cap cloud which forms over a ridge on the north east of the island of Tenerife was used as a natural flow through reactor. The dataset contains the size distribution, size dependent chemical composition and hygroscopic properties of the marine and modified continental aerosol arriving at the North coast of the island."
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            "title": "ACSOE OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA) - Testing Atmospheric Chemistry in Anticyclone (TACIA) Joint Programme",
            "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA) and Testing Atmospheric Chemistry in Anticyclone (TACIA) combined efforts to focus on continental plumes, mainly through in-situ measurements from on-board MRF C-130. Known affectionately as Snoopy, the C-130 research aircraft is a former transport aircraft operated by the Meteorological Research Flight (MRF), with a Royal Air Force crew. It has a range of 5,000 km and an endurance of up to 12 hours. It can reach a ceiling of 10 km, or can skim the wave-tops at fifty feet. During ACSOE it flew missions over the North Sea and North Atlantic from its home base at Boscombe Down, Wiltshire, and was also detached to the Azores, mainland Portugal, and Tenerife for experiments further afield. It was instrumented in a number of different configurations, depending on the experiment in progress, including a new fit of fast in-situ trace gas photochemistry instruments developed specifically for ACSOE. The aircraft has a central data acquisition system that logs data from all of the instruments and an on-board computer system called HORACE. The latter was configured to run various algorithms based on the real-time measurements.",
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                "title": "Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE)",
                "abstract": "ACSOE was a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Thematic Research Programme to investigate the chemistry of the lower atmosphere (0-12 km) over the oceans to understand the natural processes occurring in this layer and the effects of pollutants originating from the continents on them. The project was run by scientists from UK institutes and universities between 1995 and 2000, with fieldwork carried out between 1996 and 1998 over the North Atlantic from the south of Iceland to the Canary Islands. BADC holds the atmospheric data collected during the programme, while the marine data is stored in the British Oceanic Data Centre (BODC)."
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                    "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) was a 5-year Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) programme on tropospheric chemistry coordinated by the University of East Anglia and involving research groups from a number of UK universities and research institutes. The project had three consortia of UK institutes and universities, each of which focused on a different scientific topic. OXICOA (OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere) was a study of oxidant, radical and related gas-phase chemistry in the clean and moderately polluted marine atmosphere. The Testing Atmospheric Chemistry in Anticyclone (TACIA) project as part of the ACSOE-OXICOA program was carried to collect data. The dataset was collected by the C-130 research aircraft; a former transport aircraft operated by the Meteorological Research Flight (MRF), and includes in situ trace gas photochemistry measurements."
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            "abstract": "The Atmospheric Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment (ACSOE) OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA) Long-Term Studies of chemical Climatology (LTERM) involves longer term measurements of some campaign-type activities in ACSOE. This is to help interpreting the results from OXICOA campaign by showing the seasonal variations.",
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                "abstract": "ACSOE (Atmosphere Chemistry Studies in the Oceanic Environment) - OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere (OXICOA). ACSOE, which took place between 1995 and 2000, is a UK Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) Thematic Research Programme to investigate the chemistry of the lower atmosphere (0 - 12 km) over the oceans. The studies aimed to bring about a clearer understanding of natural processes in the remote marine atmosphere, and how these processes are affected by atmospheric pollution originating from the continents. This information is vital in understanding regional and global-scale changes in atmospheric chemistry and climate. The principal Investigator of ACSOE was Prof Stuart Penkett of University of East Anglia. The project had three consortia of UK institutes and universities, each of which focused on a different scientific topic: OXICOA (OXIdising Capacity of the Ocean Atmosphere), MAGE (Marine Aerosol and Gas Exchange) and ACE (Aerosol Characterisation Experiment). OXICOA was a study of oxidant, radical and related gas-phase chemistry in the clean and moderately polluted marine atmosphere."
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            "title": "ASALASCA: Large Scale Assessment of KA/Q band atmospheric channel using the ALPHASAT TDP5 Propagation beacon",
            "abstract": "ESA Funded Large Scale Assessment of KA/Q band atmospheric channel using the ALPHASAT TDP5 Propagation beacon project. \r\n\r\nThis project utilised signals measured by a number of receivers located around Europe received from the Aldo Paradoni Payload (TDP5) beacon on board ESA's ALPHASAT telecommunications satellite to assess signal attenuation at 20 and 40 GHz (the KA/Q band).",
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                    "abstract": "A collection of measurements of radio propagation in the KA/Q band measured from various European sites using the Aldo Paradoni Payload (TDP5) propagation beacon.\r\n\r\nMeasurements were made at 20 and 40 GHz frequencies.\r\n\r\nThe measurements were made as part of the ESA funded ASALASCA (Large Scale Assessment of KA/Q band atmospheric channel using the ALPHASAT TDP5 Propagation beacon) project. \r\n\r\nThe collection is additionally supplemented by surface meteorological measurements from the Chilbolton Observatory, Hampshire, UK for use in conjunction with the radio propagation measurements made at Chilbolton.\r\n\r\nMeasurements began in July 2016 and are presently ongoing."
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            "title": "UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09)",
            "abstract": "The UK Climate Projections 2009 (UKCP09) project provided access to information on plausible changes in 21st century climate for the UK through the UKCP09 website. The website allowed dynamic interaction through a user interface to the data. UKCP09 provides future climate projections for land and marine regions as well as observed (past) climate data for the UK.\r\n\r\nUKCP09 was produced in 2009, funded by a number of agencies led by Defra. It is based on sophisticated scientific methods provided by the Met Office, with input from over 30 contributing organisations, it was initially delivered through the UK Climate Impacts Programme (UKCIP). UKCP09 can be used to help organisations assess potential impacts of the projected future climate and to explore adaptation options to address those impacts.\r\n\r\nThe UKCP09 website is managed by the Environment Agency working with the Met Office. A new set of UK climate projections is due to be released in 2018 under the UKCP18 project.",
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                "title": "UK Climate Projections (UKCP)",
                "abstract": "The UK Climate Projections (UKCP) project provides information changes in 21st century climate for the United Kingdom.\r\n\r\nIt currently comprises the projects UKCP09 and UKCP18."
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                    "abstract": "The HadRM3-PPE-UK experiment was designed to simulate the regional climate for the UK in the period 1950-2100 for historical and medium (SRESA1B) emissions scenario. The model was run for the wider European area and the UK data extracted from it. It was a key dataset used in the generation of the UK-Climate Projections project (UKCP). It consists of an 11-member ensemble, each member driven by the same historical and SRESA1B emissions, with one unperturbed member and 10 members with different perturbations to the atmospheric parametrisations. The standard forcings include historical levels of greenhouse gases (including methane), sulphur (direct and first indirect forcing, sulphur chemistry without natural DMS and SO2 background emissions; anthropogenic SO2 emissions from surface and high level only) and tropospheric/stratospheric ozone.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains output from an ensemble of various variants of the MOHC Regional Climate Model (HadRM3), run from 1950-2099 and used to dynamically downscale global climate model (GCM) results as part of the climate change experiments carried out by the Met Office Hadley Centre for the latest UK Climate Projections report. For these Regional Climate Model (RCM) experiments, transient projections from 11 Medium emissions (SRESA1B) scenario GCM experiments for 1950-2099 were used as boundary conditions.\r\n\r\nThe RCM used contains the same representations of atmospheric dynamical and physical processes as in a global model. It is run at a higher horizontal resolution (25km) but over a sub-global domain (typically 5000km square), and is driven at the boundary of the domain by time series of variables (such as temperature and winds) saved from a GCM projection. Sea surface temperatures and sea-ice extents are also prescribed from the GCM, since HadRM3 (like most RCMs) does not include an interactive ocean component. The purpose of RCMs is to provide a high resolution climate projection consistent with its driving GCM projection at spatial scales skilfully resolved by the latter, but adding realistic detail at finer scales. This is the \"downscaling\" process referred to above.\r\n\r\nFor the purposes of the UK Climate Projections (UKCP) project, the data corresponding to the UK domain were extracted from the original (larger) domain, and it is these data which are made available here. These data are provided at daily resolution.\r\n\r\n\r\n"
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                    "abstract": "Past (observed) climate and future climate scenario projections data that were produced as part of the UK climate projections 2009 (UKCP09) service. The data produced by the UK Met Office providing information on plausible changes in 21st century climate for the UK helping to inform on adaptation to a changing climate. A UKCP09 website provided climate information for the UK and its regions. Through the website user interface climate statistics over the UK could be calculated dynamically. The data that informs these calculations is made available here.\r\n\r\nUKCP09 provides future climate projections for land and marine regions as well as observed (past) climate data for the UK. Additionally a copy of the projections csv archive is provided. These are zip files of batch processed UKCP09 data outputs.\r\n\r\nThe projections improve upon the previous climate projections (UKCIP 2002) by incorporating more recent scientific understanding, providing data at a higher spatial resolution and providing an approach to dealing with uncertainties through probabilistic projections."
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            "abstract": "Some flights  made on board the the FAAM (Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurement)  BAe-146 aircraft are for instrument testing, calibration or training purposes, as well as non-science demonstration flights. This flying differs from regular flights which are conducted for a specific project.",
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Seasonal-to-decadal climate Prediction for the improvement of European Climate Services (SPECS)",
            "abstract": "SPECS will undertake research and dissemination activities to deliver a new generation of European climate forecast systems, with improved forecast quality and efficient regionalisation tools to produce reliable, local climate information over land at seasonal-to-decadal time scales, and provide an enhanced communication protocol and services to satisfy the climate information needs of a wide range of public and private stakeholders.\r\n\r\nThe improved understanding and seamless predictions will offer better estimates of the future frequency of high-impact, extreme climatic events and of the prediction uncertainty. New services to convey climate information and its quality will be used.\r\n\r\nSPECS will be, among other things, the glue to coalesce the outcome of previous research efforts that hardly took climate prediction into account. It will ensure interoperability so as to easily incorporate their application in an operational context, provide the basis for improving the capacity of European policy making, industry and society to adapt to near-future climate variations and a coordinated response to some of the GFCS components.\r\n\r\nThis project is funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Commission (GA 308378).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "SPECS, climate, prediction, seasonal, decadal, Europe",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 13118,
                "uuid": "ba71d272037446bda008faa8e695871b",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "CLimate Information Portal for COPERNICUS (CLIPC)",
                "abstract": "CLIPC will provide access to climate information of direct relevance to a wide variety of users, from scientists to policy makers and private sector decision makers. Information will include data from satellite and in-situ observations, climate models and re-analyses, transformed data products to enable impacts assessments and climate change impact indicators. The platform will complement existing GMES/Copernicus pre-operational components, but will focus on datasets which provide information on climate variability on decadal to centennial time scales from observed and projected climate change impacts in Europe, and will provide a toolbox to generate, compare and rank key indicators. Expanding climate data volumes will be supported with a distributed, scalable system, based on international standards. Guidance information on the quality and limitations of all data products will be provided. An on-going user consultation process will feed back into all the products developed within the project.\r\n\r\nThe “one-stop-shop” platform will allow users to find answers to their questions related to climate and climate impacts data, and to ensure that the providence of science and policy relevant data products is thoroughly documented. Clarity of provenance will be supported by providing access to intermediate data products. Documentation will include information on the technical quality of data, on metrics related to scientific quality, and on uncertainties in and limitations of the data. A climate impacts toolkit will provide documentation on methods and data sources used to generate climate impact indicators. The toolkit will be made available for integration with Climate-ADAPT. The CLIPC consortium brings together the key institutions in Europe working on developing and making available datasets on climate observations and modelling, and on impact analysis.\r\n\r\nThis project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 607418.\r\n\r\nProject Coordinator is Martin Juckes, CEDA.\r\nStart: December 2013; duration: 3 years."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 6086,
                    "uuid": "2d9c5f2cc621fb9bc0062356851b31b9",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "SPECS: Seasonal-to-decadal climate prediction model outputs",
                    "abstract": "SPECS will undertake research and dissemination activities to deliver a new generation of European climate forecast systems, with improved forecast quality and efficient regionalisation tools to produce reliable, local climate information over land at seasonal-to-decadal time scales, and provide an enhanced communication protocol and services to satisfy the climate information needs of a wide range of public and private stakeholders.\r\n\r\nA core set of common experiments has been defined, to which most forecast systems will contribute. Another set of coordinated experiments, tier 1, includes the experiments that one or more forecast systems are planning to run. \r\n\r\nA standard seasonal experimental set up will consist of ten-member ensembles, with two start dates per year (first of May and November) over the 1981-2012 period and seven-month forecast length. \r\n\r\nThe standard decadal experimental set up consists in five-member ensembles, starting on the first of November (or some time close to that date) of the years 1960, 1963, 1965, 1968, 1970, 1973, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1993, 1995, 1998, 2000, 2003, 2005, 2008, 2010, 2013, with a five-year forecast length. \r\n\r\nA description of the main experiments, with the minimum contribution in terms of start dates, forecast length and ensemble size follows: \r\n1 - Assessment of the impact of soil-moisture initial conditions (seasonal): contributing EC-Earth, IFS/NEMO (ECMWF), CNRM-CM5 (MeteoF), UM, MPI-ESM (MPG);\r\n2 - Assessment of the impact of sea-ice initialization (interannual); contributing EC-Earth (IC3), IPSL-CM5, CNRM-CM5 (MeteoF), UM, MPI-ESM (MPG)\r\n3 - Assessment of impact of increased horizontal resolution (seasonal and decadal); contributing CNRM-CM5 (CERFACS, decadal; MeteoF, seasonal), EC-Earth (IC3, seasonal; KNMI and SMHI, decadal), MPI-ESM (MPG, seasonal and decadal), IPSL-CM5 (decadal), UM (seasonal and decadal); \r\n4 - Assessment of impact of an improved stratosphere (seasonal and decadal) including interannually-varying ozone; contributing EC-Earth (KNMI seasonal with ozone; SMHI decadal), IFS/NEMO (ECMWF, seasonal), CNRM-CM5 (MeteoF, seasonal), UM (seasonal, decadal);\r\n5 - Assessment of impact of additional start dates (decadal); contributing EC-Earth (KNMI, SMHI), MPI-ESM (MPG), IPSL-CM5.\r\n\r\nSPECS research has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) under SPECS project (grant agreement n° 308378)."
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            "uuid": "b96e61205a9e4f3aa30e334073c39a10",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA-DUE GlobAlbedo",
            "abstract": "The GlobAlbedo project was funded by the Data User Element of ESA's Earth Observation Envelope Programme. \r\n\r\nLand surface albedo determines the amount of solar radiation absorbed by the Earth's surface, and due to the heterogeneity of land cover, is one of the major uncertainties in modelling the surface energy budget. Satellite observations are the only practical means to measure albedo globally, and to help reduce these uncertainties.\r\n\r\nA land surface broadband albedo map of the entire Earth’s land surface, including snow, was required for use in Global Climate Model initialisation and verification as well as in hydrological modelling of Soil-Vegetation Transfer Schemes (SVATS). \r\n \r\nTo achieve the aim of deriving independent estimates using European only assets, GlobAlbedo set out to create a 14 year time series by employing SPOT4-VEGETATION, SPOT5-VEGETATION2 as well as ENVISAT-MERIS. Legacy algorithms for deriving spectral Bi-directional Reflectance Factors (BRFs) using an optimal estimation approach as well as the use of a prior estimation dataset called a “prior” derived using a novel system for gap-filling using ten year mean estimates derived from the US MODIS sensor. Each and every output pixel albedo (DHR, BHR) value has an estimated uncertainty associated with it and the corresponding BRDF has a full variance-covariance matrix for each and every pixel. \r\n\r\nThe land surface albedos have been generated at 1km (in MODIS SIN tiles), 0.05 º and 0.5º grid resolution in Plate Carree every 8-days. \r\n\r\nFurther information as well as full or subsetted data downloads can be found at the website linked below.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA, GlobAlbedo, Albedo,",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA-DUE GlobAlbedo Broadband Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Functions (BRDF)",
                    "abstract": "\r\n\r\nSpectral BRDF, is the fundamental description of surface reflectance, being the ratio of reflected spectral radiance (Wm-2sr-1nm-1) exiting around a direction vector Ω (relative to a surface normal vector) to the spectral irradiance (Wm-2nm-1) incident on the surface from direction Ω at some wavelength λ."
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            "uuid": "22f365d2006843c3b95ab89fe3fe0d24",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Met Office Upper Air Observations",
            "abstract": "The Met Office operate a number of networks undertaking upper air observations including ceilometer, radiosonde and wind profiler networks",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Met Office, radiosonde, upper air",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 4,
                "uuid": "fab53ee460e05f1b68e23657f4b6c5f4",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Met Office",
                "abstract": "The Met Office is the UK national meteorological service and one of the world's leading providers of environmental and weather-related services. Their solutions and services meet the needs of many communities of interest, from the general public, government and schools, through broadcasters and online media, to civil aviation and almost every other industry sector - in the UK and around the world. The Met Office headquarters are located in Exeter, UK. The Met Office makes a number of datasets available to the academic research community under the NERC - Met Office agreement. For further details of these datasets see the links to this record."
            },
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                {
                    "ob_id": 6722,
                    "uuid": "c1e2240c353f8edeb98087e90e6d832e",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office high resolution radiosonde data from the UK, Gibraltar, St Helena and the Falkland Islands",
                    "abstract": "High resolution radiosonde data from UK stations and also from Gibraltar, St Helena and the Falklands. \r\n\r\nThe data consist of vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, relative humidity, humidity mixing ratio, sonde position, wind speed and wind direction. Measurements are taken at 2 second intervals and the ascents extend to heights of approximately 20-30 km.\r\n\r\nThe archive has around 10 stations with data from the 1990's, generally with either 2 or 4 ascents per day from each station until around 2020 where routine observations decrease to 1 a day from 6 main sites with additional ascents as required.\r\n\r\nAdditionally, data from Aberporth, obtained to support observations at the MST Radar, Aberystwyth, are also available from April 1990 - April 2000 with at least one ascent a day and then as required operationally thereafter.\r\n\r\nFor details of sites see station record details linked to each dataset within this collection."
                }
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                49805,
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        {
            "ob_id": 13057,
            "uuid": "91a7da54e65b4dce844948a30a3aa297",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Kinematic Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) tropospheric estimation and mitigation over a range of altitudes on Snowdon Mountain Railway",
            "abstract": "This project was a NERC-funded PhD studentship led by Nigel Penna (University of Newcastle).\r\n\r\nIt investigates the potential for estimating tropospheric delay from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) stations on moving platforms experiencing a change in altitude. The ability to accurately estimate tropospheric delay in kinematic GNSS positioning has implications for improved height accuracy due to the mitigation of a major GNSS error source, and for the collection of atmospheric water vapour data for meteorology and climate studies. The potential for extending current kinematic GNSS positioning estimates of tropospheric delay from sea level based studies to airborne experiments, and the achievable height accuracy from a range of tropospheric mitigation strategies used in airborne GNSS positioning, were explored.  \r\n\r\nAn experiment was established at the Snowdon Mountain Railway (SMR), utilising the railway to collect a repeatable kinematic dataset, profiling 950 m of the lower atmosphere over a 50 day period during 2011. GNSS stations on stable platforms and meteorological sensors were installed at the extremities of the trajectory, allowing reference tropospheric delays and coordinates to be established. The retrieval of zenith wet delay (ZWD) from kinematic GNSS solutions using tropospheric estimation strategies was validated against an interpolated reference ZWD between GNSS stations on stable platforms.\r\n\r\nThe interested scientist can read about the project / data set in S.R. Webb (2015) \"Kinematic GNSS tropospheric estimation and mitigation over a range of altitudes\", PhD thesis, Newcastle University, February 2015.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "GNSS, GPS, water vapour, temperature, GLONASS",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
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                    "ob_id": 13060,
                    "uuid": "38fd6c7841d84a6686ca663fcdd61a3f",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Snowdon Mountain Railway Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS): Repeatable Kinematic Dataset Collection from Snowdonia",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection holds a repeatable kinematic dataset taken from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) stations on moving platforms at the Snowdon Mountain Railway (SMR). The datasets include profiles of 950m of the lower atmosphere over a 50 day period in 2011. \r\n\r\nThere are three different locations used in the dataset as it was mounted on a train of the Snowdon Mountain Railway (SNTR) as it travelled up and down the mountain, with two static reference stations at the base of the railway at Llanberis (SNLB) and at the summit (SNSU). \r\n\r\nThree instruments were used to collect the data including; Paroscientific 745, Paroscientific Met 4 and Leica GS10 GNSS receivers. Respectively measuring pressure, pressure/temperature, dual frequency GPS and GLONASS code and carrier phase satellite to receiver measurements. "
                }
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            "ob_id": 13110,
            "uuid": "678cebb16dc6438d8e87aef9d42b3c9a",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "European Space Agency (ESA) Data User Element (DUE) GlobSnow project",
            "abstract": "The main objective of the European Space Agency (ESA) Data User Element (DUE) funded GlobSnow-1\r\nand GlobSnow-2 projects was the development and implementation of methodologies for producing\r\nlong-term records of snow cover information at the global scale intended primarily for climate research\r\npurposes. The efforts were focused on developing and adapting algorithms for the derivation of snow\r\nextent (SE) and snow water equivalent (SWE) from satellite data. The project has resulted in two new\r\nhemispheric records of SE and SWE extending 17 and 35 years respectively.\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA) funded GlobSnow-1 project was active from 2008 to 2012 while the GlobSnow-2 project was a direct continuation of the GlobSnow-1 and continued through tp May 2014.\r\n\r\nGlobSnow-1 resulted in two long-term datasets at the hemispherical scale (not available at CEDA). Information on two essential snow parameters: snow water equivalent (SWE) and areal snow extent (SE), were provided for a period of 33 years and 17 years respectively. The Final report of GlobSnow-1 gives additional information on the accomplishments and recommendations from GlobSnow-1 project.\r\n\r\nThe objective of the GlobSnow-2 project is further enhancement of the retrieval methodologies for SE and SWE products and a re-processing of the long term datasets utilizing the improved retrieval algorithms. In addition to the further development of methodologies for the legacy sensor families of GlobSnow-1, the consortium investigated the utilization of AVHRR and NPP Suomi VIIRS data as gap fillers before the launch of the Sentinel-3 SLSTR-sensor. \r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA) funded GlobSnow project is coordinated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI). Other project partners involved are NR (Norwegian Computing Centre), ENVEO IT GmbH, GAMMA Remote Sensing AG, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Environment Canada (EC), Northern Research Institute (Norut), University of Bern, Meteoswiss and ZAMG.\r\n\r\nThe GlobSnow Principal Investigator is professor Jouni Pulliainen (FMI).\r\nThe GlobSnow Project Manager is Dr. Kari Luojus (FMI).\r\nThe GlobSnow Technical Officer is Dr. Simon Pinnock (ESA). ",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "global snow esa climate globsnow",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 13118,
                "uuid": "ba71d272037446bda008faa8e695871b",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "CLimate Information Portal for COPERNICUS (CLIPC)",
                "abstract": "CLIPC will provide access to climate information of direct relevance to a wide variety of users, from scientists to policy makers and private sector decision makers. Information will include data from satellite and in-situ observations, climate models and re-analyses, transformed data products to enable impacts assessments and climate change impact indicators. The platform will complement existing GMES/Copernicus pre-operational components, but will focus on datasets which provide information on climate variability on decadal to centennial time scales from observed and projected climate change impacts in Europe, and will provide a toolbox to generate, compare and rank key indicators. Expanding climate data volumes will be supported with a distributed, scalable system, based on international standards. Guidance information on the quality and limitations of all data products will be provided. An on-going user consultation process will feed back into all the products developed within the project.\r\n\r\nThe “one-stop-shop” platform will allow users to find answers to their questions related to climate and climate impacts data, and to ensure that the providence of science and policy relevant data products is thoroughly documented. Clarity of provenance will be supported by providing access to intermediate data products. Documentation will include information on the technical quality of data, on metrics related to scientific quality, and on uncertainties in and limitations of the data. A climate impacts toolkit will provide documentation on methods and data sources used to generate climate impact indicators. The toolkit will be made available for integration with Climate-ADAPT. The CLIPC consortium brings together the key institutions in Europe working on developing and making available datasets on climate observations and modelling, and on impact analysis.\r\n\r\nThis project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 607418.\r\n\r\nProject Coordinator is Martin Juckes, CEDA.\r\nStart: December 2013; duration: 3 years."
            },
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                {
                    "ob_id": 13111,
                    "uuid": "2f068226c7164a799cf202d1e7af07b2",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "European Space Agency (ESA) GlobSnow Snow Water Equivalent (SWE) v2.0 products",
                    "abstract": "The GlobSnow SWE product is the first satellite based daily SWE dataset for the non-alpine northern hemisphere that extends from 1979 to 2014. The previous existing daily SWE records have spanned a shorter time period (2002-2014) or described the snow conditions on a monthly basis for a similar period (1978-2014). \r\n\r\nThe GlobSnow SWE record utilizes a novel data-assimilation based approach for SWE estimation which combines weather station measurements of snow depth with satellite passive microwave measurements. This approach was shown to be superior to alternative algorithms which solely utilize satellite data through comparison with extensive ground reference datasets.\r\n\r\nThe GlobSnow-1 and -2 projects have developed a long term data record of SWE products covering the non-alpine Northern Hemisphere, based on a time series of remotely sensed observations from the Nimbus-7 SMMR, DMSP F8/F11/F13/F17 SSM/I(S) instruments and ground-based weather station measurements from 1979 until 2014. \r\n\r\nThere are three SWE products (all on the EASE model grid; see Armstrong and Brodzik, 1995):\r\n\r\n- Daily Snow Water Equivalent (Daily L3A SWE), snow water equivalent (mm) for each grid cell for all evaluated land areas of the Northern Hemisphere.\r\n\r\n- Weekly Aggregated Snow Water Equivalent (Weekly L3B SWE), calculated for each day based on a 7-day sliding time window aggregation of the daily SWE product.\r\n\r\n- Monthly Aggregated Snow Water Equivalent (Monthly L3B SWE), a single product for each calendar month, providing the average and maximum SWE, calculated from the weekly aggregated SWE product.\r\n\r\nThe GlobSnow-1 project resulted in two versions of the data record, SWE v1.0 and SWE v1.3 (available from FMI). The dataset produced in GlobSnow-2 is identified as the GlobSnow SWE v2.0 data record.\r\n\r\nIn addition to the SWE retrievals, the SWE products include information on the overall extent of snow cover. The information on snow extent is included in the product by utilizing the following coding for the SWE product, whereby SWE values of:\r\n - 0 mm denotes snow-free areas (Snow Extent 0%)\r\n - 0.001 mm denote areas with melting snow (Snow Extent undefined between 0% and 100%; no SWE retrieval because of the wet state of the snow cover)\r\n - > 0.001 mm denote areas with full snow cover (Snow Extent 100%)\r\n\r\nThe areas that have been flagged as snow-free or melted are identified using a time-series melt detection approach described in Takala et al. (2009). The areas that are identified as wet snow or have no SWE retrieval, but are identified as snow covered with the time-series melt-detection approach, are denoted with a SWE value of 0.001 mm. The areas that are determined as snow-free or melted by the melt-detection approach, are denoted with a SWE value of 0 mm. All the other areas show a retrieved SWE value (that is in all cases greater than 0.001 mm).\r\n\r\nThe project was coordinated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI). Other project partners involved are NR (Norwegian Computing Centre), ENVEO IT GmbH, GAMMA Remote Sensing AG, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Environment Canada (EC), Northern Research Institute (Norut), University of Bern, Meteoswiss and ZAMG.\r\n"
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            "uuid": "ba71d272037446bda008faa8e695871b",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "CLimate Information Portal for COPERNICUS (CLIPC)",
            "abstract": "CLIPC will provide access to climate information of direct relevance to a wide variety of users, from scientists to policy makers and private sector decision makers. Information will include data from satellite and in-situ observations, climate models and re-analyses, transformed data products to enable impacts assessments and climate change impact indicators. The platform will complement existing GMES/Copernicus pre-operational components, but will focus on datasets which provide information on climate variability on decadal to centennial time scales from observed and projected climate change impacts in Europe, and will provide a toolbox to generate, compare and rank key indicators. Expanding climate data volumes will be supported with a distributed, scalable system, based on international standards. Guidance information on the quality and limitations of all data products will be provided. An on-going user consultation process will feed back into all the products developed within the project.\r\n\r\nThe “one-stop-shop” platform will allow users to find answers to their questions related to climate and climate impacts data, and to ensure that the providence of science and policy relevant data products is thoroughly documented. Clarity of provenance will be supported by providing access to intermediate data products. Documentation will include information on the technical quality of data, on metrics related to scientific quality, and on uncertainties in and limitations of the data. A climate impacts toolkit will provide documentation on methods and data sources used to generate climate impact indicators. The toolkit will be made available for integration with Climate-ADAPT. The CLIPC consortium brings together the key institutions in Europe working on developing and making available datasets on climate observations and modelling, and on impact analysis.\r\n\r\nThis project has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme for research, technological development and demonstration under grant agreement no 607418.\r\n\r\nProject Coordinator is Martin Juckes, CEDA.\r\nStart: December 2013; duration: 3 years.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "clipc copernicus",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": null,
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                {
                    "ob_id": 13110,
                    "uuid": "678cebb16dc6438d8e87aef9d42b3c9a",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "European Space Agency (ESA) Data User Element (DUE) GlobSnow project",
                    "abstract": "The main objective of the European Space Agency (ESA) Data User Element (DUE) funded GlobSnow-1\r\nand GlobSnow-2 projects was the development and implementation of methodologies for producing\r\nlong-term records of snow cover information at the global scale intended primarily for climate research\r\npurposes. The efforts were focused on developing and adapting algorithms for the derivation of snow\r\nextent (SE) and snow water equivalent (SWE) from satellite data. The project has resulted in two new\r\nhemispheric records of SE and SWE extending 17 and 35 years respectively.\r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA) funded GlobSnow-1 project was active from 2008 to 2012 while the GlobSnow-2 project was a direct continuation of the GlobSnow-1 and continued through tp May 2014.\r\n\r\nGlobSnow-1 resulted in two long-term datasets at the hemispherical scale (not available at CEDA). Information on two essential snow parameters: snow water equivalent (SWE) and areal snow extent (SE), were provided for a period of 33 years and 17 years respectively. The Final report of GlobSnow-1 gives additional information on the accomplishments and recommendations from GlobSnow-1 project.\r\n\r\nThe objective of the GlobSnow-2 project is further enhancement of the retrieval methodologies for SE and SWE products and a re-processing of the long term datasets utilizing the improved retrieval algorithms. In addition to the further development of methodologies for the legacy sensor families of GlobSnow-1, the consortium investigated the utilization of AVHRR and NPP Suomi VIIRS data as gap fillers before the launch of the Sentinel-3 SLSTR-sensor. \r\n\r\nThe European Space Agency (ESA) funded GlobSnow project is coordinated by the Finnish Meteorological Institute (FMI). Other project partners involved are NR (Norwegian Computing Centre), ENVEO IT GmbH, GAMMA Remote Sensing AG, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Environment Canada (EC), Northern Research Institute (Norut), University of Bern, Meteoswiss and ZAMG.\r\n\r\nThe GlobSnow Principal Investigator is professor Jouni Pulliainen (FMI).\r\nThe GlobSnow Project Manager is Dr. Kari Luojus (FMI).\r\nThe GlobSnow Technical Officer is Dr. Simon Pinnock (ESA). "
                },
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                    "ob_id": 12970,
                    "uuid": "c9b4b1fcab734987bcbfb36437734ca7",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Seasonal-to-decadal climate Prediction for the improvement of European Climate Services (SPECS)",
                    "abstract": "SPECS will undertake research and dissemination activities to deliver a new generation of European climate forecast systems, with improved forecast quality and efficient regionalisation tools to produce reliable, local climate information over land at seasonal-to-decadal time scales, and provide an enhanced communication protocol and services to satisfy the climate information needs of a wide range of public and private stakeholders.\r\n\r\nThe improved understanding and seamless predictions will offer better estimates of the future frequency of high-impact, extreme climatic events and of the prediction uncertainty. New services to convey climate information and its quality will be used.\r\n\r\nSPECS will be, among other things, the glue to coalesce the outcome of previous research efforts that hardly took climate prediction into account. It will ensure interoperability so as to easily incorporate their application in an operational context, provide the basis for improving the capacity of European policy making, industry and society to adapt to near-future climate variations and a coordinated response to some of the GFCS components.\r\n\r\nThis project is funded by the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7) of the European Commission (GA 308378)."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Observations and Climate",
            "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre is one of the UK's foremost climate change research centres.\r\n\r\nThe Hadley Centre produces world-class guidance on the science of climate change and provide a focus in the UK for the scientific issues associated with climate science.\r\n\r\nLargely co-funded by Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), the centre provides in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate science issues.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world's leading centres for climate science research, the Hadley Centre scientists make significant contributions to peer-reviewed literature and to a variety of climate science reports, including the Assessment Report of the IPCC. The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "hadley, met office, climate, observations",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 4,
                "uuid": "fab53ee460e05f1b68e23657f4b6c5f4",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Met Office",
                "abstract": "The Met Office is the UK national meteorological service and one of the world's leading providers of environmental and weather-related services. Their solutions and services meet the needs of many communities of interest, from the general public, government and schools, through broadcasters and online media, to civil aviation and almost every other industry sector - in the UK and around the world. The Met Office headquarters are located in Exeter, UK. The Met Office makes a number of datasets available to the academic research community under the NERC - Met Office agreement. For further details of these datasets see the links to this record."
            },
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                157
            ],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 1,
                    "uuid": "3b1a86cc61824d78ce195dc21b661c74",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office TOVS (TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder) Stratospheric Analyses",
                    "abstract": "These data consist of sets of 3-dimensional gridpoint analyses of the stratosphere which are produced by the Met Office using data from the TIROS Operational Vertical Sounder (TOVS) instruments onboard the NOAA (National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration) operational polar orbiters. TOVS consists of 3 instruments, the Stratospheric Sounding Unit (SSU) the Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) and the High Resolution Infrared Sounder (HIRS). Daily radiance and geopotential height data are available on a 5 degree latitude / longitude global grid from December 1978 to April 1997. Software is provided to derive potential vorticity. Access permission required so that PI can monitor usage of data."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 2109,
                    "uuid": "9f7a888398fcb9b49c9a7e380f713e20",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office's European Synoptic stations data (1990 - 1996)",
                    "abstract": "The Met Office European synoptic stations reported hourly surface data from 141 European stations for the period 1990-1996. Parameters for this dataset include: present and past weather, cloud amount, type and base height, wind direction and speed, visibility, temperature measurements, water vapour pressure, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure, rainfall and gust speed and direction. \r\nNote - this has been superseded by the MIDAS Land Surface Station Dataset. \r\nAdditional background information can be found at the Monthly Weather Report: Vol. 108, 1991, ref. UDC 551 506 1(41-1) , produced by the Met Office."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 12165,
                    "uuid": "eeabb5e1ff2140f48e76ea1ffda6bb48",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "CRUTEM datasets",
                    "abstract": "CRUTEM is a dataset derived from air temperatures near to the land surface recorded at weather stations across all continents of Earth. It has been developed and maintained by the Climatic Research Unit (CRU) since the early 1980s, with funding provided mostly by the US Department of Energy. Since the early 2000s, the Met Office Hadley Centre (MOHC) have also been involved, especially in the regular updating of the operational version of CRUTEM (current version CRUTEM5) and in the development of the CRUTEM uncertainty model. The lead scientist for most of this work was Professor Phil Jones, but for CRUTEM5 it is Professor Tim Osborn. CRUTEM has been combined with the MOHC's dataset of sea surface temperatures to provide a near-global dataset of temperatures across Earth's surface, called HadCRUT. These datasets have been widely used for assessing anthropogenic climate change."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 2406,
                    "uuid": "91ddf459b34c8efa4fc6fd711f6f1d88",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Research Unit, Cardington: surface and upper air observations",
                    "abstract": "The Met Office's research unit based in Cardington, Bedfordshire, study boundary-layer meteorology and surface processes to help with the development of numerical weather prediction methods. These are used in a number of ways including the development of physical parameterisation schemes. Surface meteorological data and high resolution radiosonde data are collected from the Met Office's research site and elsewhere. \r\n\r\nThe dataset collection contains recorded surface measurements timed at 1, 10 and 30 minute intervals and measured by instruments mounted on the surface, 10, 25 and 50 metre masts. Radiosonde data are available at various locations depending on the deployment of the equipment.\r\n\r\nThe facility continuously operates a comprehensive suite of surface, sub-surface, mast and tethered balloon mounted instrumentation. Various items of instrumentation, as well as the radiosonde and tethered balloon equipment, can also be deployed elsewhere in support of off-base measurement campaigns."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 6641,
                    "uuid": "c1bc99904129e5a4403a66704f3c747d",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Northern Hemisphere Gridded Geopotential Height (1945-2005) Data",
                    "abstract": "This dataset holds Northern Hemisphere (north of 15 deg. N) daily and monthly series of 500 hPa geopotential height fields and also daily and monthly series of 1000-500 hPa thickness fields. The data is gridded (5x10 grid). The data is available for the period 1945 to 2005. The data is supplied by the Met Office, Hadley Centre."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 7371,
                    "uuid": "1205818e121bd8c12a6029f9cbd11a18",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Globally gridded radiosonde temperature anomalies HadAT Datasets (1958-2012)",
                    "abstract": "The HadAT data are global radiosonde gridded temperature anomalies at standard levels (850, 700, 500, 300, 200, 150, 100, 50, and 30hPa) in the troposphere and in the lower stratosphere from 1958 to December 2012. This monthly timeseries are available on a 10 degree longitude by 5 degree latitude basis. This dataset supersedes the HadRT dataset. All values are anomalies relative to the monthly 1966-95 climatology.\r\n\r\nThe gridded product is derived from 676 individual radiosonde stations with long-term records. Because of the criteria of data longevity the resulting dataset is limited to land areas and primarily Northern Hemisphere locations. Radiosondes are single launch instruments and there have been many changes in instruments and observing practices with time. HadAT has used a neighbour-based approach to attempt to adjust for these effects and produce a homogeneous product suitable for climate applications.\r\n\r\nZonal averages were created by averaging all available gridbox values in each 5 degree latitude band. Large scale mean timeseries for the globe and the tropics (defined here as 20N to 20S) are simply cos(lat) weighted zonal mean field values. This reduces the spatial sampling bias towards Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes. Other plausible large-scale averaging techniques would impact the timeseries values calculated. \r\n\r\n Cautionary note from the Met Office Hadley Centre\r\n\r\nIt is important to note that significant uncertainty exists in radiosonde datasets reflecting the large number of choices available to researchers in their construction and the many heterogeneities in the data. To this end we strongly recommend that users consider, in addition to HadAT, the use of one or more of the following products to ensure their research results are robust. Currently, other radiosonde products of climate quality available from other centres for bona fide research purposes are:\r\n\r\n- Radiosonde Atmospheric Temperature Products for Assessing Climate (RATPAC)\r\n- RAdiosonde OBservation COrrection using REanalyses and Radiosonde Innovation Composite Homogenization )\r\n- IUK (Iterative Universal Kriging) Radiosonde Analysis Project \r\n\r\nAlso see a comparison with Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) data by Remote Sensing Systems (see links under Docs tab below) . "
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 3917,
                    "uuid": "6990c4c8e1f0a971e8b8c2046b004f31",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Collection of Sea Surface Temperature and Sea Ice Coverage Data and Maps as part of the Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas Plus (GOSTAplus)",
                    "abstract": "The Global Ocean Surface Temperature Atlas Plus (GOSTAplus) contains maps of Sea Surface Temperature (SST) climatologies and anomalies, Night Marine Air temperature climatologies and anomalies and Sea Ice coverage spanning the period 1851-1995. Dataset includes gridded, global SSTs from 1951-1990 and Sea Ice coverage from 1903 to 1994. The data are provided by the Met Office. Updated version of some data also available on request."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 6702,
                    "uuid": "a2ce888a0a8a8238b1621447e65d5a88",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Northern Hemisphere Gridded Mean Sea Level Pressure (MSLP) Daily and Monthly Series (1873-2005)",
                    "abstract": "This dataset holds gridded (5° latitude by 10° longitude grid) Northern Hemisphere (north of 15N) daily and monthly series of Mean Sea Level Pressure fields. The monthly series data are available for the period 1873 to 2005; the daily series data are available for the period 1881 to 2005. The data was supplied by the Met Office, Hadley Centre.\r\n"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 5455,
                    "uuid": "23443335e20d25df00ab67880b10c31c",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NOCS (National Oceanography Centre, Southampton) Flux Datasets: marine surface meteorology, freshwater and heat fluxes.",
                    "abstract": "The National Oceanography Centre Southampton (NOCS) produced a collection of Surface Flux Datasets which contains estimates of the following parameters (including uncertainty) on a 1° monthly mean grid for the global ice-free ocean:\r\n\r\n- Air temperature (at 10 m)\r\n- Specific Humidity (at 10 m)\r\n- Wind Speed (at 10 m)\r\n- Sea level pressure\r\n- Sea surface temperature (bulk)\r\n\r\n- Latent heat flux\r\n- Sensible heat flux\r\n- Net longwave radiation\r\n- Net shortwave radiation\r\n\r\nThe datasets are:\r\n\r\nNOC1.1 - National Oceanography Centre Surface Flux Climatology (version 1.1) - 1973-2005\r\nNOC1.1a - Adjusted National Oceanography Centre Surface Flux Climatology (version 1.1a) -1973-2005\r\nNOC2.0 - National Oceanography Centre Surface Flux Climatology (version 2.0) - 1973-\r\n\r\nNote that the NOC1 climatology was previously referred to as the Southampton Oceanography Centre (SOC) flux climatology and was renamed when the SOC became the NOC. The SOC climatology existed in two versions: the 'Original' set of fields and an 'Adjusted' set in which closure of the ocean heat budget was achieved using inverse analysis. These have now become:\r\n\r\nNOC1.1 - Previously the 'Original' SOC climatology including Heat flux and wind stress fields, Freshwater flux fields and Meteorological fields\r\n\r\nNOC1.1a - Previously the 'Adjusted' SOC climatology (climatological monthly fields) including Heat flux fields only.\r\n\r\nThese data can be used for many purposes, including assessing the performance of numerical models, assessing the measurements we get from satellites and understanding how the ocean and atmosphere interact in recent decades.\r\n\r\nFor background information on Heat Fluxes, please see links under Docs.\r\n\r\nFunding has been received from the Hadley Centre, UK Meteorological Office for the production and analysis of this collection of data."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 3856,
                    "uuid": "facafa2ae494597166217a9121a62d3c",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office HadISST 1.1 - Global sea-Ice coverage and Sea Surface Temperature (1870-2015)",
                    "abstract": "Data from HasISST contains measurements of sea surface temperature (SST) and also global sea ice coverage (HadISST1.1). Dataset include:\r\n- Global Ocean Surface Temperature (HadISST_1.1_SST), a set of SST data in monthly 1° area grids, for 1870 to October 2015.\r\n- Global sea-Ice content, (HadISST_1.1_ICE), monthly 1° grids of ice coverage for 1870 to October 2015. \r\n\r\nIn situ sea surface observations and satellite derived estimates at the sea surface are included in the analysis. SST bucket corrections have been applied to gridded fields from 1870 through 1941. And a blend of satellite AVHRR (for SST), SSMI (for ice) and observations are used in the modern periods. \r\nThis data product replaces the GISST/GICE (Global Sea Surface Temperature/Global sea-Ice content) data sets ended in February 2003. \r\n\r\nThe data were provided by the Hadley Centre (Met Office). Updates are available from the Hadley Centre."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13521,
                    "uuid": "f579035b3c954475922e4b13705a7669",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "HadISD: global sub-daily station data for climate extremes",
                    "abstract": "HadISD is a station based dataset comprising 6103 stations covering 1973-present.   These stations are a subset of the stations available in the Integrated Surface Database (ISD), and are ones selected to be those most useful for climate studies (long records and high reporting frequency).   Individual stations within the ISD were composited when it was appropriate to do so to improve the coverage.\r\n \r\nHadISD is a multi-variate dataset, where the following fields are available: temperature, dewpoint temperature, sea-level pressure, wind speed, wind direction and cloud data (total, low, mid and high levels).  These variables are all quality controlled using an automatic suite of tests, the code for which is available on request.  The QC tests were designed to remove bad data whilst keeping true extremes.  A number of other variables are also carried through to the final NetCDF files, but have not been quality controlled (e.g. precipitation period, precipitation depth, sunshine duration)."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13522,
                    "uuid": "251474c7b09449d8b9e7aeaf1461858f",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "HadISDH: global surface humidity data",
                    "abstract": "HadISDH (Integrated Surface Database Humidity) is a monthly 5° by 5° gridded global surface humidity climate monitoring dataset created from in-situ sub-daily synoptic data. The data have been quality controlled and homogenised (land), bias adjusted (marine) and buddy checked (marine). \r\n\r\nMonthly mean climate anomalies are provided alongside uncertainty estimates, actual values, climatological means and standard deviations for specific humidity, relative humidity, vapour pressure, dew point temperature, wet bulb temperature, dew point depression in addition to the simultaneously observed temperature."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13523,
                    "uuid": "f7189fabb084452c9818ba41e59ccabd",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "HadCRUT: gridded dataset of global historical surface temperature anomalies",
                    "abstract": "HadCRUT is a gridded dataset of global historical surface temperature anomalies, relative to a 1961-1990 reference period. \r\n\r\nData are available for each month since January 1850, on a 5 degree grid.\r\nThe gridded data are a blend of the CRUTEM land-surface air temperature dataset and the HadSST sea-surface temperature (SST) dataset. The dataset is presented as an ensemble of 100 dataset realisations that sample the distribution of uncertainty in the global temperature record."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 6069,
                    "uuid": "fda780a7697f384010674ebb1d5e4f23",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Global Ice coverage and Sea Surface Temperatures (GISST), and Monthly night marine air temperature/SST anomalies (MOHMATN4)/(MOHSST6) Data (1856-2006)",
                    "abstract": "This collection of datasets contains Sea Surface Temperature climatologies (GISST, Version 2.3b - This dataset is an updated version of GISST2.2 available on the GOSTAplus CD-Rom) and anomalies (MOHSST6), Night Marine Air temperature climatologies and anomalies (MOHMATN4), Sea Ice coverage (GICE) and Blended MOHSST6-Land data (in collaboration with the Climate Research Unit (CRU).\r\n\r\nThe data available is grouped into five sections:\r\n\r\n- Global Ocean Surface Temperature (GISST), a set of SST data in monthly 1° area grids, for 1871 to February 2003. This product is now replaced by the HadISST SST operational data.\r\n\r\n- Global sea-Ice content, (GICE), monthly 1° grids of ice coverage for 1871 to February 2003. This product is now replaced by the HadISST ICE operational data.\r\n\r\n- Met Office Historical Night Marine Air Temperature Anomalies, (MOHMATN4), monthly 5° grids of marine air temperature anomalies for 1856 to August 2006.\r\n\r\n- Met Office Historical Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies, (MOHSST6), monthly 5° grids of sea surface temperature anomalies for 1856 to August 2006. Please note that this data has now been superceded by HadSST2 data.\r\n\r\n- Met Office Blended MOHSST6-Land Surface data from the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia.\r\n\r\nThis data was provided by the Met Office.\r\n"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 24,
                    "uuid": "a946415f9345f6da9bf4c475c19477b6",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre Central England Temperature (HadCET) Series",
                    "abstract": "The Central England Temperature (CET) series is the longest available instrumental record of temperature in the world, with the monthly mean temperature extending back to 1659 and the daily mean temperature series extending back to 1772. The daily and monthly minimum and maximum temperature series extend back to 1878.\r\n\r\nThese historical temperature series have been constructed to provide a long running temperature record for the Central England region, a roughly triangular area of the United Kingdom enclosed by Somerset, Lancashire and London. The CET value is then calculated as an average of the recorded temperatures for a few stations which are selected as representative of the region as a whole.  Although the selected stations have changed over time, due primarily to station closures, the series is homogenised to ensure that it remains consistent.\r\n\r\nStations used in the construction of the CET series between 1772 and 1852 include: Kennington, Crane Court, Lyndon Hall, Syon House, Somerset House, Greenwich Observatory, Chiswick.\r\n\r\nStations used in the construction of the CET series from 1853 onwards include: Radcliffe (Oxford), Cambridge (legacy), Ross-on-Wye, Rothamsted, Malvern, Stonyhurst, Ringway, Squires Gate, Pershore College.\r\n\r\nGordon Manley (1953, 1974) compiled most of the monthly series from 1659 to 1973, and the mean temperature series is adjusted up to 1973 to align with Manley's recorded daily mean temperature values. The series data were updated to 1991 by Parker et al (1992) and comprise the V2 series which is updated with the latest values.\r\n\r\nThe version controlled CET series is updated annually, with the previous complete year’s values refreshed to ensure that data acquisition and quality control procedures have been completed and ensure the most accurate station temperature values are used. Each version of the dataset will include data up until the end of the previous complete year and an incremental version number will be updated.\r\n\r\nIf more comprehensive changes are made to the construction of the series, this may constitute a minor/major version number update.\r\n\r\nA provisional version of the CET series, with recent data up to the previous day, is available for download on the Met Office Hadley Centre webpage: https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadcet/data/download.html\r\n\r\nThe v1.0.0.0 datasets within the collection were originally pulled over monthly from the Met Office Hadley Centre website on a monthly basis until summer 2022 with data available in the CEDA archive copy to end of July 2022."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 2207,
                    "uuid": "05f97d2d38abf207abafe96871bca91f",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Global Radiosonde Gridded Temperature Anomalies (1958-July 2004) (HadRT) Dataset",
                    "abstract": "The HADRT data are global radiosonde gridded temperature anomalies at standard levels in the troposphere and in the lower stratosphere from 1958 to July 2004. The data are degree Celsius anomalies from 1970-1990 means. Anomalies are calculated for each of about 200 sonde stations worldwide and grid values derived from these. \r\n\r\nSeveral versions of the HadRT data are available. The recommended HadRT product for most purposes is HadRT2.1s.\r\n\r\nThis dataset has been superseded by the HadAT dataset collection, also available from CEDA. These pages are provided for the benefit of existing and past users of HadRT. New and existing users are now encouraged to use the HadAT dataset collection instead. "
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 861,
                    "uuid": "85650f53d79a7fc71e2815c7a1ae89c6",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office HadSST2 (uninterpolated sea surface temperature) (1850-2013)",
                    "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre's sea surface temperature data set, HadSST2, replaces the Met Office Historical Sea Surface Temperature dataset (MOHSST6) and is a monthly global field of SST (Sea Surface Temperature) on a 5 deg latitude by 5 deg longitude grid from 1850 to 2013. The data are neither interpolated nor variance adjusted.\r\n\r\nThe observations that make up this dataset are taken from the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere DataSet, ICOADS (see http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/coads/) until 1997 and from the NCEP GTS  archive thereafter. Individual observations must first pass a series of quality checks (track check, reality check, positional check, climatology check, buddy check, duplicate check). The quality-checked observations in each  1degree longitude X 1degree latitude X pentad gridbox are then averaged using a winsorised average. The pentad climatology is then subtracted from these pentad superobs and the resulting anomalies are averaged to 5degree X 5degree X monthly resolution. The data are then bias-corrected for the use of buckets in the period 1850-1941."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 6207,
                    "uuid": "5dfef196ad9f2e1aebf9c3ff4f2dd091",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre's Global Mean Sea-Level Pressure (GMSLP and HadSLP1) Datasets",
                    "abstract": "The fully Global Mean Sea-Level Pressure (GMSLP) dataset, was developed in collaboration with CSIRO (Scientific and Industrial Research for Australia), Australia and NIWA (National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research), New Zealand. It is an historical, 5 deg. x 5 deg. gridded monthly dataset covering the period 1871-1994. The Met Office Hadley Centre recently produced the HadSLP1 dataset which replaces the Global Mean Sea Level Pressure (GMSLP) data sets, and is a unique combination of monthly globally-complete fields of land and sea pressure observations a 5 degree latitude-longitude grid from 1871 to 1998."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 26862,
                    "uuid": "4dc8450d889a491ebb20e724debe2dfb",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "HadUK-Grid gridded and regional average climate observations for the UK",
                    "abstract": "This Dataset Collection contains a number of different versions of the HadUK-Grid dataset, each of which present a set of gridded climate variables extending from the present back to the 19th Century. The primary purpose of these data are to facilitate monitoring of the UK climate and research into climate variability, climate change, impacts and adaptation. The Met Office uses these data for operational monitoring of the UK's climate.\r\n\r\nThe data have been interpolated from meteorological station data onto a uniform grid at 1km by 1km resolution to provide complete and consistent coverage across the UK. The 1km data set has been regridded to different resolutions and regional averages to create a collection allowing for comparison to data from UKCP18 climate projections.\r\n\r\nA new version of HadUK-Grid is released each year. The latest version is v1.3.1.ceda, released in June 2025 and containing data up to the end of 2024. A summary of previous releases can be found below. Provisional data for more recent months can be found on the Met Office web site https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/hadobs/hadukgrid/.\r\n\r\nEach version comprises eight Datasets - gridded data at 1, 5, 12, 25 and 60 km resolution, plus three sets of area averages (UK countries, admin regions and river basins).\r\n\r\nThe earliest year of data varies by variable and has changed as more data are digitised. Currently the start years are:\r\n1836 (monthly rainfall)\r\n1884 (monthly max/mean/min air temperature)\r\n1891 (daily rainfall)\r\n1910 (monthly sunshine)\r\n1931 (daily max/min air temperature)\r\n1961 (monthly days of ground frost, relative humidity, mean sea level pressure and vapour pressure)\r\n1969 (monthly mean wind speed)\r\n1971 (monthly days of lying snow)\r\n\r\nThe grids are provided at daily (max/min air temperature and rainfall only), monthly, seasonal and annual timescales, as well as long term averages for a set of climatological reference periods.\r\n\r\nThe latest release has been created by the Met Office funded by the UK Department for Science, Innovation and Technology (DSIT).\r\n\r\nPrevious versions were created by the Met Office with financial support from the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy (BEIS) and Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) in order to support the Public Weather Service Customer Group (PWSCG), the Hadley Centre Climate Programme, and the UK Climate Projections (UKCP18) project.\r\n\r\nFor all versions, the data recovery activity to supplement 19th and early 20th Century data availability has also been funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC grant ref: NE/L01016X/1) project \"Analysis of historic drought and water scarcity in the UK\".\r\n\r\nThe data are provided under Open Government Licence v3 (see each dataset for links to licence and associated citations to use).\r\n\r\nList of dataset versions (latest first) and key differences (each release also extends the dataset by one year):\r\n\r\nv1.3.1.ceda (1836-2024) - Daily temperature extended back to 1931 (from 1960). Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1922-1945.\r\nv1.3.0.ceda (1836-2023) - Historical data recovery has improved daily rainfall over Scotland for 1945-1960.\r\nv1.2.0.ceda (1836-2022) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1910 (from 1919). Incorporation of Rainfall Rescue v2.\r\nv1.1.0.0 (1836-2021) - Addition of climate averages for 1991-2020. Rainfall Rescue v1 dataset incorporated into the monthly rainfall grids which are extended back to 1836 (from 1862).\r\nv1.0.3.0 (1862-2020)\r\nv1.0.2.1 (1862-2019) - Monthly sunshine extended back to 1919 (from 1929). Historical data recovery has also improved monthly rainfall 1862-1910, daily rainfall 1891-1910 and monthly temperature 1900-1909. Correction to the grid definition for 12 km grid product to match the UKCP18 climate model products.\r\nv1.0.1.0 (1862-2018) - Addition of 5km data.\r\nv1.0.0.0 (1862-2017) - Initial release.\r\n\r\nSee the change log file for each version for further details.\r\n\r\nNote: The introduction of the '.ceda' suffix was done to highlight that CEDA is the source of these data files compared to other potential sources (e.g. the UKCP User Interface https://ukclimateprojections-ui.metoffice.gov.uk/ui/home) The data values are the same - it is the way the data are packaged that may differ between sources.\r\n\r\nEach version following the initial release is accompanied by change log files. These list new files in the version compared with the previous version plus summary totals of the number of files that remained the same, modified and removed. Links to these change logs are available in the 'Details/Docs' section of each dataset. Additionally, a summary change log file is provided which gives an overview of all changes to the data sources and processing methods since the initial release. This summary can be found in the 'Details/Docs' section below or via the individual datasets.\r\n\r\nThis collection supersedes the UKCP09 Dataset Collection and contains all datasets within the major version 1 release (i.e. v1.#.#.#). See Hollis et al. (2019; linked documentation) for details on the version numbering utilised."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 31940,
                    "uuid": "caa9f45738d34e4cb1208ae0d72b5e79",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "HadEX3: Global land-surface climate extremes indices",
                    "abstract": "HadEX3 is a land-surface dataset of climate extremes indices available on a 1.875 x 1.25 longitude-latitude grid covering 1901-2018. These 29 indices have been developed by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Expert Team on Climate Change Detection and Indices (ETCCDI). Indices are available on an annual, and for some a monthly, basis. Some indices use a reference period to calculate thresholds, and for these, we provide versions using 1961-90 and 1981-2010.\r\n\r\nThe indices are available in NetCDF files, with one index per file and separate files for annual and monthly values, as well as the different reference periods if appropriate. The codes used to create the dataset are available online, and a wide number of analysis plots are on the dataset homepage. For a detailed description of the methods behind the dataset, please see the paper in Details/Docs."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                8551,
                10060,
                10061
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                50468,
                53079,
                53080,
                53081,
                54996,
                55462,
                148605
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": [
                7114,
                7115
            ]
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 13208,
            "uuid": "bbacf793903a4f53a3e3d1c131b263e2",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "The Tellus South West project",
            "abstract": "The Tellus South West project is a collaborative, environmental survey and research project funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) and carried out by a partnership of the British Geological Survey (BGS), the Centre for Ecology and Hydrology (CEH), the British Antarctic Survey (BAS) and the University of Exeter Camborne School of Mines.\r\n\r\nTellus South West will provide scientific data to benefit the economy, businesses and the environment in south west England. It will expand knowledge of geology, landscape and ecosystems; help manage risks from natural hazards, and provide a census of the current state of the environment for measuring impacts of future change. It will identify new opportunities for sustainable use of natural resources, and assist with improving the quality of water and soil. It will help us make the right decisions about our environment for the benefit of future generations.\r\n\r\n The Tellus South West survey has five main components:\r\n\r\n    a high resolution airborne geophysical survey (carried out by BGS)\r\n    an airborne LiDAR survey (carried out by BAS  (ARSF BAS13_01) )\r\n    geochemical sampling of soils and stream sediments (carried out by the BGS G-BASE project)\r\n    a soil and habitat survey (carried out by CEH)\r\n    a stakeholder liaison programme to connect with local government, businesses and research centres (carried out by the University of Exeter Camborne School of Mines)\r\n\r\nThe survey data and maps will have many diverse applications for users in the commercial, academic, government and public sectors, including farming, local government, minerals and mining, water supply, geothermal energy, environmental regulation and health, natural and built heritage, and ground engineering, and to researchers in the environmental, health, minerals and agricultural sciences.\r\n\r\nThe maps and data produced show the soils, rocks, landscape and ecology of Devon and Cornwall at unprecedented depth and detail, and augment existing data to provide the two counties with among the best and most comprehensive environmental datasets anywhere in the world.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ARSF Lidar",
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "The Global Energy and Water Cycle Exchanges Project (GEWEX)",
            "abstract": "The Global Energy and Water Cycle Exchanges Project (GEWEX) is an integrated program of research, observations, and science activities that focuses on the atmospheric, terrestrial, radiative, hydrological, coupled processes, and interactions that determine the global and regional hydrological cycle, radiation and energy transitions, and their involvement in climate change. The International GEWEX Project Office (IGPO) is the focal point for the planning and implementation of all GEWEX activities.",
            "publicationState": "published",
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                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "The World Climate Research Programme (WCRP)",
                "abstract": "The WCRP mission is to facilitate analysis and prediction of Earth system variability and change for use in an increasing range of practical applications of direct relevance, benefit and value to society. The two overarching objectives of the WCRP are to determine the predictability of climate; and to determine the effect of human activities on climate.\r\n\r\nRecent progress in the understanding of climate system variability and change makes it possible to gauge its predictability, and to use this predictive knowledge in developing adaptation and mitigation strategies. Such strategies assist global communities in responding to the impacts of climate variability and change on major social and economic sectors including food security, energy and transport, environment, health and water resources.\r\n\r\nThe main foci of WCRP research are:\r\n\r\n - observing changes in the components of the Earth system (atmosphere, oceans, land and cryosphere) and in the interfaces between these components;\r\n - improving our knowledge and understanding of global and regional climate variability and change, and of the mechanisms responsible for this change;\r\n - assessing and attributing significant trends in global and regional climates;\r\n - developing and improving numerical models that are capable of simulating and assessing the climate system for a wide range of space and time scales; and\r\n - investigating the sensitivity of the climate system to natural and human-induced forcing and estimating the changes resulting from specific disturbing influences.\r\n\r\nThe World Climate Research Programme is sponsored by the World Meteorological Organisation (WMO), the International Council for Science (ICSU) and the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO."
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                    "ob_id": 8443,
                    "uuid": "02b11d959c771f995b062d904486e255",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Initiative II",
                    "abstract": "The International Satellite Land-Surface Climatology Project (ISLSCP) is a project addressing land-atmosphere interactions. ILSCP Initiative II data collection was initiated in 1999 to extend the production of ISLCP global data sets."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "The Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) Project",
            "abstract": "The Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) is an experimental, real-time numerical weather prediction capability that provides support for the United States Antarctic Program, Antarctic science, and international Antarctic efforts. AMPS produces numerical guidance from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with twice-daily forecasts covering Antarctica. The effort is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs and the NSF UCAR and Lower Atmospheric Facilities Oversight Section. It is a collaboration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the Byrd Polar Research Center of The Ohio State University.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "AMPS, Antartic, WRF, meteorology, model",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
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                    "ob_id": 851,
                    "uuid": "ee7c166ff003674f195d58cca4e33839",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS): real-time numerical weather prediction model output at 4.5 and 6km resolution for the Antarctic",
                    "abstract": "The Antarctic Mesoscale Prediction System (AMPS) is an experimental, real-time numerical weather prediction capability that provides support for the United States Antarctic Program, Antarctic science, and international Antarctic efforts. AMPS produces numerical guidance from the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with twice-daily forecasts covering Antarctica. The effort is sponsored by the National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs and the NSF UCAR and Lower Atmospheric Facilities Oversight Section. It is a collaboration of the National Center for Atmospheric Research and the Byrd Polar Research Center of The Ohio State University."
                }
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            "uuid": "6c3584d985bd484e8beb23ff0df91292",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Fire Climate Change Initiative Project  (Fire CCI)",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)  Fire Climate Change Initiative (Fire CCI) project, led by University of Alcala (Spain), is part of ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI) to produce long term datasets of Essential Climate Variables derived from global satellite data.\r\n\r\nThe Fire CCI focuses on the following issues relating to Fire Disturbance:  Analysis and specification of scientific requirements relating to climate; Development and improvement of pre-processing and burned area algorithms; Inter-comparison and selection of burned area algorithms; System prototyping and production of burned area datasets; Product validation and product assessment\r\n",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA FIRE CCI",
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            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
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                    "ob_id": 12683,
                    "uuid": "bcef9e87740e4cbabc743d295afbe849",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Fire Climate Change Initiative (Fire CCI) Dataset Collection",
                    "abstract": "The ESA Fire Climate Change Initiative (Fire_cci) project is producing long-term datasets of burned area information from satellites, as part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative. The data is of use for those interested in historical burned patterns, fire management and emissions analysis and climate change research, by providing a consistent burned area time series.   \r\n\r\nCurrent datasets consist of maps of global burned area for the years 1982 to 2019.  Products are available at different spatial resolutions: the Pixel product (at the original resolution of the sensor data) and the Grid product (0.25 degrees resolution), the latter of which is produced from the Pixel product.  They are based upon spectral information from different sensors, and in many cases also thermal information from active fires.\r\n\r\nGlobal products: \r\n\r\nFireCCI41: Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) reflectance, on board the ENVISAT ESA satellite, 300m spatial resolution, and MODIS active fires. Temporal resolution: 2005 – 2011.\r\nFireCCI50: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and active fires, on board the TERRA satellite, 250m spatial resolution,  temporal resolution: 2001 – 2016.\r\nFireCCI51: Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) reflectance and active fires, on board the TERRA satellite, 250m spatial resolution,  temporal resolution: 2001 – 2019.\r\n\r\nFireCCILT10 (beta product): Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Land Long Term Data Record (LTDR) reflectance. Provided only as grid product. Temporal resolution: 1982-2017.\r\n\r\nContinental products:\r\n\r\nFireCCISFD11: Multispectral Instrument (MSI) reflectance, on board the Sentinel-2A satellite, 20 spatial resolution, and MODIS active fires. Temporal resolution: 2016, spatial coverage: Sub-Saharan Africa."
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            "ob_id": 13295,
            "uuid": "f0c66ffa30514d2daee821286a014b16",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Initiative (GHG CCI) project is one of several projects of ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI), which will deliver various Essential Climate Variables (ECVs)\r\n\r\nCarbon dioxide (CO2) and methane (CH4) are the two most important anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs) and a focus of international research activities related to a better understanding of the carbon cycle (see, for example, the Global Carbon Project (GCP)).\r\n \r\nWithin the GHG-CCI project the focus is on satellite data. Satellite observations combined with modelling can add important missing global information on regional CO2 and CH4 (surface) sources and sinks required for better climate prediction. The GHG CCI project started on the 1st September 2010.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA GHG GREENHOUSE GASES CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 12808,
                    "uuid": "0508f3dd991144aa80346007a415fb07",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Initiative (GHG_cci) dataset collection",
                    "abstract": "The Greenhouse Gases Climate Change Initiative (GHG_cci) data products are near-surface-sensitive dry-air column-averaged mole fractions (mixing ratios) of methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2), created as part of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Greenhouses Gases Essential Climate Variable (ECV) CCI project. Denoted XCO2 (in ppmv) and XCH4 (in ppbv), the products have been retrieved from the SCIAMACHY instrument on ENVISAT and TANSO-FTS onboard GOSAT, using ECV Core Algorithms (ECAs). Other satellite instruments such as IASI, MIPAS and ACE-FTS have also been used to provide constraints for upper layers, with their corresponding retrieval algorithms referred to as Additional Constraints Algorithms (ACAs).    The GHG data products are typically updated annually, the corresponding datasets being called Climate Research Data Packages (CRDP). \r\n\r\nThe products have each been generated from individual sensors, a single merged product not having yet been created \"combining\" the products from different sensors to cover the entire available satellite time series.  One merged product has however been generated using the EMMA algorithm, covering a limited time period. This EMMA product is mainly used as a comparison tool for products generated using individual algorithms, making up the collection of products used by EMMA. \r\n\r\nTypically the same product (e.g. XCO2 from GOSAT) has been generated using different retrieval algorithms. A baseline algorithm has been used to generate one recommended baseline product, for users unsure which product to choose. Other products are called alternative products. However an alternative product's quality may equal that of the corresponding baseline product. It typically depends upon the application for which a product is required, which product is best to use as methods involved in producing them typically have varying strength and weaknesses. \r\n\r\nFor further information on the products, such as details on the SCIAMACHY and TANSO instruments, the algorithms used to generate the data and the data's format, please see the Product Specification Document (PSD) in the documentation section."
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            "ob_id": 13301,
            "uuid": "a852ef4bef2240949066b44539cfa042",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Glaciers Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency Glaciers Climate Change Initiative (Glaciers CCI) project has as main objective to contribute to the efforts of creating a globally complete and detailed glacier inventory as requested in action T2.1 by GCOS (2006). This activity has two major parts: One is data creation (glacier outlines) in selected and currently still missing key regions, and the other one is in establishing a more consistent framework for glacier entity identification to enhance the integrity and error characterization of the available data sets. As meltwater from glaciers and ice caps provide a substantial contribution to global sea-level rise, the project will also create two additional products in selected key regions, elevation changes and velocity fields",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA GLACIERS CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
            },
            "subProject": [
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                    "ob_id": 32167,
                    "uuid": "c446ce8eaecf494b9e9bbcfc11038dd4",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Option 6 of the ESA Glaciers_cci project: An Inventory of Ice-Marginal Lakes in Greenland",
                    "abstract": "This project was undertaken as part of the ESA Glaciers Climate Change Initiative project.  \r\n\r\nThe objective of this project is to construct a comprehensive inventory of ice-marginal lakes for Greenland that can be used to assess the spatial trends, relations, and impacts of ice marginal lakes in the context of a warming climate.  The inventory of ice marginal lakes is of great relevance for extreme outburst flood events, keeping meltwater away from the oceans, impact on the evolution of glaciers in terms of area and volume (frontal feedback mechanisms), and to modelling glacier dynamics and glacier/climate interactions. \r\n\r\nThe inventory will contribute to the essential climate variable 'Lakes' and has been generated by the ESA project Glaciers_cci under Option 6, which is an addition to the baseline proposal"
                }
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                {
                    "ob_id": 13300,
                    "uuid": "b05d478170e14356bbe2c3cce3f7bf67",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Glaciers Climate Change Initiative (Glaciers CCI) Dataset Collection",
                    "abstract": "The ESA Glaciers Climate Change Initiative (CCI) dataset consists of  data produced by the ESA CCI  Glaciers Project.  The main objective of the Glaciers_cci project is to contribute to the efforts of creating a globally complete and detailed glacier inventory as requested in action T2.1 by GCOS (2006). This activity has two major parts: One is data creation (glacier outlines) in selected and currently still missing key regions, and the other one is in establishing a more consistent framework for glacier entity identification to enhance the integrity and error characterization of the available data sets. As meltwater from glaciers and ice caps provide a substantial contribution to global sea-level rise, the project will also create two additional products in selected key regions, elevation changes and velocity fields"
                }
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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            "ob_id": 13331,
            "uuid": "a0a6fa39470a4a7baf847e3a1751f950",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Sea Level Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA) Sea Level Climate Change Initiative (Sea_Level_cci) project is part of the ESA's Climate Change Initiative programme.   \r\n\r\nIn the first phases of the CCI programme, the Sea Level project produced and validated global sea level Essential Climate Variable (ECV) products.\r\n\r\nIn the current phase, the objective is to produce a long-term and homogeneous sea level record as close to the coast as possible in order to assess whether the coastal sea level trends experienced at the coast are similar as the observed sea level trends in the open ocean and to determine the causes of the potential discrepancies.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA SEA LEVEL CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
            },
            "subProject": [],
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                {
                    "ob_id": 12684,
                    "uuid": "56c94cb1410f4f2b8a41729c0e558617",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Sea Level Climate Change Initiative (Sea Level CCI) dataset collection",
                    "abstract": "As part of the European Space Agency's (ESA) Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme, the Sea Level CCI project has produced a set of gridded multi-satellite merged products relating to the Sea Level Essential Climate Variable (ECV).  These consist of a)  a time series of monthly gridded Sea Level Anomalies (SLA) and b) Oceanic Indicators describing the evolution of the sea level anomalies.\r\n\r\nSea surface heights are measured above (or below) some reference level by altimeter satellites, surface height being the difference between a satellites position in orbit with respect to an arbitrary reference surface (the Earth's centre or a rough approximation of the Earth's surface: the reference ellipsoid) and the satellite-to-surface range (calculated by measuring the time taken for the signal to make the round trip). Through sending a microwave pulse to the ocean's surface, the satellites measured the surface heights through measuring the time taken for the pulse to return. \r\n\r\nThe current version is v1.1, and covers the period January 1993 - December 2014, and has been derived from the main altimeter missions: ERS-1, ERS-2, Envisat, TOPEX/Poseidon, Jason-1, Jason-2 and Geosat-Follow-On.    A detailed description of the SL CCI project and the products can be found in Ablain et al., 2014, and further information is also provided in the Product User Guide. \r\n\r\nThe following DOI can be used to reference the product database (all products in the V1.1 release (as of December 2015)): DOI:10.5270/esa-sea_level_cci-1993_2014-v_1.1-201512.  \r\n\r\n When using or referring to the SL_cci products, please mention the associated DOI (see above and the individual datasets) and also use the following citation where a detailed description of the SL_cci project and products can be found:\r\n\r\nAblain, M., Cazenave, A., Larnicol, G., Balmaseda, M., Cipollini, P., Faugère, Y., Fernandes, M. J., Henry, O., Johannessen, J. A., Knudsen, P., Andersen, O., Legeais, J., Meyssignac, B., Picot, N., Roca, M., Rudenko, S., Scharffenberg, M. G., Stammer, D., Timms, G., and Benveniste, J.: Improved sea level record over the satellite altimetry era (1993–2010) from the Climate Change Initiative project, Ocean Sci., 11, 67-82, doi:10.5194/os-11-67-2015, 2015.\r\n\r\nFor further information on the Sea Level CCI products, and to register your interest with the CCI team please email: info-sealevel@esa-sealevel-cci.org"
                }
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            "ob_id": 13332,
            "uuid": "c256fcfeef24460ca6eb14bf0fe09572",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci) project is part of the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme, which aims to produce datasets of Essential Climate Variables (ECV's) from satellite datasets.\r\n\r\nThe Soil Moisture CCI project was set up to :\r\n - Analyse the needs of the climate research community in terms of soil moisture data.\r\n - Adapt soil moisture satellite measurements for their use by the climate research community.\r\n - Create a long-term consistent soil moisture time series, based on active and passive data, suitable for climate change studies.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA SOIL MOISTURE CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
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                    "ob_id": 26164,
                    "uuid": "d2eea061026240eb8a2f9cc64a691338",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 03.2 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 03.2) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.  This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products.   The 'Active' and 'Passive' products have been created by fusing scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the 'Active' product, these have been derived from AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the 'Passive' product from the instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, AMSR2 and SMOS. The 'Combined Product' is then a blended product based on the former two data sets.  \r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees.  The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the Passive and Combined products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2014-12-31 and the Active product covering 1991-08-05 to 2014-12-31. The soil moisture data for the Passive and the Combined product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the active soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD) or the paper by Wagner 2012, both available in linked documentation.  Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all three of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n2. Gruber, A., Dorigo, W. A., Crow, W., Wagner W. (2017). Triple Collocation-Based Merging of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. PP. 1-13. 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2734070\r\n\r\n3. Liu, Y.Y., Dorigo, W.A., Parinussa, R.M., de Jeu, R.A.M. , Wagner, W., McCabe, M.F., Evans, J.P., van Dijk, A.I.J.M. (2012). Trend-preserving blending of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals, Remote Sensing of Environment, 123, 280-297, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.014"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 26165,
                    "uuid": "3729b3fbbb434930bf65d82f9b00111c",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 02.2 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 02.2) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.  This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products.   The 'Active' and 'Passive' products have been created by fusing scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the 'Active' product, these have been derived from AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the 'Passive' product from the instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, and AMSR2. The 'Combined Product' is then a blended product based on the former two data sets.  \r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees.  The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the Passive and Combined products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2014-12-31 and the Active product covering 1991-08-05 to 2014-12-31. The soil moisture data for the Passive and the Combined product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the active soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD) or the paper by Wagner 2012, both available in linked documentation.  Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all three of the following references:\r\n1. Liu, Y. Y., W. A. Dorigo, et al. (2012). \"Trend-preserving blending of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals.\" Remote Sensing of Environment 123: 280-297.\r\n2. Liu, Y. Y., Parinussa, R. M., Dorigo, W. A., De Jeu, R. A. M., Wagner, W., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., McCabe, M. F., Evans, J. P. (2011). Developing an improved soil moisture dataset by blending passive and active microwave satellite-based retrievals. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15, 425-436\r\n3. Wagner, W., W. Dorigo, R. de Jeu, D. Fernandez, J. Benveniste, E. Haas, M. Ertl (2012). Fusion of active and passive microwave observations to create an Essential Climate Variable data record on soil moisture. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (ISPRS Annals), Volume I-7, XXII ISPRS Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 25 August-1 September 2012, 315-321"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 26166,
                    "uuid": "b810601740bd4848b0d7965e6d83d26c",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 03.3 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 03.3) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.  This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products.   The 'Active' and 'Passive' products have been created by fusing scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the 'Active' product, these have been derived from AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the 'Passive' product from the instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, AMSR2 and SMOS. The 'Combined Product' is then a blended product based on the former two data sets.  \r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees.  The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the Passive and Combined products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2016-12-31 and the Active product covering 1991-08-05 to 2016-12-31. The soil moisture data for the Passive and the Combined product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the active soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD).  Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all three of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n2. Gruber, A., Dorigo, W. A., Crow, W., Wagner W. (2017). Triple Collocation-Based Merging of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. PP. 1-13. 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2734070\r\n\r\n3. Liu, Y.Y., Dorigo, W.A., Parinussa, R.M., de Jeu, R.A.M. , Wagner, W., McCabe, M.F., Evans, J.P., van Dijk, A.I.J.M. (2012). Trend-preserving blending of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals, Remote Sensing of Environment, 123, 280-297, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.014"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 26170,
                    "uuid": "3a8a94c3fa464d68b6d70df291afd457",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 04.2 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 04.2) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.  This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products.   The 'Active' and 'Passive' products have been created by fusing scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the 'Active' product, these have been derived from AMI-WS and ASCAT instruments and for the 'Passive' product from the instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, AMSR2 and SMOS. The 'Combined Product' is then a blended product based on the former two data sets.  \r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees.  The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the Passive and Combined products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2016-12-31 and the Active product covering 1991-08-05 to 2016-12-31. The soil moisture data for the Passive and the Combined product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the active soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD).  Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using the all three of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n2. Gruber, A., Dorigo, W. A., Crow, W., Wagner W. (2017). Triple Collocation-Based Merging of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. PP. 1-13. 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2734070\r\n\r\n3. Liu, Y.Y., Dorigo, W.A., Parinussa, R.M., de Jeu, R.A.M. , Wagner, W., McCabe, M.F., Evans, J.P., van Dijk, A.I.J.M. (2012). Trend-preserving blending of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals, Remote Sensing of Environment, 123, 280-297, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.014"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 26171,
                    "uuid": "b11f3fa3303e46e6b0d44b058947a3f5",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 05.2 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 05.2) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products. The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, AMSR2, SMOS and SMAP. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments..\r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees. The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2019-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2019-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD). Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using the all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n3. Gruber, A., Dorigo, W. A., Crow, W., Wagner W. (2017). Triple Collocation-Based Merging of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. PP. 1-13. 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2734070"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 26172,
                    "uuid": "f4f77c55fd304ada9bfe2195927a053b",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 02.1 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 02.1) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.  This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products.   The 'Active' and 'Passive' products have been created by fusing scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the 'Active' product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the 'Passive' product from the instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, and AMSR2. The 'Combined Product' is then a blended product based on the former two data sets.  \r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees.  The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the Passive and Combined products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2014-12-31 and the Active product covering 1991-08-05 to 2014-12-31. The soil moisture data for the Passive and the Combined product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the active soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD) or the paper by Wagner 2012, both available in linked documentation.  Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all three references as follows:\r\n1. Liu, Y. Y., W. A. Dorigo, et al. (2012). \"Trend-preserving blending of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals.\" Remote Sensing of Environment 123: 280-297.\r\n2. Liu, Y. Y., Parinussa, R. M., Dorigo, W. A., De Jeu, R. A. M., Wagner, W., van Dijk, A. I. J. M., McCabe, M. F., Evans, J. P. (2011). Developing an improved soil moisture dataset by blending passive and active microwave satellite-based retrievals. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15, 425-436\r\n3. Wagner, W., W. Dorigo, R. de Jeu, D. Fernandez, J. Benveniste, E. Haas, M. Ertl (2012). Fusion of active and passive microwave observations to create an Essential Climate Variable data record on soil moisture. ISPRS Annals of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences (ISPRS Annals), Volume I-7, XXII ISPRS Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 25 August-1 September 2012, 315-321"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27112,
                    "uuid": "dce27a397eaf47e797050c220972ca0e",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 04.4 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 04.4) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.  This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products.   The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from AMI-WS and ASCAT instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, AMSR2 and SMOS. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments..  \r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees.  The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2018-06-30 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2018-06-30. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD).  Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using the all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n2. Gruber, A., Dorigo, W. A., Crow, W., Wagner W. (2017). Triple Collocation-Based Merging of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. PP. 1-13. 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2734070\r\n\r\n3. Liu, Y.Y., Dorigo, W.A., Parinussa, R.M., de Jeu, R.A.M. , Wagner, W., McCabe, M.F., Evans, J.P., van Dijk, A.I.J.M. (2012). Trend-preserving blending of passive and active microwave soil moisture retrievals, Remote Sensing of Environment, 123, 280-297, doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2012.03.014\r\n\r\n4. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W.: Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture Climate Data Records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-2019-21, in review, 2019."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 29937,
                    "uuid": "38b8e5e524e1449ab4b4994970752644",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 04.5 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 04.5) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.  This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products.   The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, AMSR2 and SMOS. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments..  \r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees.  The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2018-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2018-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD).  Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using the all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n3. Gruber, A., Dorigo, W. A., Crow, W., Wagner W. (2017). Triple Collocation-Based Merging of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. PP. 1-13. 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2734070"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 30210,
                    "uuid": "0683e320d8634a37aa1d9ef62dd41a0d",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 04.7 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 04.7) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.  This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products.   The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, AMSR2 and SMOS. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments..  \r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees.  The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2019-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2019-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD).  Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using the all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n3. Gruber, A., Dorigo, W. A., Crow, W., Wagner W. (2017). Triple Collocation-Based Merging of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. PP. 1-13. 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2734070"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 32199,
                    "uuid": "70f40e63092b4f2ab9c9860b7093db00",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 05.3 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 05.3) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets, alongside ancilliary data products. The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, AMSR2, SMOS and SMAP. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments.\r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees. The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2020-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2020-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD). Other additional documentation and information documentation relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product Specification Document.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using the all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n3. Gruber, A., Dorigo, W. A., Crow, W., Wagner W. (2017). Triple Collocation-Based Merging of Satellite Soil Moisture Retrievals. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. PP. 1-13. 10.1109/TGRS.2017.2734070"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 32299,
                    "uuid": "28935552223242ca97953a8db99c2821",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 06.1 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 06.1) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets alongside ancillary data products. The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, FY-3B, AMSR2, SMOS, GPM and SMAP. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments.\r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees. The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2020-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2020-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. In addition to the main products, an experimental break-adjusted COMBINED product is also provided for the first time at v06.1. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD). Additional documentation and information relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product User Guide.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\nIf using the COMBINED break-adjusted product, the following should also be cited in addition to the above:\r\n\r\n3. Preimesberger, W., Scanlon, T., Su,  C. -H., Gruber, A. and Dorigo, W., \"Homogenization of Structural Breaks in the Global ESA CCI Soil Moisture Multisatellite Climate Data Record,\" in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 2845-2862, April 2021, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2020.3012896."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 38329,
                    "uuid": "3ff7ae723d3542bab6525207a9092e2b",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 06.2 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 06.2) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets alongside ancillary data products. The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, FY-3B, AMSR2, SMOS, GPM and SMAP. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments.\r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees. The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2021-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2021-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD). Additional documentation and information relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product User Guide.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\nIf using the COMBINED break-adjusted product, the following should also be cited in addition to the above:\r\n\r\n3. Preimesberger, W., Scanlon, T., Su,  C. -H., Gruber, A. and Dorigo, W., \"Homogenization of Structural Breaks in the Global ESA CCI Soil Moisture Multisatellite Climate Data Record,\" in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 2845-2862, April 2021, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2020.3012896."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 38335,
                    "uuid": "ea3eb0714dc6402b905fe9f7ee50dbbc",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 07.1 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 07.1) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets alongside ancillary data products. The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, FY-3B, FY-3C, FY3D, AMSR2, SMOS, GPM and SMAP. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments.\r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees. The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2021-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2021-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. In addition to the main products, an experimental break-adjusted COMBINED product is also provided at v07.1. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD). Additional documentation and information relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product User Guide.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\nIf using the COMBINED break-adjusted product, the following should also be cited in addition to the above:\r\n\r\n3. Preimesberger, W., Scanlon, T., Su,  C. -H., Gruber, A. and Dorigo, W., \"Homogenization of Structural Breaks in the Global ESA CCI Soil Moisture Multisatellite Climate Data Record,\" in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 2845-2862, April 2021, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2020.3012896."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 40767,
                    "uuid": "ff890589c21f4033803aa550f52c980c",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 08.1 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 08.1) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets alongside ancillary data products. The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, FY-3B, FY-3C, FY3D, AMSR2, SMOS, GPM and SMAP. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments.\r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees. The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2022-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2022-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD). Additional documentation and information relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product User Guide.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n3. Preimesberger, W., Scanlon, T., Su, C. -H., Gruber, A. and Dorigo, W., \"Homogenization of Structural Breaks in the Global ESA CCI Soil Moisture Multisatellite Climate Data Record,\" in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 2845-2862, April 2021, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2020.3012896."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 41613,
                    "uuid": "779f116d0477439db1874592add5848c",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 09.1 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 09.1) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets alongside ancillary data products. The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, FY-3B, FY-3C, FY3D, AMSR2, SMOS, GPM and SMAP. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments.\r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees. The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2023-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2023-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD). Additional documentation and information relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product User Guide.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n3. Preimesberger, W., Scanlon, T., Su, C. -H., Gruber, A. and Dorigo, W., \"Homogenization of Structural Breaks in the Global ESA CCI Soil Moisture Multisatellite Climate Data Record,\" in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 2845-2862, April 2021, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2020.3012896."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 45088,
                    "uuid": "935c5f5035954a68ba0a2d25f54b17d1",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (Soil_Moisture_cci): Version 09.2 data collection",
                    "abstract": "Soil Moisture data (version 09.2) from the European Space Agency's (ESA) Soil Moisture Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project. This dataset collection contains three surface soil moisture datasets alongside ancillary data products. The ACTIVE and PASSIVE products have been created by fusing satellite scatterometer and radiometer soil moisture products respectively. In the case of the ACTIVE product, these have been derived from the AMI-WS and ASCAT satellite instruments and for the PASSIVE product from the satellite instruments SMMR, SSM/I, TMI, AMSR-E, WindSat, FY-3B, FY-3C, FY3D, AMSR2, SMOS, GPM and SMAP. The COMBINED product is generated from the Level 2 active and passive instruments.\r\n\r\nThe homogenized and merged products present a global coverage of surface soil moisture at a spatial resolution of 0.25 degrees. The products are provided as global daily images, in NetCDF-4 classic file format, the PASSIVE and COMBINED products covering the period (yyyy-mm-dd) 1978-11-01 to 2024-12-31 and the ACTIVE product covering 1991-08-05 to 2024-12-31. The soil moisture data for the PASSIVE and the COMBINED product are provided in volumetric units [m3 m-3], while the ACTIVE soil moisture data are expressed in percent of saturation [%]. For information regarding the theoretical and algorithmic base of the datasets, please see the Algorithm Theoretical Baseline Document (ATBD). Additional documentation and information relating to the datasets can also be found on the CCI Soil Moisture project web site or in the Product User Guide.\r\n\r\nThe data set should be cited using all of the following references:\r\n\r\n1. Gruber, A., Scanlon, T., van der Schalie, R., Wagner, W., and Dorigo, W. (2019). Evolution of the ESA CCI Soil Moisture climate data records and their underlying merging methodology, Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 11, 717–739, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-11-717-2019\r\n\r\n2. Dorigo, W.A., Wagner, W., Albergel, C., Albrecht, F., Balsamo, G., Brocca, L., Chung, D., Ertl, M., Forkel, M., Gruber, A., Haas, E., Hamer, D. P. Hirschi, M., Ikonen, J., De Jeu, R. Kidd, R. Lahoz, W., Liu, Y.Y., Miralles, D., Lecomte, P. (2017). ESA CCI Soil Moisture for improved Earth system understanding: State-of-the art and future directions. In Remote Sensing of Environment, 2017, ISSN 0034-4257, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rse.2017.07.001\r\n\r\n3. Preimesberger, W., Scanlon, T., Su, C. -H., Gruber, A. and Dorigo, W., \"Homogenization of Structural Breaks in the Global ESA CCI Soil Moisture Multisatellite Climate Data Record,\" in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing, vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 2845-2862, April 2021, doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2020.3012896."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                109810,
                109811,
                109812,
                109450,
                143310,
                50953
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": [
                7439
            ]
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 13339,
            "uuid": "86b9543f4b7c4386a7cc46cdc5aabc93",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Cloud Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency Cloud Climate Change Initiative (Cloud CCI) project has as objective to provide long-term coherent cloud property data sets exploiting the  synergistic capabilities of different Earth observation missions allowing for improved accuracies and enhanced temporal and spatial sampling better than those provided by the single sources. \r\nThis project seeks to utilize the increasing  potential of the synergitic capabilities of past,  existing and upcoming European and US  missions in order to meet the increasing  needs for coherent long-term cloud property datasets required by the scientific community.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA CLOUD CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
            },
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                95
            ],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 13297,
                    "uuid": "8cf12c9d19db4797a7549c74cef6c03e",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Cloud Climate Change Initiative (CCI) Dataset Collection",
                    "abstract": "This dataset collection contains cloud products produced by the Cloud project within the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI). \r\n\r\nThe ultimate objective of the ESA Cloud Climate Change Initiative (Cloud_cci) project is to provide long-term coherent cloud property datasets exploiting the synergic capabilities of different Earth observation missions allowing for improved accuracies and enhanced temporal and spatial sampling better than those provided by the single sources.\r\n\r\nCC4CL (Community Cloud Retrieval for Climate) and FAME-C (Freie Universität Berlin AATSR MERIS Cloud) are optimal estimation based retrieval systems providing GCOS cloud property Essential Climate Variables (ECVs) including uncertainty estimates. These global datasets contain cloud fraction, cloud top level estimates (pressure, height, and temperature), cloud thermodynamic phase, spectral cloud albedo, cloud effective radius, cloud optical thickness as well as cloud liquid and ice water content.\r\n\r\nThe AATSR-MODIS-AVHRR heritage product family obtained by CC4CL is based on measurements from ATSR-2/ERS-2, AATSR/ENVISAT, MODIS/AQUA, MODIS/TERRA, and AVHRR on-board NOAA-7, 9, 11, 12, 14, 15,16, 17, 18,19, and MetOp-A. The second product family contains cloud properties derived from ENVISAT’s AATSR and MERIS observations using the synergetic retrieval system FAME-C.\r\n\r\nIn the first phase (2010 – 2013) of the Cloud_cci project prototype retrieval versions have been established leading to preliminary results covering 2007, 2008, and 2009, herein referred to as demonstrator datasets. In Phase 2 (2014 – 2016) both retrieval schemes have been substantially improved enhancing the data quality of the cloud products spanning the time period from Jan 1st 1982 to Dec 31st 2014.\r\n\r\nConsiderations for climate applications:\r\nDue to the short period (i.e. 3 years) of the current available demonstrator datasets, it is not possible to perform long-term data comparisons or to support long-term climate analysis.\r\n\r\nPlease be aware of the fact that by the end of 2016 at the latest these prototype datasets will be replaced by the complete multi-decadal Cloud_cci climatology (1982 – 2014) together with updated Product User Guide (PUG) and Product Validation and Intercomparison Report (PVIR) documents. \r\n\r\nWe would like to stress that one of the main objectives in the second phase of the Cloud_cci project has been the further development and improvement of both retrieval schemes and their processing systems. As a consequence, the quality and accuracy of the final cloud products have been considerably improved compared to the currently available demonstrator datasets."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                129712,
                129713,
                129714,
                143112
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": [
                7468
            ]
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 13341,
            "uuid": "08db7b1df8774b2e93a39e3809532676",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Aerosol Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency Aerosol Climate Change Initiative (Aerosol CCI) project aims to produce and validate improved global aerosol Essential Climate Variable (ECV) datasets.\r\n \r\nThe primary products concerned in the aerosol_cci project are level 2 (daily 10km and 50km pixel products) and level 3 (aggregated monthly gridded datasets) multi-spectral Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD) and associated probabilities of pre-defined aerosol types for a number of European satellite instruments (ATSR-2, AATSR, MERIS, POLDER, GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, GOME-2, AVHRR/3); stratospheric aerosols are observed with GOMOS (and tested for SCIAMACHY).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA AEROSOL CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
            },
            "subProject": [],
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 13340,
                    "uuid": "8e1662bfe93d4720adfcfd8925862bad",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Aerosol Climate Change Initiative (CCI) Dataset Collection",
                    "abstract": "Datasets of aerosol products produced by the Aerosol project within the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI). \r\n\r\nThe primary products produced in the aerosol_cci project are level 2 (daily 10km and 50km pixel products) and level 3 (aggregated monthly gridded datasets) multi-spectral AOD and associated probabilities of pre-defined aerosol types for a number of European satellite instruments (ATSR-2, AATSR, MERIS, POLDER, GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI, GOME-2, AVHRR/3); stratospheric aerosols are observed with GOMOS (and tested for SCIAMACHY)."
                }
            ],
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                50980,
                50978,
                50979
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        {
            "ob_id": 13365,
            "uuid": "de8aeb4f1bec4348a1e475691ea651d4",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean Colour CCI) project aims to produce long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n \r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of wavelength 490 nm. Information on uncertainties is also provided.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA, Ocean Colour, CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
            },
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                95
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 20073,
                    "uuid": "58268d53f02942fd9951bee50360b893",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean_Colour_cci):  Version 2.0 Data",
                    "abstract": "A collection of Version 2.0 datasets produced by the Ocean Colour project of the ESA Climate Change Inititative (CCI).     The Ocean Colour CCI is producing long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n\r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of  wavelength 490 nm.   Information on uncertainties is also provided.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection refers to the Version 2.0 data products held in the CEDA archive and available from ftp://anon-ftp.ceda.ac.uk/neodc/esacci/ocean_colour/data/v2-release .   Links to the individual datasets that make up this collection are given in the record below.  \r\n\r\nPlease note, this dataset has been superseded.  Later version of the data are now available."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13330,
                    "uuid": "f1a4a1d1208244c682603502d554bc12",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean_Colour_cci): Version 1.0 Data",
                    "abstract": "A collection of Version 1.0 datasets produced by the Ocean Colour project of the ESA Climate Change Inititative (CCI).     The Ocean Colour CCI is producing long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n\r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of  wavelength 490 nm.   Information on uncertainties is also provided.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collectionrefers to the Version 1.0 data products products held in the CEDA archive and available from ftp://anon-ftp.ceda.ac.uk/neodc/esacci/ocean_colour/data/v1-release . Links to the individual datasets that make up this collection are given in the record below. \r\n\r\n Note, these data have now been superseded and later versions of the dataset are available"
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 13548,
                    "uuid": "93aecb2607294e25bc4638adc800f8e7",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean Colour CCI) Dataset Collection",
                    "abstract": "Datasets produced by the Ocean Colour project of the ESA Climate Change Inititative (CCI).     The Ocean Colour CCI is producing long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n\r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of  wavelength 490 nm.   Information on uncertainties is also provided.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection currently holds Version 1.0 data products, and later versions will be added in the future.   Note, version 2.0 data products are now currently available directly from the Ocean Colour CCI team (see link in the documentation section)."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 25390,
                    "uuid": "9c334fbe6d424a708cf3c4cf0c6a53f5",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean_Colour_cci):  Version 3.1 Data",
                    "abstract": "This collection contains version 3.1 datasets produced by the Ocean Colour project of the ESA Climate Change Inititative (CCI).     The Ocean Colour CCI is producing long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n\r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of  wavelength 490 nm.   Information on uncertainties is also provided.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection refers to the Version 3.1 data products held in the CEDA archive covering the period 1997-2016.   Links to the individual datasets that make up this collection are given in the record below.  \r\n\r\nPlease note, this dataset has been superseded. Later versions of the data are now available."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 27791,
                    "uuid": "00b5fc99f9384782976a4453b0148f49",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean_Colour_cci):  Version 4.0 Data",
                    "abstract": "This collection contains version 4.0 datasets produced by the Ocean Colour project of the ESA Climate Change Inititative (CCI).     The Ocean Colour CCI is producing long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n\r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of  wavelength 490 nm.   Information on uncertainties is also provided.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection refers to the Version 4.0 data products held in the CEDA archive covering the period 1997-2018.   Links to the individual datasets that make up this collection are given in the record below.\r\n\r\nPlease note, this dataset has been superseded. Later versions of the data are now available."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 30608,
                    "uuid": "d62f7f801cb54c749d20e736d4a1039f",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean_Colour_cci):  Version 4.2 Data",
                    "abstract": "This collection contains version 4.2 datasets produced by the Ocean Colour project of the ESA Climate Change Inititative (CCI).  The Ocean Colour CCI is producing long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n\r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of wavelength 490 nm.   Information on uncertainties is also provided.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection refers to the Version 4.2 data products held in the CEDA archive covering the period 1997-2019.   Links to the individual datasets that make up this collection are given in the record below.\r\n\r\nPlease note, this dataset has been superseded. Later versions of the data are now available."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 32135,
                    "uuid": "1dbe7a109c0244aaad713e078fd3059a",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean_Colour_cci):  Version 5.0 Data",
                    "abstract": "This collection contains version 5.0 datasets produced by the Ocean Colour project of the ESA Climate Change Inititative (CCI).  The Ocean Colour CCI is producing long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n\r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of wavelength 490 nm.   Information on uncertainties is also provided.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection refers to the Version 5.0 data products held in the CEDA archive covering the period 1997-2020.   Links to the individual datasets that make up this collection are given in the record below.\r\n\r\nPlease note, this dataset has been superseded. Later versions of the data are now available."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 39943,
                    "uuid": "5011d22aae5a4671b0cbc7d05c56c4f0",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative (Ocean_Colour_cci): Version 6.0, 4km resolution data",
                    "abstract": "This collection contains version 6.0 datasets at 4km resolution produced by the Ocean Colour project of the ESA Climate Change Inititative (CCI).  The Ocean Colour CCI is producing long-term multi-sensor time-series of satellite ocean-colour data with a particular focus for use in climate studies.\r\n\r\nData products being produced include: phytoplankton chlorophyll-a concentration; remote-sensing reflectance at six wavelengths; total absorption and backscattering coefficients; phytoplankton absorption coefficient and absorption coefficients for dissolved and detrital material; and the diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance for light of wavelength 490 nm.   Information on uncertainties is also provided.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection refers to the Version 6.0 of the 4km resolution data products held in the CEDA archive covering the period 1997-2022.   Links to the individual datasets that make up this collection are given in the record below."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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        {
            "ob_id": 13397,
            "uuid": "3e02c3fc68f24b51afee68e954d62dc7",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "RAPID Joint International A0 Project: To what extent was the Little Ice Age a result of a change in the THC?",
            "abstract": "Rapid Climate Change (RAPID) was a £20 million, six-year (2001-2007) programme for the Natural Environment Research Council. The programme aimed to improve the ability to quantify the probability and magnitude of future rapid change in climate, with a main (but not exclusive) focus on the role of the Atlantic Ocean's Thermohaline Circulation.\r\n\r\nFor a full understanding of the global climate system, it is imperative to integrate research on empirical climate reconstruction with physical modelling studies of the Earth's climate, using numerical models of varying complexity to address important questions about the attribution of past and future climate changes to specific natural and anthropogenic factors. The focus of this project was on testing various hypotheses about the possible causes of the Little Ice Age. A carefully-designed set of model experiments (incorporating novel methods of assimilating information on climate time scales) were proposed, with the outputs assessed through comparison against empirical palaeoclimate evidence for climate variations over the past millennium. Specifically exploreed whether the Little Ice Age climate could have been generated by one or more of the following factors: a weakening of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation; the persistence of a generally negative North Atlantic Oscillation; or reduced radiative forcing (by increased volcanic activity, reduced solar insolation and lower greenhouse gas concentrations relative to the present). ",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "RAPID, Climate change, ice",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 19089,
                "uuid": "45c07d898be045cfbc5e0ec2076e3ada",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Rapid Climate Change (RAPID)",
                "abstract": "Rapid Climate Change (RAPID) was a £20 million, six-year (2001-2007) programme for the Natural Environment Research Council. The programme aimed to improve the ability to quantify the probability and magnitude of future rapid change in climate, with a main (but not exclusive) focus on the role of the Atlantic Ocean's Thermohaline Circulation.\r\n\r\nThe specific scientific objectives of the RAPID programme were agreed by the Rapid Climate Change Steering Committee and are detailed in the RAPID Science Plan.\r\n\r\nApproximately £11M were awarded to proposals that were submitted in response to the RAPID First round of funding. Of this about £5M was committed to design a system to continuously monitor the strength and structure of the North Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. This design effort was being matched by comparative funding from the US National Science Foundation (NSF) for collaborative projects reviewed jointly with the NERC proposals. This monitoring effort continued in the NERC-funded follow-on programme RAPID-WATCH 2008-20014.\r\n\r\nA 2nd and last round of funding was completed in 2005 with two parallel Announcements of Opportunity. A total of 5 bids were funded under the Joint International AO, with the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research and the Research Council of Norway, and 11 bids under the RAPID 2nd \"Science\" AO. \r\n\r\nDr Meric Srokosz was the Science Co-ordinator for the programme and Dr Val Byfield was the Deputy Science Co-ordinator, having taken over from Dr Christine Gommenginger from 1 April 2005. In autumn 2005 Dr. Craig Wallace joined the team as Knowledge Transfer co-ordinator."
            },
            "subProject": [],
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                {
                    "ob_id": 1285,
                    "uuid": "99a628f510a7a67b928bbaea8d091911",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "RAPID To What Extent was the Little Ice Age a Result of a Change in the Thermohaline Circulation?: HadCM3 model outputs",
                    "abstract": "\"To what extent was the Little Ice Age a result of a change in the thermohaline circulation?\" project. This was a Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) RAPID Climate Change Research Programme project (Joint International Round - NE/C509507/1 - Duration 1 Aug 2005 - 31 Jul 2008) led by Dr Tim Osborn of the University of East Anglia, with co-investigators at the University of East Anglia and Royal Netherlands Meteorology Institute. \r\n\r\nThe dataset collection contains various model experiment output used in an analysis of whether the Little Ice Age climate could have been generated by one or more of the following factors: a weakening of the Atlantic thermohaline circulation; the persistence of a generally negative North Atlantic Oscillation; or reduced radiative forcing (by increased volcanic activity, reduced solar insolation and lower greenhouse gas concentrations relative to the present).\r\n\r\nRapid Climate Change (RAPID) was a £20 million, six-year (2001-2007) programme for the Natural Environment Research Council. The programme aimed to improve the ability to quantify the probability and magnitude of future rapid change in climate, with a main (but not exclusive) focus on the role of the Atlantic Ocean's Thermohaline Circulation.\r\n"
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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        {
            "ob_id": 13400,
            "uuid": "51e4ab0c3a0b4e68979cb71a1709b2c7",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Effective Atmospheric Angular Momentum (EAAM) Project",
            "abstract": "The Effective Atmospheric Angular Momentum (EAAM) was a combined project from the Met Office and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "EAAM, angular momentum, Met Office, ECMWF",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 3456,
                    "uuid": "308cd069fdb90c9f7ff790fdec5f2523",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Measurements from the Effective Atmospheric Angular Momentum (EAAM) project",
                    "abstract": "The Effective Atmospheric Angular Momentum (EAAM) is a combined project from the Met Office and the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting (ECMWF). The data is of 3 angular momentum components of the mass and wind terms at 12 or 24 hourly intervals. The ECMWF data is from 1979-93 and the Met Office data is from 1983-1997. This dataset is public.\r\n\r\nThere are four historical AAM datasets: \r\n\r\n* AAM (NMC)   - National Meteorological Center \r\n* AAM (JMA)   - Japanese Meteorological Agency\r\n* AAM (UKMO)  - Met Office \r\n* AAM (ECMWF) - European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasting"
                }
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            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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                54782,
                51186
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        {
            "ob_id": 13421,
            "uuid": "b63d8bf649614122995052535652f5bc",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "NERC Arctic-International Polar Year (IPY 2007-2008)",
            "abstract": "International Polar Year (IPY 2007-2008) was an international effort to research the Polar Regions. This concentrated burst of polar science and exploration helped to shed new light on the impact that the Polar Regions will have on our climate and the consequences for humanity.\r\n\r\nThis was the biggest internationally co-ordinated research effort for 50 years. Around 50,000 scientists, students and support staff from over 60 nations were involved in more than 200 Arctic and Antarctic projects.\r\n\r\nBackground & objectives\r\n\r\nThe International Polar Year themes were:\r\n\r\n    To determine the present environmental status of the polar regions by quantifying their spatial and temporal variability.\r\n    To quantify, and understand, past and present environmental and human change in the Polar Regions in order to improve predictions.\r\n    To advance our understanding of polar - global interactions by studying teleconnections on all scales.\r\n    To investigate the unknowns at the frontiers of science in the Polar Regions.\r\n    To use the unique vantage point of the polar regions to develop and enhance observatories studying the Earth's inner core, the Earth's magnetic field, geospace, the Sun and beyond.\r\n    To investigate the cultural, historical, and social processes that shape the resilience and sustainability of circumpolar human societies, and to identify their unique contributions to global cultural diversity and citizenship.\r\n\r\nNERC's Arctic-IPY funding was focused and directed to IPY programmes in which the UK community could make a significant contribution and which would enhance the delivery of NERC strategic priorities. Consortium proposals which foster the development of strong links between UK Arctic scientists were sought and strong international links were essential.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "NERC, arctic, IPY",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 877,
                "uuid": "16e1c51a9eeae188510f2308b18a14fa",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Natural Environment Research Council (NERC)",
                "abstract": "The Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) is the UK's main agency for funding and managing research, training and knowledge transfer in the environmental sciences."
            },
            "subProject": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 3632,
                    "uuid": "f26650e410b319ff6819eabca5f93a18",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "NERC Arctic-IPY - Arctic Biosphere-Atmosphere Coupling at multiple Scales (ABACUS) project",
                    "abstract": "ABACUS (Arctic Biosphere Atmosphere Coupling at Multiple Scales) is funded by a grant (NE/D005795/1) from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) International Polar Year (IPY) Programme. The ABACUS research project is a major, linked programme of plant and soil studies, atmospheric measurements, aircraft and satellite observations, and modelling, to improve our understanding of the response of the arctic terrestrial biosphere to climate change. The data collected includes root measurements and isotope ratios of plants, CH4 emissions of soils, measurements of Carbon and water exchanges between soils/vegetation and the atmosphere at fine scales (resolution of ~1m), and at scales of ~100m, records of snow depth, soil moisture and climate, and aircraft images of the land surface and profiles of CH4."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 2928,
                    "uuid": "51ca868374dd2860a60abe60a44cad42",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "NERC Arctic-IPY - Impact of combined iodine and bromine release on the Arctic atmosphere (COBRA)",
                    "abstract": "COBRA (impact of COmbined iodine and Bromine Release on the Arctic atmosphere) was a field campaign in Hudson Bay in Canada in 2008 that studied tropospheric ozone depletion, mercury deposition, oxidant and aerosol chemistry. This campaign was part of the international multidisciplinary Ocean - Atmosphere - Sea Ice - Snowpack (OASIS) program, IPY project 38.\r\n\r\nCOBRA is funded by a grant (NE/D005914/1) from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) International Polar Year Programme.\r\n\r\nThe COBRA-IPY consortium consists of 16 investigators from seven UK institutions (six Universities and one NERC laboratory), and 6 project partners from three overseas institutions. It includes many world-leading and internationally recognised researchers and leaders in the field of polar and/or atmospheric chemistry and physics. COBRA forms an integral and explicit part of the International OASIS (Ocean-Atmosphere-Sea Ice-Snowpack) IPY programme."
                }
            ],
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 2925,
                    "uuid": "a819cc838ad4c4f06a98ac4ce57df309",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "COBRA (impact of COmbined iodine and Bromine Release on the Arctic atmosphere): Air-Surface Interactions Properties measurements from Airborne, Ground-based and Laboratory instrumentation",
                    "abstract": "COBRA (impact of COmbined iodine and Bromine Release on the Arctic atmosphere) is a UK IPY (International Polar Year) consortium that aims to investigate the release mechanisms of iodine in the Arctic and the potential combined effects of iodine and bromine on its atmosphere. The team measured reactive inorganic halogens (BrO, IO, OIO, I2), O3, Hg, HOx, HCHO, NOx, VOCs and reactive halocarbons from temporary laboratories located on the eastern shore of Hudson Bay, north of Kuujjuarapik, during February-March 2008. Met balloons and O3 sondes were launched daily. COBRA set up an ice camp and flux chamber experiments ~500 m into the bay to directly measure halogen emissions and ozone deposition, and measured physical, chemical and biological characteristics of the sea-ice (and potentially of frost flowers) at different depths. The project is linked with OOTI, which carried out a simultaneous field experiment at Kuujjuarapik."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 3629,
                    "uuid": "760c69e22dfd77d3d759ab53bfc33574",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Arctic Biosphere-Atmosphere Coupling at multiple Scales (ABACUS) project: Plant, Soil, Atmospheric and Aircraft Measurements and Modelling data",
                    "abstract": "ABACUS (Arctic Biosphere Atmosphere Coupling at Multiple Scales) is funded by a grant (NE/D005795/1) from the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) International Polar Year (IPY) Programme. The ABACUS research project is a major, linked programme of plant and soil studies, atmospheric measurements, aircraft and satellite observations, and modelling, to improve our understanding of the response of the arctic terrestrial biosphere to climate change. The data collected includes root measurements and isotope ratios of plants, CH4 emissions of soils, measurements of Carbon and water exchanges between soils/vegetation and the atmosphere at fine scales (resolution of ~1m), and at scales of ~100m,  records of snow depth, soil moisture and climate, and aircraft images of the land surface and profiles of CH4. Observations and measurements of the carbon budget and the carbon exchange between soil, plants and atmosphere in terrestrial Arctic ecosystems were collected at 4 field sites with different ecosystems near Abisko (Northern Sweden) and Petsikko/Kevo (Northern Finland) between 2007 and 2009. \r\nPlant data has so far been archived at the BADC."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                8569
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                51294,
                51295,
                51296,
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        {
            "ob_id": 13427,
            "uuid": "f93e297ea9c14736afc701243339e802",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 86/43: Dolgellau area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 86/34. Sites: Dolgellau area",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
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                    "ob_id": 8604,
                    "uuid": "55d1c9b6e7a4ce41b7a6f8416b7b6261",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 84/38: Crymlyn Bog area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 84/38. Site: Crymlyn Bog.",
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                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 84/39: Cricklade area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 84/39. Site: Cricklade.",
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                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
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            "ob_id": 13443,
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 84/41: Swindon area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 84/41. Site: Swindon",
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                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
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            "ob_id": 13447,
            "uuid": "df5794220d9e40f3bc268a8dd64afe44",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 85/23: Tay Estuary",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 85/23. Site: Tay Estuary",
            "publicationState": "published",
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                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
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            "ob_id": 13451,
            "uuid": "83d9de4a230c4697864ec14f879e9e13",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 88/39: Brawdy area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 88/39. Site: Brawdy.",
            "publicationState": "",
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            "status": "",
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
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                }
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            "ob_id": 13455,
            "uuid": "2133f4f0596a4d9780d586ed3bcfbadd",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ARSF - Flight 88/41: West Solent area",
            "abstract": "ARSF project 88/41. Site: West Solent.",
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                    "title": "NERC Airborne Research and Survey Facility (ARSF) Remote Sensing Data",
                    "abstract": "The Airborne Research & Survey Facility (ARSF, formerly Airborne Remote Sensing Facility) is managed by NERC Scientific Services and Programme Management. It provides the UK environmental science community, and other potential users, with the means to obtain remotely-sensed data in the form of synoptic analogue and digital imagery for use in research, survey and monitoring programmes. Data offered by the facility includes: \r\n\r\n1) Aerial photography data collected with an analogue camera, the Wild RC-10 visible NIR, in conjunction with CASI and ATM instruments.\r\n\r\n2) Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM):  ARSF has flown two ATM instruments over the period 1982 - 2008: the Daedalus 1268 was operated from 1982 until 1998. Since 1996 and until 2008 an upgraded version - the Azimuth Systems AZ-16 was used, along with an improved data acquisition system.\r\n\r\n3) LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data from an Optech ALTM 3033 instrument. The sensor is on loan to the ARSF only for some periods of the year from the Unit of Landscape Modelling (ULM) at Cambridge University.\r\n\r\n4) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI 2). The CASI 2, produced by Itres Research of Canada, is a two-dimensional CCD array-based pushbroom imaging spectrograph operated by ARSF until 2007\r\n\r\n5) High spectral and spatial resolution data from the AISA Eagle and Hawk hyperspectral sensors (since 2007). The AISA Eagle is a 12 bit, pushbroom, hyperspectral sensor with a 1000 pixel swath width, covering the visible and near infra-red spectrum 400 - 970nm. The AISA Hawk is a 14 bit sensor able to capture short wave infrared wavelengths, 970 - 2450nm.\r\n\r\nThe ARSF currently uses a Dornier 228 aircraft. This extensively modified aircraft is not only capable of accommodating the current ARSF core instrumentation, as well as additional experimental optical and geophysical sensors, but is also configured to deploy a range of atmospheric instrumentation and samplers. Such a comprehensive data service cannot be easily achieved by other survey techniques. The operational flying season generally spans from early March until early October. Three elements determine this period: weather, solar zenith angle and vegetation state; maintenance on the aircraft; sensor maintenance as this is performed by the manufacturers between November and January. Every day during this season, the ARSF has to make difficult decisions on whether or not to attempt flying based on weather forecasts, and to prioritise the most important projects based on many parameters. Flying schedule is available from the ARSF website. \r\n\r\nThe NEODC holds the entire archive of Airborne Thematic Mapper (ATM) and Compact Airborne Spectrographic Imager (CASI) data acquired by the NERC ARSF. High-resolution scanned digital versions of the entire collection of analogue photographs are now also available as well as selected LiDAR-derived elevation and terrain models for selected sites flown using the sensor."
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Bodeker Scientific",
            "abstract": "Bodeker Scientific is an atmospheric research company specializing in the science of stratospheric ozone depletion, stratospheric composition, and climate change. The company contracts to local research organisations as well as to international research organisations such as the German Weather Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, USA).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Bodeker scientific",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": null,
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                    "uuid": "9a2438602c2b534f54d81e54b9d98d75",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Bodeker Scientific Global Vertically Resolved Ozone Database",
                    "abstract": "Bodeker Scientific produced a global combined monthly mean vertical ozone profile database spanning the period 1979 to 2007. The database is completely filled such that there are no missing data. This database is used for assessing or constraining global climate model simulations. These data held at CEDA are a copy from Bodeker Scientific  taken on November 2012."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                8599
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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        {
            "ob_id": 13598,
            "uuid": "d44ff5b92e824aa989c9f8d5894fb543",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "UK SOLAS Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO)",
            "abstract": "The UK SOLAS Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) project aims toquantify the chemical and microphysical properties of Saharan dust in the tropical Atlantic region.\r\n\r\nFieldwork has combined ship based measurements (PO332) with campaigns using the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) aircraft (from Dakar in Jan-Feb. 2006 with DABEX and Sep-Oct. 2006 with AMMA). Measurements have included Chemical composition, microphysics and optical properties of aerosols, Radiative fluxes, Trace gas chemistry.\r\n\r\nNERC Grants: NE/C517276/1; NE/C517292/1; NE/C517284/1",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "dodo, solas, nerc, halogen, faam",
            "status": "completed",
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                "uuid": "41d10de2c45d1e77ae383c069366418a",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Surface Ocean / Lower Atmosphere Study (UK SOLAS)",
                "abstract": "UK SOLAS was the UK's contribution to the International SOLAS project.\r\n\r\nThe Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is an international project involving more than 20 nations. Its central goal is to achieve quantitative understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere, and of how this coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change.\r\n\r\nThis understanding is vital to the construction of Earth System models.\r\n\r\nThe programme, funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), ran for six years. It focuses on processes in and the interaction between the surface ocean and the lower atmosphere in the North Atlantic region.\r\n\r\nUK SOLAS aims\r\n\r\n    To determine the mechanisms controlling rates of chemical transfer and improve estimates of chemical exchanges\r\n    To evaluate the impact of these exchanges on the biogeochemistry of the surface ocean and lower atmosphere and on feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere\r\n    To quantify the impacts of these boundary layer processes on the global climate system\r\n\r\nThe outputs will improve our ability to predict climate change, giving insights into natural marine production and the fate of important trace gases. They will show whether these processes are sensitive to other environmental factors. This information is needed by climate modellers and policy makers.\r\n\r\nUK SOLAS has brought together scientists, with the skills to address these aims, from numerous research centres and universities. It worked closely with NERC's Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme.\r\n\r\nFieldwork included eight dedicated research cruises in the North Atlantic. Ongoing measurements were made aboard the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront. Time series measurements were made at the SOLAS Cape Verde Observatory and at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) L4 station. Additional atmospheric data came from a series of collaborative aircraft campaigns. These campaigns were funded by UK SOLAS, African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA-UK), Dust and Biomass Experiment (DABEX)  and the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM). \r\n\r\nNERC provided funding for 19 projects. CEDA holds data from DODO, Rhamble, SLATEA and Cape Verde measurements."
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                    "ob_id": 13600,
                    "uuid": "726ce54c74a0479a965a9231744c3eae",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "UK SOLAS Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) FAAM Aircraft campaign",
                    "abstract": "The UK SOLAS Dust Outflow and Deposition to the Ocean (DODO) project aimed at quantifying the chemical and microphysical properties of Saharan dust in the tropical Atlantic region.\r\n\r\nCase studies were conducted using in situ measurements made by the FAAM BAe-146 aircraft to predict dust deposition to the northern hemisphere Atlantic Ocean. These studies aimed at describing how changing chemical and physical properties in the dust affect its long range transport and also assessed the radiative impact of the dust and its effect on sea surface temperatures in nutrient rich waters of the Atlantic Ocean. The dust sources were fingerprinted using single particle characterisation and by assessing their main composition. The climatological representativeness of the studies will be assessed and used to predict the seasonal footprint of dust deposition to the north Atlantic Ocean. \r\n\r\nTwo aircraft campaigns using the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM) aircraft were conducted:\r\n\r\n- DODO 1 in association with the DABEX campaign from Dakar in Jan-Feb. 2006 \r\n- DODO2 in association with the AMMA campaign from Dakar in Sep-Oct. 2006.\r\n\r\nMeasurements have included Chemical composition, microphysics and optical properties of aerosols, Radiative fluxes, Trace gas chemistry.\r\n"
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                9058,
                8625
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            "ob_id": 13599,
            "uuid": "4d273eab1e8f430e8934c1214e01c4dc",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "UK SOLAS Chemical and Physical Structure of the Lower Atmosphere of the Tropical Eastern North Atlantic (SLATEA)",
            "abstract": "The UK SOLAS Chemical and Physical Structure of the Lower Atmosphere of the Tropical Eastern North Atlantic (SLATEA) aims to investigate the chemical structure of the lowermost atmosphere in remote marine boundary layer regions with high ocean productivity and to quantify chemical gradients induced at the interfacial region.\r\n\r\nFieldwork activities have included participation in the UK SOLAS RHaMBLe cruise (D319), and concurrent aircraft surveys. Resulting data have included: Trace gases such as ozone, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, halocarbons, and volatile organic compounds and Fine aerosol particles.\r\n\r\nNERC Grants: NE/E011330/1; NE/E011403/1 ",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "SLATEA, solas, nerc",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 5042,
                "uuid": "41d10de2c45d1e77ae383c069366418a",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Surface Ocean / Lower Atmosphere Study (UK SOLAS)",
                "abstract": "UK SOLAS was the UK's contribution to the International SOLAS project.\r\n\r\nThe Surface Ocean - Lower Atmosphere Study (SOLAS) is an international project involving more than 20 nations. Its central goal is to achieve quantitative understanding of the key biogeochemical-physical interactions and feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere, and of how this coupled system affects and is affected by climate and environmental change.\r\n\r\nThis understanding is vital to the construction of Earth System models.\r\n\r\nThe programme, funded by the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC), ran for six years. It focuses on processes in and the interaction between the surface ocean and the lower atmosphere in the North Atlantic region.\r\n\r\nUK SOLAS aims\r\n\r\n    To determine the mechanisms controlling rates of chemical transfer and improve estimates of chemical exchanges\r\n    To evaluate the impact of these exchanges on the biogeochemistry of the surface ocean and lower atmosphere and on feedbacks between the ocean and atmosphere\r\n    To quantify the impacts of these boundary layer processes on the global climate system\r\n\r\nThe outputs will improve our ability to predict climate change, giving insights into natural marine production and the fate of important trace gases. They will show whether these processes are sensitive to other environmental factors. This information is needed by climate modellers and policy makers.\r\n\r\nUK SOLAS has brought together scientists, with the skills to address these aims, from numerous research centres and universities. It worked closely with NERC's Quantifying and Understanding the Earth System (QUEST) programme.\r\n\r\nFieldwork included eight dedicated research cruises in the North Atlantic. Ongoing measurements were made aboard the Norwegian weather ship Polarfront. Time series measurements were made at the SOLAS Cape Verde Observatory and at the Plymouth Marine Laboratory (PML) L4 station. Additional atmospheric data came from a series of collaborative aircraft campaigns. These campaigns were funded by UK SOLAS, African Monsoon Multidisciplinary Analyses (AMMA-UK), Dust and Biomass Experiment (DABEX)  and the Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurements (FAAM). \r\n\r\nNERC provided funding for 19 projects. CEDA holds data from DODO, Rhamble, SLATEA and Cape Verde measurements."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 13605,
                    "uuid": "62123bccce294d9ca34efaf5a0bdc695",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "UK SOLAS Chemical and Physical Structure of the Lower Atmosphere of the Tropical  Eastern North Atlantic (SLATEA) campaign",
                    "abstract": "The UK SOLAS Chemical and Physical Structure of the Lower Atmosphere of the Tropical\r\nEastern North Atlantic (SLATEA) campaign aimed at investigating the chemical structure of the lowermost atmosphere in remote marine boundary layer regions with high ocean productivity and at  quantifying chemical gradients induced at the interfacial region.\r\n\r\nFieldwork activities have included participation in the UK SOLAS RHaMBLe cruise (D319), and concurrent aircraft surveys using the NERC Dornier 228 (operated by ARSF) to determine the vertical\r\ndistribution of reactive trace gases at Cape Verde and near to the RHaMBLe cruise paths. Resulting data have included trace gases such as ozone, carbon monoxide, oxides of nitrogen, halocarbons, and volatile organic compounds (microDiracFMW, TEI 49I UV ozone analyser, Aerolaser AL 5002 fast CO analyser onboard Dornier aircraft) and Fine aerosol particles\r\n\r\n"
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                8626
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            "ob_id": 13700,
            "uuid": "fab717b3cf06461490b186fe5242c45d",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "VolcanEESM (Volcanic Emissions for Earth System Models)",
            "abstract": "Volcanic eruptions impact the Earth system and society on timescales of weather (days to weeks) to climate (months to years) and are the dominant driver of climate variability over the last millennium. However, volcanic eruptions are most often poorly represented in Earth system models. This project was funded by: NCAR/UCAR Atmospheric Chemistry and Modeling Visiting Scientist Program, NCAS, University of Leeds School of Earth and Environment. \r\n\r\nThe VolcanEESM project presents a volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions database for use in Earth System models. The database provides a comprehensive list of volcanic eruptions that were reported to emitted significant amounts of SO2 from 1850 to present. The presented dataset is instrumental for research using Earth system models that that represent stratospheric aerosols prognostically, including those participating in forthcoming Climate Modelling Inter-comparison Projects. \r\n\r\nThe project focused on large-magnitude (VEI>4) eruptions, which was used to identify using the Smithsonian Global Volcanism Program database and ice-core data. The total amount of SO2 emitted by an eruption, including the spatial distribution of the volcanic injection, was determined by using parameters that based on analogous eruptions that occurred during the satellite era following the methodology of Stoffel et al. [2015] and Gao et al. [2008]. \r\n\r\nThe project estimated lower and upper bounds of the SO2 emitted and constrained the season by an eruption [similar to Stoffel et al., 2015] and expect the uncertainties on our inventory to be of comparable magnitude to those prescribing the forcing. Before running long model integrations, they assessed the representativeness of the emission inventory and quantified uncertainties by comparing simulated sulphate deposition patterns for selected eruptions to ice-core records and by comparing simulated AOD to Crowley et al. [2008] and Sato et al. [1993]. Where applicable they also compared simulated optical properties to astronomical estimates of atmospheric transmission [Stothers  1996; 2001]. ",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Volcano, SO2, sulphur dioxide, volcanic eruptions, Earth System Models, VolcanEESM",
            "status": "ongoing",
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                    "ob_id": 13702,
                    "uuid": "bfbd5ec825fa422f9a858b14ae7b2a0d",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "VolcanEESM (Volcanic Emissions for Earth System Models): Volcanic sulphur dioxide (SO2) emissions database from 1850 to present",
                    "abstract": "The VolcanEESM database was a combination of all global volcanic emissions of SO2 (amount and location) collated from the available literature. Currently, the database is available for the period 1850-2015, but this is expected to be updated yearly with additional information. \r\n\r\nThe database includes no information about the size, mass, distribution or optical depth of resulting aerosol. As such the database is model agnostic and it is up to each modeling group to make decisions about how to implement the emission file in their prognostic stratospheric aerosol scheme. \r\n\r\nRevisions to databases, such as VolcanEESM, are part of the scientific process. Thus, the database is freely available for others to use and report back any errors or comments they may have to the database's curators. "
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            "ob_id": 13847,
            "uuid": "15b9a832e8964cd89048b0005d3fc9bf",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre - Modelling",
            "abstract": "The Met Office Hadley Centre is one of the UK's foremost climate change research centres.\r\n\r\nThe Hadley Centre produces world-class guidance on the science of climate change and provide a focus in the UK for the scientific issues associated with climate science.\r\n\r\nLargely co-funded by Department of Energy and Climate Change (DECC) and Defra (the Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs), the centre provides in-depth information to, and advise, the Government on climate science issues.\r\n\r\nAs one of the world's leading centres for climate science research, the Hadley Centre scientists make significant contributions to peer-reviewed literature and to a variety of climate science reports, including the Assessment Report of the IPCC. The Hadley Centre climate projections were the basis for the Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "hadley, met office, model",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 4,
                "uuid": "fab53ee460e05f1b68e23657f4b6c5f4",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Met Office",
                "abstract": "The Met Office is the UK national meteorological service and one of the world's leading providers of environmental and weather-related services. Their solutions and services meet the needs of many communities of interest, from the general public, government and schools, through broadcasters and online media, to civil aviation and almost every other industry sector - in the UK and around the world. The Met Office headquarters are located in Exeter, UK. The Met Office makes a number of datasets available to the academic research community under the NERC - Met Office agreement. For further details of these datasets see the links to this record."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 20389,
                    "uuid": "46dd2ef6954745b0839465babfee3ea1",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre Regional Climate Model (HadRM3-PPE) Data",
                    "abstract": "The HadRM3-PPE-UK experiment was designed to simulate the regional climate for the UK in the period 1950-2100 for historical and medium (SRESA1B) emissions scenario. The model was run for the wider European area and the UK data extracted from it. It was a key dataset used in the generation of the UK-Climate Projections project (UKCP). It consists of an 11-member ensemble, each member driven by the same historical and SRESA1B emissions, with one unperturbed member and 10 members with different perturbations to the atmospheric parametrisations. The standard forcings include historical levels of greenhouse gases (including methane), sulphur (direct and first indirect forcing, sulphur chemistry without natural DMS and SO2 background emissions; anthropogenic SO2 emissions from surface and high level only) and tropospheric/stratospheric ozone.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains output from an ensemble of various variants of the MOHC Regional Climate Model (HadRM3), run from 1950-2099 and used to dynamically downscale global climate model (GCM) results as part of the climate change experiments carried out by the Met Office Hadley Centre for the latest UK Climate Projections report. For these Regional Climate Model (RCM) experiments, transient projections from 11 Medium emissions (SRESA1B) scenario GCM experiments for 1950-2099 were used as boundary conditions.\r\n\r\nThe RCM used contains the same representations of atmospheric dynamical and physical processes as in a global model. It is run at a higher horizontal resolution (25km) but over a sub-global domain (typically 5000km square), and is driven at the boundary of the domain by time series of variables (such as temperature and winds) saved from a GCM projection. Sea surface temperatures and sea-ice extents are also prescribed from the GCM, since HadRM3 (like most RCMs) does not include an interactive ocean component. The purpose of RCMs is to provide a high resolution climate projection consistent with its driving GCM projection at spatial scales skilfully resolved by the latter, but adding realistic detail at finer scales. This is the \"downscaling\" process referred to above."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 6214,
                    "uuid": "e18c24b402fbaed061ab2f63e4f22669",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Hadley centre global environment model version 1 (HadGEM1) Data",
                    "abstract": "The HadGEM1 model is the Met Office Hadley centre global environment model version 1. This version of the model includes a detailed representation of the atmosphere, land surface, ocean, and cryosphere. This dataset includes a control run and a number of climate change experiments. Part of the the UK Met Office Hadley Centre's contributions to the fourth assessment report of the IPCC (Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) was based on the HadGEM1 model. This dataset provides all the available data from the control integration (run with preindustrial levels of CO2 and other forcings) as well as output from a number of climate change experiments. The data is provided in the Met Office PP format, but tools are available to extract subsets in NetCDF and other formats."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 3791,
                    "uuid": "c5f77b9eade060988ee9b067678aaabc",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre Coupled Model 3 (HadCM3) data",
                    "abstract": "Numerical model data from various Hadley Centre coupled model 3 (HadCM3) experiments. These data cover various time periods, but for the climate change experimenst are typically over the range 1989-2100 and contains all atmospheric fields derived from the HadCM3 model, at various time resolutions."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 6932,
                    "uuid": "7b497337061856b59927e936dd7a1bdb",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Collection of Met Office Hadley Centre Climate Simulations Data as part of the Climate Impacts LINK Project",
                    "abstract": "This dataset contains output data from a number of models from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre which was processed into text files at the Climate Research Unit at the University of East Anglia. The data extraction was intended for use by the Climate Impacts Community (and was funded by the UK Departement of Environment Food and Rural Affairs, Defra).\r\n\r\nOutput from each model is stored in a separate directory in the BADC archive, and the majority of the data comes from experiments performed using the Hadley centre Coupled Model, Version 3 (HadCM3).\r\n\r\nNote that is dataset is kept for historical purposes only. More consistent and complete HadCM3 data is available from the main British Atmospheric Data Centre (BADC) HadCM3 archive."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 4602,
                    "uuid": "4f59b7dbac3dbdfaf99fc4f37456c6c5",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Met Office Hadley Centre Coupled Model, version 3 (HadCM3-C) model integrations",
                    "abstract": "HadCM3-C is a version of the HadCM3 model from the UK Met Office Hadley Centre. It is composed of two components: the atmospheric model and the ocean model (which includes a sea ice model), but also contains a detailed carbon cycle. Datasets are of the simulations for long periods of time HadCM3-C has run. These data were initially collected as part of the Stream 2 data for the EU ENSEMBLES project."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 4859,
                    "uuid": "47f38e0efab1aef44a6881a8114d0d34",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Hadley Centre Coupled, Version 3 (HadCM3) Control Run Model Data",
                    "abstract": "Numerical model data from the Hadley Centre coupled model (HadCM3) Control Run. Please note that these data have now been superceeded by the data from the main BADC HadCM3 archive. The current dataset covers 100 years (2079 - 2178), and contains all atmospheric and oceanic fields derived from the HadCM3 model. A 1000 year dataset (1849-2849) of model data for selected parameters has also been retrieved from the Met Office and stored at the BADC."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                8729
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                53086,
                53084,
                53083,
                53085,
                55004
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        {
            "ob_id": 13923,
            "uuid": "09a956ffbc6e40f5ba8078caf67eb991",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "HiTemp: High Density Measurements within the Urban Environment",
            "abstract": "The NERC-funded HiTemp project was conducted by the Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory (BUCL) research team to examine Birmingham's Urban Heat Island (UHI). The project operated a high density air temperature-sensor network  and will lead to a number of research projects examining Birmingham's UHI in more detail than ever-before possible.\r\n\r\nThe long-term aim of the HiTemp project was to identify, model and promote adaptation to the impacts of urban heat and climate change on the people and infrastructure of major conurbations (i.e. health, society, infrastructure and energy).\r\n\r\nHiTemp installed networks of meteorological sensors within the Birmingham conurbation: Approximately 250 low-cost, battery-powered WiFi air temperature sensors (Figure 2) and 30 full automatic weather stations (AWS), measuring temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, pressure, solar radiation. The design was based around a nested network of sensors:\r\n\r\n    Network 1 (coarse array): 30 AWS sited in primary electricity sub-stations (average spacing of 3km)\r\n    Network 2 (wide array): 150 air temperature sensors located on schools (one in every medium super output area (MSOA), or areas containing a population of 7,200)\r\n    Network 3 (fine array): 100 air temperature sensors located on lampposts in the CBD (50/km2)\r\n\r\nBoth of the air temperature sensor networks utilise existing WiFi networks (i.e. school and public WiFi networks), whilst the AWS network will utilise either GPRS or wired internet connections. The project will ultimately provide a series of demonstration sensor networks for measuring air temperature and other meteorological parameters.\r\n\r\nIndustrial project partners include Birmingham City Council, who are interested in assessing heat health risk across Birmingham; E.ON/Western Power, who are interested in examining the impacts of heat and climate change on transformers; Campbell Scientific, who are supplying some of the meteorological equipment; and Aginova, who are developing and supplying the bespoke WiFi air temperature sensor.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "HiTemp BUCL UHI",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 14315,
                    "uuid": "5391a10e4f644229bc138f8a95ca42f1",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "HiTemp: High Density Temperature and Meteorological measurements within the Urban Birmingham Conurbation.",
                    "abstract": "The NERC-funded HiTemp project was conducted by the Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory (BUCL) research team to examine Birmingham's Urban Heat Island (UHI). The project operated a high density air temperature-sensor network and has lead to a number of research projects examining Birmingham's UHI in more detail than ever-before possible.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection  temperature, dew point, relative humidity, pressure, solar radiation, precipitation, wind and hail measurements from a high density network of meteorological sensors installed within the Birmingham conurbation. This includes 73 Aginova Sentinel Micro air temperature sensors and 25 Vaisala WXT520 weather transmitters between 2012-14.\r\n\r\nThese measurements have been made by the Birmingham Urban Climate Laboratory (BUCL) for the HiTemp (High Density Measurements within the Urban Environment) project in order to study the Birmingham Urban Heat Island (UHI)"
                }
            ],
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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                53461,
                55586,
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            "ob_id": 13984,
            "uuid": "27f35145eb7b45b8829602a7e2cf544a",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Eyjafjallajokull Volcanic Ash Cloud Measurements and Imagery",
            "abstract": "The Icelandic Volcano, Eyjafjallajokull, started erupting on 14th April 2010. The volcanic ash cloud produced covered much of Northern Europe for several weeks causing extensive disruption to air travel. The UK and European atmospheric communities had many instruments - both airborne and ground-based, remote sensing and in-situ - taking measurements of the ash cloud throughout this period",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Eyjafjallajokull, Ash, Infra-red and visible imagery",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 1917,
                    "uuid": "e6f5502c687f25a6c7009d4704b124b4",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Eyjafjallajokull Volcanic Ash Cloud Measurements and Imagery",
                    "abstract": "The Icelandic Volcano, Eyjafjallajokull, started erupting on 14th April 2010. The volcanic ash cloud produced covered much of Northern Europe for several weeks causing extensive disruption to air travel. The UK and European atmospheric communities had many instruments - both airborne and ground-based, remote sensing and in-situ - taking measurements of the ash cloud throughout this period. The dataset comprises of measurements of aerosol and particle layers (upper and lower boundary, height, horizontal extent) and infra-red and visible imagery of the ash cloud."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                9112
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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        {
            "ob_id": 13985,
            "uuid": "028250e89ab24839924effc068391c38",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Surface Radiation Budget",
            "abstract": "The Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) dataset comprises estimates of surface downward and net irradiances, surface albedo, downward direct / diffuse ratio, surface cloud forcing, daylight cloud fraction. Data are derived from ISCCP and ERBE satellite projects. Various other radiation, cloud, meteorological and other diagnostic parameters are also provided.\r\n\r\nThis dataset contains Version 1.1 Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) shortwave products for the period from March 1985 until December 1988 as produced by the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP) SRB Satellite Data Analysis Center (SDAC). The data are derived from results from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE).\r\n\r\nSDAC uses two methods (known as the Pinker and Staylor algorithms) to estimate surface downward and net irradiances, surface albedo, downward direct/diffuse ratio, surface cloud forcing, and daylight cloud fraction. In addition, various other radiation, cloud, meteorological and diagnostic parameters are provided to aid the user in understanding variations in the SRB parameters.\r\n\r\nThe data are archived at the NASA Langley Research Center. They are held at the BADC on the NASA CD-ROM.",
            "publicationState": "",
            "keywords": "SRB, remote sensing",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 4030,
                    "uuid": "736b7a6165b96c693b771e09d843a7c5",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Remote-sensed Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) Shortwave Products",
                    "abstract": "The NASA Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) project computes Top-of atmosphere and Surface radiative fluxes at a 1ox 1o spatial scale for both shortwave (0.28– 4 mm) and longwave (4 mm) wavelengths. \r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains Version 1.1 Surface Radiation Budget (SRB) shortwave products for the period from March 1985 until December 1988 as produced by the World Climate Research Programme's (WCRP) SRB Satellite Data Analysis Center (SDAC). The data are derived from results from the International Satellite Cloud Climatology Project (ISCCP) and the Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE)."
                }
            ],
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            "ob_id": 13986,
            "uuid": "7a4861633a3f490abf2fbeef4a444ffa",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "NEXTMap British Digital Terrain Model",
            "abstract": "NEXTMap Britain digital terrain model dataset, produced by Intermap, was derived from airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR). It enabled large areas of the country to be covered rapidly and at very high spatial resolution. The data were acquired by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and are for use by NERC funded researchers only.\r\n\r\nIt was originally commissioned by Norwich Union Insurance to aid in the estimation of flood risk, but has tremendous potential as a scientific research tool.\r\n\r\nThe dataset covers all of England, Wales and Scotland.\r\n\r\nData are arranged into Ordnance Survey / British National Grid tiles of 10 x 10 km, each denoted by a 4-charcter name, e.g. TL63 based on the OS National Grid coordinates of the southwest corner of the square. Products provided include: \r\n\r\nDigital surface mode (dsm)\r\nDigital terrain model (dtm)\r\nDifference model (dsm - dtm)\r\nDigital terrain model at 10m resolution\r\nDigital terrain model at 50m resolution\r\nDigital terrain model, enhanced (manually edited to remove embankments etc.)\r\nOrthorectified radar image (ori)\r\n\r\nThe data covering Northern Scotland (North of the Midland Valley) are only available as diff, dsm, dtm and ori products.\r\n\r\nThis dataset has been archived at the NEODC for the use of NERC scientists outside of BGS and CEH (who have made their own arrangements for internal distribution of the data).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "digital terrain model, dtm, elevation",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 12102,
                "uuid": "5af2c4fbd112efcba77e1ed30a5cd7e5",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Intermap NEXTMap Britain",
                "abstract": "NEXTMap Britain brings you the most current, comprehensive, accurate and affordable digital elevation and image data of England, Wales and Scotland, a total of 231,326 sq. km. Intermap's NEXTMap Britain product offerings include elevation data and Orthorectified Radar Imagery (ORI). \nWe offer two options for your elevation needs: Digital Surface Models (DSMs) and Digital Terrain Models (DTMs). The ORI is designed to provide you with an enhanced image up to 1.25 m ground resolution."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 10883,
                    "uuid": "8f6e1598372c058f07b0aeac2442366d",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "NEXTMap British Digital Terrain Model Dataset Produced by Intermap",
                    "abstract": "NEXTMap Britain digital terrain model dataset, produced by Intermap, was derived from airborne Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR). It enabled large areas of the country to be covered rapidly and at very high spatial resolution. The data were acquired by the British Geological Survey (BGS) and are for use by NERC funded researchers only.\r\n\r\nIt was originally commissioned by Norwich Union Insurance to aid in the estimation of flood risk, but has tremendous potential as a scientific research tool.\r\n\r\nThe dataset covers all of England, Wales and Scotland.\r\n\r\nData are arranged into Ordnance Survey / British National Grid tiles of 10 x 10 km, each denoted by a 4-charcter name, e.g. TL63 based on the OS National Grid coordinates of the southwest corner of the square. Products provided include: \r\n\r\nDigital surface mode (dsm)\r\nDigital terrain model (dtm)\r\nDifference model (dsm - dtm)\r\nDigital terrain model at 10m resolution\r\nDigital terrain model at 50m resolution\r\nDigital terrain model, enhanced (manually edited to remove embankments etc.)\r\nOrthorectified radar image (ori)\r\n\r\nThe data covering Northern Scotland (North of the Midland Valley) are only available as diff, dsm, dtm and ori products.\r\n\r\nThis dataset has been archived at the NEODC for the use of NERC scientists outside of BGS and CEH (who have made their own arrangements for internal distribution of the data)."
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            "ob_id": 14133,
            "uuid": "9ecd48827e8345c9b9138328ebb9128c",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Centre for Ecology and Hydrology Historical Science Budget project",
            "abstract": "Centre for Ecology & Hydrology (CEH) Historical Science Budget project (project number C00535) was funded from NERC money, allocated to CEH. This included several activities, one of which was the long term PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) measurements.\r\n\r\nThe data were measured from 1993-1999, when part of CEH was the NERC Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (ITE). This project (C00535) covered the staff time in collating and publishing the PAN data for the 2005 paper. The actual measurements were supported by a range of ITE (CEH) funded projects.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "CEH, PAN, Chemistry",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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                    "ob_id": 14135,
                    "uuid": "61e6e242d5334cf0949e2c3e969b96d1",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Centre for Ecology and Hydrology: Long-term monitoring of PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) in eastern Scotland 1993-1999",
                    "abstract": "Hourly measurement data for PAN (peroxyacetyl nitrate) mixing ratios in the atmosphere at a rural site at Bush Estate, Penicuik EH26 0QB (CEH Edinburgh), 15 km south of Edinburgh, from 1993 to 1999 in ppt (parts per trillion). Measurements were made using a gas chromatograph with electron capture detector. \r\n\r\nAnnual average concentrations were between 0.1 and 0.15 nl l-1, with episodes up to 3 nl l-1 in long-range transported polluted air. PAN concentrations were approximately log-normally distributed. The concentrations measured are the result of a balance between photochemical production rates and removal by thermal decomposition and dry deposition. \r\n\r\nThere was a pronounced seasonal maximum in PAN concentrations in late spring, and a strong diurnal cycle only in April-June, with a maximum at 1700 h. Individual episodes, with concentrations up to 3 nl l-1, could be traced over distances of ca. 1000 km, with rapid changes in concentration as the prevailing winds advected polluted air masses across the site."
                }
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            "ob_id": 14147,
            "uuid": "10b36f5715274b1d985c569501ceed68",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Ozone Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The European Space Agency Ozone Climate Change Initiative (Ozone CCI) project is one of several projects of ESA's Climate Change Initiative (CCI), which will deliver various Essential Climate Variables (ECVs). \r\nOzone_cci aims at generating new high-quality satellite data sets that are essential to assess the fate of atmospheric ozone and better understand its link with anthropogenic activities.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA Ozone CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 14148,
                    "uuid": "5806da02ef934a7c83d959bed50c2252",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Ozone Climate Change Initiative (Ozone CCI) Dataset Collection",
                    "abstract": "Datasets of ozone products produced by the ozone project within the ESA Climate Change Initiative (CCI).  The project focuses on developing, delivering and characterizing a number of ozone ECV data products generated from European nadir, limb and occultation satellite sensors.\r\n\r\nThree main product lines have been developed:\r\n\r\nTotal ozone from nadir UV backscatter sensors:\r\nA time-series covering the period from 1995 until present generated by merging total ozone measurements from the GOME, SCIAMACHY, GOME-2 and OMI instruments. All European sensors are processed using the state-of-the-art direct-fitting algorithm developed for GOME (GDP5). \r\n\r\nOzone profiles from nadir UV backscatter sensors:\r\nA merged ozone profile data set from GOME, SCIAMACHY, OMI and GOME-2 instruments generated for a minimum of two contiguous years. Best elements from existing retrieval codes are combined in a single CCI algorithm applied to all sensors.\r\n\r\nOzone profiles from limb and occultation sensors:\r\nA merged ozone profile data set covering at least two contiguous years created from all limb/occultation sensors onboard of ENVISAT (GOMOS, MIPAS, SCIAMACHY) as well as from the Third Party Missions OSIRIS, SMR and ACE/FTS."
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            "uuid": "f56469ed4970408ab01e3b5c59a2a4bb",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "COSMICS - Cold-air Outbreak and sub-Millimetre Ice Cloud Study",
            "abstract": "COSMICS is a Met Office project using the FAAM BAe-146 aircraft operated out of Prestwick airport.\r\n\r\nIt had 2 Science Objectives: \r\n1)   ISMAR\r\n-To evaluate the performance of the ISMAR instrument.\r\n-To measure the submillimetre spectral signature of cirrus and clear skies. Other aircraft instruments are required to provide “truth” and provide closure measurements.\r\n-To obtain microwave, submillimetre, infrared and visible aircraft data simultaneously with satellite overpasses (e.g. A-train, METOP).\r\n-To overfly ground based sites in cirrus conditions and obtain submillimetre and in-situ cirrus measurements.\r\n\r\n \r\n2)Cold Air Outbreak\r\n-To investigate processes controlling the transition between stratiform and cellular cloud structure in cold-air outbreak flows, including:\r\n-Surface fluxes of heat and moisture\r\n-Boundary-layer structure and flux profiles\r\n-Microphysical and precipitation processes, in particular ice formation and growth\r\n\r\n",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "cosmics",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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            "observationCollection": [
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                    "ob_id": 16532,
                    "uuid": "d49440ea831142838f94fb2859197e08",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "COSMICS: in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "In-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for COSMICS - Cold-air Outbreak and sub-Millimetre Ice Cloud Study."
                }
            ],
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                9052
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            "ob_id": 14183,
            "uuid": "dc04c0eeee99495194ebcce71ef3eeed",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "South AMerican Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA)",
            "abstract": "The SAMBBA project aimed to investigate the properties of biomass burning pollution over South America. The pollution from biomass burning can have a substantial impact upon human health, as well as perturbing regional weather and climate through the emission of high concentrations of aerosol particles containing organic matter and black carbon. The effects of atmospheric aerosols on climate are very significant but extremely uncertain and so developing our understanding of them is crucial for predictions of future climate change.\r\n\r\nSAMBBA was an international consortium of 7 UK universities, the UK Met Office, InstitutoNacional de PesquisasEspaciais(INPE, Brazilian National Institute For Space Research) and the University of São Paulo. SAMBBA combined advanced ground, aircraft and satellite measurements during an intensive field campaign during September/October 2012. A total of 20 science flights were conducted on the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurement (FAAM) BAe-146 research aircraft during the campaign. The aircraft was based in Porto Velho, the capital of Rondonia, where ground-based measurements were also conducted by the University of Sao Paulo.\r\n\r\nThe flights sampled a huge range of pollution conditions, ranging from extremely low concentrations of gas phase and aerosol species over the pristine Amazon rainforest, through to huge fire plumes emitting massive amounts of pollutants. The flights were often coordinated with satellites overpassing the flight track of the aircraft, which allowed us to combine our intensive measurements with those that occur routinely from space (see Fig. 1). A range of numerical models are also to be used during SAMBBA, which will help to put our measurements into context and they will also be improved by the measurements that were made during the campaign.\r\n\r\nThese measurements were used to improve our understanding of biomass burning emissions and how it evolves in the atmosphere. This knowledge helped us to challenge and improve numerical models and satellite retrievals in the future. Such knowledge advanced our ability to predict the impacts of biomass burning on human health, the Amazonian biosphere and on weather and climate. ",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "SAMBBA, FAAM, airborne, atmospheric measurments",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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                {
                    "ob_id": 15846,
                    "uuid": "2ff89840a89840868acff801f8859451",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "SAMBBA: in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "In-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for South AMerican Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA).\r\n\r\nSAMBBA project - a UK-Brasil Consortium funded by NERC. Biomass burning aerosols have a significant influence on climate – both directly as they scatter and absorb solar radiation – and indirectly as they influence cloud optical properties and lifetime through their ability to act as sites for cloud droplet formation. Biomass burning aerosols are a complex mixture of black carbon, organic carbon, and inorganic compounds, and are thus difficult to model accurately. While parameterisations have been developed in the climate version of the UM (e.g. HADGEM-2) that enable reasonable representation of the aerosol optical depth, significant uncertainties still exists in accurately determining the aerosol absorption (via the single scattering albedo) and the subsequent effects on radiation. These radiative effects have a significant impact on climate, which needs to be quantified over key regions such as Amazonia. Furthermore, BB aerosols have a direct impact on the performance of numerical weather prediction models. The effects of biomass burning aerosol upon cloud microphysical and optical properties play a significant role in assessing the radiative influence of clouds. These are also processes that are poorly quantified and hence provide fundamental uncertainties in weather forecasts and climate change scenarios. To improve quantification of these uncertainties, the microphysical and chemical properties of biomass burning aerosol and its precursors need to be determined yet these remain uncertain and are known to be modified during their lifetime in the atmosphere. Furthermore, it is important to assess the background state of the atmosphere in the region to understand the influence such large anthropogenic perturbations are having on the region. However, aerosol particles in the natural tropical atmosphere remain poorly understood.\r\n\r\nThe aim of the SAMBBA project was to investigate the properties of biomass burning aerosols over South America. The main biomass burning season occurs during Sept/Oct when deforestation fires and agricultural burning are prolific, particularly over central and south eastern parts of Brazil. These contribute to high loadings of biomass burning aerosol over much of South America with aerosol optical depths frequently exceeding 1 in many central parts of the continent. SAMBBA was a consortium of 7 university groups, the UK Met Office and a number of Brazilian partners, which delivered a suite of ground, aircraft and satellite measurements of Amazonian BBA and use this data to:\r\n\r\n-improve our knowledge of BB emissions;\r\n-challenge and improve the latest aerosol process models;\r\n-challenge and improve satellite retrievals;\r\n-test predictions of aerosol influences on regional climate and weather over Amazonia and the surrounding regions made using the next generation of climate and NWP models with extensive prognostic aerosol schemes; and\r\n-assess the impact of biomass burning on the Amazonian biosphere."
                }
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                9099
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            "ob_id": 14184,
            "uuid": "139a0e41c74c41078f9c605fb8afffbe",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "South AMerican Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA)",
            "abstract": "The SAMBBA project aims to investigate the properties of biomass burning pollution over South America. The pollution from biomass burning can have a substantial impact upon human health, as well as perturbing regional weather and climate through the emission of high concentrations of aerosol particles containing organic matter and black carbon. The effects of atmospheric aerosols on climate are very significant but extremely uncertain and so developing our understanding of them is crucial for predictions of future climate change.\r\n\r\nSAMBBA is an international consortium of 7 UK universities, the UK Met Office, InstitutoNacional de PesquisasEspaciais(INPE, Brazilian National Institute For Space Research) and the University of São Paulo. SAMBBA combined advanced ground, aircraft and satellite measurements during an intensive field campaign during September/October 2012. A total of 20 science flights were conducted on the UK Facility for Airborne Atmospheric Measurement (FAAM) BAe-146 research aircraft during the campaign. The aircraft was based in Porto Velho, the capital of Rondonia, where ground-based measurements were also conducted by the University of Sao Paulo.\r\n\r\nThe flights sampled a huge range of pollution conditions, ranging from extremely low concentrations of gas phase and aerosol species over the pristine Amazon rainforest, through to huge fire plumes emitting massive amounts of pollutants. The flights were often coordinated with satellites overpassing the flight track of the aircraft, which allowed us to combine our intensive measurements with those that occur routinely from space (see Fig. 1). A range of numerical models are also to be used during SAMBBA, which will help to put our measurements into context and they will also be improved by the measurements that were made during the campaign.\r\n\r\nThese measurements will be used to improve our understanding of biomass burning emissions and how it evolves in the atmosphere. This knowledge will help us to challenge and improve numerical models and satellite retrievals in the future. Such knowledge will advance our ability to predict the impacts of biomass burning on human health, the Amazonian biosphere and on weather and climate. ",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "sambba",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
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            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
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        {
            "ob_id": 14214,
            "uuid": "22955561ff0e4ce7809ff57d4eccfe16",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "URGENT: PUMA Consortium Project",
            "abstract": "The URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban ecological and environmental research. It gathers together research projects related to Soil, Water, Ecology and Air Sciences. Data issued by the latter are archived at BADC. These mainly include ground based measurements in the vicinity of urban areas but also observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Recorded parameters include atmospheric chemicals and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological variables. The largest atmospheric science related project is the PUMA consortium, which also has links with many of the other \"Air\" projects.\r\n\r\nIt includes data from URGENT Air Project No. 1981, collected in two 4-week campaigns. PUMA stands for \"Pollution in Urban Midlands Atmospheres\".\r\n\r\nProject title: Observation, Modelling and Management of Urban\r\n               Air Pollution.\r\n\r\nSubdirectories:\r\n\r\n* Summer_1999  Data from the June-July 1999 campaign\r\n               (12/6/1999 - 13/7/1999).\r\n\r\n* Winter_2000  Data from the January-February 2000 campaign\r\n               (17/1/2000 - 17/2/2000).\r\n",
            "publicationState": "working",
            "keywords": "URGENT, NERC",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 14249,
                "uuid": "eb5af50b710e4b9ebe23012f0acebf68",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Universities Weather Research Network (UWERN) project part of the Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "Universities Weather Research Network (UWERN) Urban Meteorology Programme (URBMET) was a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/2231 - Duration: 1/01/1999 - 30/6/2002) led by Dr Stephen Belcher, University of Reading.\r\n\r\nThe key issues of this project were:\r\n\r\n-how boundary-layer motions drive small-scale street-level circulations within the urban canopy\r\n-how street-level circulations feed back into the larger-scale boundary-layer above by mixing heat, moisture and momentum\r\n-how small-scale circulations within the streets mix pollutants from street-level into the boundary-layer above\r\n-how larger-scale motions above affect the mixing.\r\n\r\nThis work brought together expertise from dynamical and observational meteorology, and theoretical and experimental fluid dynamics to make full-scale and laboratory measurements of the atmospheric boundary-layer over urban areas. The project developed a sound understanding of the processes of mixing and transport from the street-level into the boundary-layer. It also developed methods for parameterising these processes in urban-scale dispersion models and in numerical weather prediction models through an urban canopy model of urban areas."
            },
            "subProject": [],
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 6948,
                    "uuid": "f5642a5251498d36250b6e19b37199f3",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "PUMA COnsortium - PUMACO: Observation, Modelling And Management Of Urban Air Pollution",
                    "abstract": "The NERC URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban environmental research across the geological, ecological, freshwater and atmospheric sciences. It worked in partnership with city authorities, industry and regulatory bodies. Deliverables from URGENT funded projects, that belong to Soil, Water, Ecology or Air Sciences, are archived at the BADC.\r\n\r\nThere were 13 air science projects within the URGENT Programme. The largest of these is the PUMA (Pollution in Urban Midlands Atmospheres) Consortium, which is the core of a group of five closely interrelated projects forming the PUMA Consortia. Its geographical scope is the West Midlands County (UK) and Birmingham City but its aim is to provide general insights into urban atmospheric problems.\r\n\r\nThe URGENT \"Air\" data are mainly in situ ground based measurements in urban and suburban areas but also include observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Retrieved variables include atmospheric chemical species and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological/radiative parameters. Software, reports and recommendations to urban planners have also been issued.\r\n\r\nThe thematic programme began in 1998 and lasted for 7 years. \r\n\r\nURGENT - Observation, Modelling And Management Of Urban Air Pollution (PUMA COnsortium - PUMACO) was a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/1981 - Duration: 1/01/1998 - 30/09/2001) led by Prof. Roy M. Harrison, University of Birmingham.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this project were:\r\n\r\n-To apply a high spatial resolution meso-scale meteorological model to the West Midlands. This was the first of its kind in the UK.\r\n-To add a coupled dispersion and atmospheric chemistry model, capable of predicting both primary and secondary air pollutant concentrations at urban background locations across the conurbation with a horizontal resolution of about 2km and a vertical resolution as low as 25m. The model were validated against high quality measurements of primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and NOX, as well as secondary pollutants including nitrogen dioxide, ozone and secondary inorganic particulate matter. It was compared with an existing model (UAM).\r\n-To make measurements of concentrations of a wide range of both long-lived and transient chemical species including hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds, oxyacids of nitrogen and the free radical species OH, HO2, RO2 and NO3, which play a key role in atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-To validate the atmospheric chemical reaction mechanisms within the model in a depth not previously attempted.\r\n-To gain insights into the chemical processes controlling the composition of the urban atmosphere at a very fundamental level.\r\n-To produce a management model applicable for national and local government to predict the impact on air quality of specific control strategies for a wide range of criteria pollutants and on a range of timescales (minutes to years).\r\n\r\nThis project was seeking to apply and validate a well accepted meso-scale meteorological model (the Colorado State University RAMS model) coupled with a very detailed chemical scheme within a Lagrangian particle dispersion model. \r\n\r\nA dozen of urban and suburban sites in and around the West Midlands County (UK) were chosen for the project. The principal urban site was Pritchatts Road, Birmingham City. Peripheric sites included Halfpenny Green Airport (West of Birmingham) and Withybrook Equestrian Centre (East of Birmingham). The field campaigns ran from 11 June - 13 July 1999 and 17 January - 17 February 2000. A variety of observation platforms were used. They included two ambulant laboratories (Birmingham and Leeds teams), a pollution monitoring van and a 10 m high tower allowing measurements to be made at a height of 5 or 10 metres. Most observations were made when the platform was stationary but some data were collected while driving (peripheric sites)."
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            "ob_id": 14245,
            "uuid": "b0b4137d6e2a46f4b64a058c578a3bfa",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Tracer and Dispersion of Gaseous Pollutants (GASPOL) project part of the Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
            "abstract": "Tracer and Dispersion of Gaseous Pollutants (GASPOL) was a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/1974 - Duration: 2/9/1998 - 31/8/2001) led by Prof Peter Simmonds, University of Bristol.\r\n\r\nThe transport and dispersion of pollutants, within and from a large urban area, are important processes due to their potential environmental impact on city inhabitants and those living in nearby communities. The release of atmospheric Tracers is a powerful technique to simulate the dispersion of pollutants and to enable direct measurement of the transport path and concentrations along the trajectory. Successful Tracers a inert, non-toxic, non-depositing, with low atmospheric background concentrations, long atmospheric lifetimes, and limited commercial use. This research project developed the Tracer technology necessary to characterise atmospheric dispersion within the urban environment.\r\n\r\nBristol University were exploiting the many years of experience in Tracer technology coupled with recent advances in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. There were several components to developing an effective experimental Tracer technology and this project was addressing each of these in turn:\r\n\r\n-Selection of Tracers\r\n-Analytical instrumentation for their quantitative determination in the femtolitre/litre range\r\n-Design and construction of automated sequential samplers\r\n-Tracer release apparatus\r\n-The preparation of accurate perfluorocarbon standards.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "URGENT, GASPOL, Chemistry, Pollutants, Air pollution,",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 2402,
                "uuid": "52c9a18952a1267389e751b0c1a7bdc4",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban ecological and environmental research. It gathers together research projects related to Soil, Water, Ecology and Air Sciences. Data issued by the latter are archived at BADC. These mainly include ground based measurements in the vicinity of urban areas but also observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Recorded parameters include atmospheric chemicals and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological variables. The largest atmospheric science related project is the PUMA consortium, which also has links with many of the other \"Air\" projects."
            },
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            "observationCollection": [
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                    "ob_id": 2664,
                    "uuid": "f7fe8f7cf1a3e877de02f5b9d1e47403",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "GASPOL: Airborne and In-situ Measurements of Atmospheric Chemical Species and Meteorological Parameters",
                    "abstract": "The NERC URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban environmental research across the geological, ecological, freshwater and atmospheric sciences. It worked in partnership with city authorities, industry and regulatory bodies. \r\n\r\nThe URGENT \"Air\" data were mainly in situ ground based measurements in urban and suburban areas but also include observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Retrieved variables include atmospheric chemical species and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological/radiative parameters. \r\n\r\nThe thematic programme began in 1998 and lasted for 7 years. \r\n\r\nTracer and Dispersion of Gaseous Pollutants (GASPOL) was a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/1974 - Duration: 2/9/1998 - 31/8/2001) led by Prof Peter Simmonds, University of Bristol.\r\n\r\nThe transport and dispersion of pollutants, within and from a large urban area, are important processes due to their potential environmental impact on city inhabitants and those living in nearby communities. The release of atmospheric Tracers is a powerful technique to simulate the dispersion of pollutants and to enable direct measurement of the transport path and concentrations along the trajectory. Successful Tracers a inert, non-toxic, non-depositing, with low atmospheric background concentrations, long atmospheric lifetimes, and limited commercial use. This research project developed the Tracer technology necessary to characterise atmospheric dispersion within the urban environment.\r\n\r\nBristol University were exploiting the many years of experience in Tracer technology coupled with recent advances in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry techniques. There were several components to developing an effective experimental Tracer technology and this project was addressing each of these in turn:\r\n\r\n-Selection of Tracers\r\n-Analytical instrumentation for their quantitative determination in the femtolitre/litre range\r\n-Design and construction of automated sequential samplers\r\n-Tracer release apparatus\r\n-The preparation of accurate perfluorocarbon standards."
                }
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            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Particulate Pollutants: PHYsicochemistry and TOXicity (PHYTOX) project part of the Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
            "abstract": "Airborne Particulate Pollutants: PHYsicochemistry and TOXicity (PHYTOX) is a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/2222 - Duration: 1/10/1998 - 30/9/2001) led by Prof Roy Richards, University of Wales, Cardiff.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this project were:\r\n\r\n-to collect and provide detailed physiochemical analysis of PM10 (defined as particulate matter which has an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10microns) from four sites (industrial, densely populated urban, open cast mining and rural) in the South Wales conurbation\r\n-to examine the ability of the characterised samples of PM10 to produce lung inflammation, increase lung permeability or initiate epithelial damage\r\n-to determine if the effects are transient or progressive.\r\n\r\nThis project has a multi-disciplinary approach to collect, quantify, physicochemically characterise and determine the respiratory toxicology of different samples of airborne particles. The research is especially timely because of the increasing concerns by government, medical and environmental professionals about possible adverse health effects of particulate pollution. In addition, there is growing public concern, particularly amongst asthmatics and the healthy population, who live near traffic or other particle-generating sources, that airborne pollutants may be detrimental to health.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "URGENT, PHYTOX, Chemistry, Pollutants, Air pollution,",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 2402,
                "uuid": "52c9a18952a1267389e751b0c1a7bdc4",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban ecological and environmental research. It gathers together research projects related to Soil, Water, Ecology and Air Sciences. Data issued by the latter are archived at BADC. These mainly include ground based measurements in the vicinity of urban areas but also observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Recorded parameters include atmospheric chemicals and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological variables. The largest atmospheric science related project is the PUMA consortium, which also has links with many of the other \"Air\" projects."
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                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "PHYTOX: laboratory atmospheric pollution measurements",
                    "abstract": "The NERC URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban environmental research across the geological, ecological, freshwater and atmospheric sciences. It worked in partnership with city authorities, industry and regulatory bodies. \r\n\r\nAirborne Particulate Pollutants: PHYsicochemistry and TOXicity (PHYTOX) is a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/2222 - Duration: 1/10/1998 - 30/9/2001) led by Prof Roy Richards, University of Wales, Cardiff.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this project were:\r\n\r\n-to collect and provide detailed physiochemical analysis of PM10 (defined as particulate matter which has an aerodynamic diameter of less than 10microns) from four sites (industrial, densely populated urban, open cast mining and rural) in the South Wales conurbation\r\n-to examine the ability of the characterised samples of PM10 to produce lung inflammation, increase lung permeability or initiate epithelial damage\r\n-to determine if the effects are transient or progressive.\r\n\r\nThis project has a multi-disciplinary approach to collect, quantify, physicochemically characterise and determine the respiratory toxicology of different samples of airborne particles. The research is especially timely because of the increasing concerns by government, medical and environmental professionals about possible adverse health effects of particulate pollution. In addition, there is growing public concern, particularly amongst asthmatics and the healthy population, who live near traffic or other particle-generating sources, that airborne pollutants may be detrimental to health."
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            "ob_id": 14247,
            "uuid": "19262eead5a44b97bb083f6a66a92973",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "PROFIL Vertical Profiles of Wind, Temperature, Turbulence, Sensible Heat, Aerosol and Trace-Gas Concentrations and Fluxes within the Urban Boundary Layer for PUMA (Pollution in Urban Midlands Atmospheres) project part of the Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
            "abstract": "This project provided facilities in the form of a low cost, highly instrumented aircraft designed for probing the turbulent and aerosol-cloud microphysical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Priority use was given to the PUMA (Pollution of the Urban Midlands) consortia during the field trials planned for June 1999 and January / February 2000. The main objectives were:\r\n\r\n-to provide high resolution 3-D wind turbulence, temperature and trace-gas variances of the urban ABL\r\n-to provide measurements of the vertical and horizontal profile of aerosol concentration and volumetric size distribution over the Birmingham conurbation\r\n-to provide a database of aircraft urban ABL case studies, which will be available to the PUMA and ASURE modelling communities via the appropriate NERC database committee\r\n-to provide, where current UMIST instrumentation and facilities allow, the aircraft as a measurement platform for specific URGENT user measurement requests\r\n-to measure the vertical entrainment and venting rates of trace-gas and aerosol between the urban ABL and the lower troposphere\r\n-to measure the net aerosol / condensation nucleus flux downwind over an urban environment\r\n-to construct and install a low cost aerosol collection sampling system to provide complementary aerosol chemical composition data to the PUMA measurement campaigns and to the PUMA modelling efforts.\r\n\r\nA flight programme of ten flight days / case studies was designated solely to the PUMA consortia. Five additional flights were made available for either (a) instrument testing required by PUMA, which required the removal of the base-line instruments due to space and weight limitations, or (b) specific flights to accommodate other URGENT requirements.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "URGENT, PROFIL, Chemistry, Pollutants, Air pollution,",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 2402,
                "uuid": "52c9a18952a1267389e751b0c1a7bdc4",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban ecological and environmental research. It gathers together research projects related to Soil, Water, Ecology and Air Sciences. Data issued by the latter are archived at BADC. These mainly include ground based measurements in the vicinity of urban areas but also observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Recorded parameters include atmospheric chemicals and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological variables. The largest atmospheric science related project is the PUMA consortium, which also has links with many of the other \"Air\" projects."
            },
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                    "ob_id": 4451,
                    "uuid": "650515908b44d7a0ded50baa1ef770c0",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "PROFIL: Vertical Profiles of Wind, Temperature, Turbulence, Sensible Heat, Aerosol and Trace-Gas Concentrations and Fluxes",
                    "abstract": "The NERC URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban environmental research across the geological, ecological, freshwater and atmospheric sciences. It worked in partnership with city authorities, industry and regulatory bodies. \r\n\r\nThe thematic programme began in 1998 and lasted for 7 years.\r\n\r\nThis project provided facilities in the form of a low cost, highly instrumented aircraft designed for probing the turbulent and aerosol-cloud microphysical structure of the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL). Priority use was given to the PUMA (Pollution of the Urban Midlands) consortia during the field trials planned for June 1999 and January / February 2000. The main objectives were:\r\n\r\n-to provide high resolution 3-D wind turbulence, temperature and trace-gas variances of the urban ABL\r\n-to provide measurements of the vertical and horizontal profile of aerosol concentration and volumetric size distribution over the Birmingham conurbation\r\n-to provide a database of aircraft urban ABL case studies, which will be available to the PUMA and ASURE modelling communities via the appropriate NERC database committee\r\n-to provide, where current UMIST instrumentation and facilities allow, the aircraft as a measurement platform for specific URGENT user measurement requests\r\n-to measure the vertical entrainment and venting rates of trace-gas and aerosol between the urban ABL and the lower troposphere\r\n-to measure the net aerosol / condensation nucleus flux downwind over an urban environment\r\n-to construct and install a low cost aerosol collection sampling system to provide complementary aerosol chemical composition data to the PUMA measurement campaigns and to the PUMA modelling efforts.\r\n\r\nA flight programme of ten flight days / case studies was designated solely to the PUMA consortia. Five additional flights were made available for either (a) instrument testing required by PUMA, which  required the removal of the base-line instruments due to space and weight limitations, or (b) specific flights to accommodate other URGENT requirements."
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            "ob_id": 14248,
            "uuid": "8929b780c7954dcf94f53100be4b4906",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Observation, Modelling And Management Of Urban Air Pollution (PUMA COnsortium - PUMACO) project part of the Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
            "abstract": "URGENT - Observation, Modelling And Management Of Urban Air Pollution (PUMA COnsortium - PUMACO) was a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/1981 - Duration: 1/01/1998 - 30/09/2001) led by Prof. Roy M. Harrison, University of Birmingham.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this project were:\r\n\r\n-To apply a high spatial resolution meso-scale meteorological model to the West Midlands. This was the first of its kind in the UK.\r\n-To add a coupled dispersion and atmospheric chemistry model, capable of predicting both primary and secondary air pollutant concentrations at urban background locations across the conurbation with a horizontal resolution of about 2km and a vertical resolution as low as 25m. The model were validated against high quality measurements of primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and NOX, as well as secondary pollutants including nitrogen dioxide, ozone and secondary inorganic particulate matter. It was compared with an existing model (UAM).\r\n-To make measurements of concentrations of a wide range of both long-lived and transient chemical species including hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds, oxyacids of nitrogen and the free radical species OH, HO2, RO2 and NO3, which play a key role in atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-To validate the atmospheric chemical reaction mechanisms within the model in a depth not previously attempted.\r\n-To gain insights into the chemical processes controlling the composition of the urban atmosphere at a very fundamental level.\r\n-To produce a management model applicable for national and local government to predict the impact on air quality of specific control strategies for a wide range of criteria pollutants and on a range of timescales (minutes to years).\r\n\r\nThis project was seeking to apply and validate a well accepted meso-scale meteorological model (the Colorado State University RAMS model) coupled with a very detailed chemical scheme within a Lagrangian particle dispersion model.\r\n\r\nA dozen of urban and suburban sites in and around the West Midlands County (UK) were chosen for the project. The principal urban site was Pritchatts Road, Birmingham City. Peripheric sites included Halfpenny Green Airport (West of Birmingham) and Withybrook Equestrian Centre (East of Birmingham). The field campaigns ran from 11 June - 13 July 1999 and 17 January - 17 February 2000. A variety of observation platforms were used. They included two ambulant laboratories (Birmingham and Leeds teams), a pollution monitoring van and a 10 m high tower allowing measurements to be made at a height of 5 or 10 metres. Most observations were made when the platform was stationary but some data were collected while driving (peripheric sites).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "URGENT, PUMACO, Chemistry, Pollutants, Air pollution,",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 2402,
                "uuid": "52c9a18952a1267389e751b0c1a7bdc4",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban ecological and environmental research. It gathers together research projects related to Soil, Water, Ecology and Air Sciences. Data issued by the latter are archived at BADC. These mainly include ground based measurements in the vicinity of urban areas but also observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Recorded parameters include atmospheric chemicals and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological variables. The largest atmospheric science related project is the PUMA consortium, which also has links with many of the other \"Air\" projects."
            },
            "subProject": [],
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 6948,
                    "uuid": "f5642a5251498d36250b6e19b37199f3",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "PUMA COnsortium - PUMACO: Observation, Modelling And Management Of Urban Air Pollution",
                    "abstract": "The NERC URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban environmental research across the geological, ecological, freshwater and atmospheric sciences. It worked in partnership with city authorities, industry and regulatory bodies. Deliverables from URGENT funded projects, that belong to Soil, Water, Ecology or Air Sciences, are archived at the BADC.\r\n\r\nThere were 13 air science projects within the URGENT Programme. The largest of these is the PUMA (Pollution in Urban Midlands Atmospheres) Consortium, which is the core of a group of five closely interrelated projects forming the PUMA Consortia. Its geographical scope is the West Midlands County (UK) and Birmingham City but its aim is to provide general insights into urban atmospheric problems.\r\n\r\nThe URGENT \"Air\" data are mainly in situ ground based measurements in urban and suburban areas but also include observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Retrieved variables include atmospheric chemical species and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological/radiative parameters. Software, reports and recommendations to urban planners have also been issued.\r\n\r\nThe thematic programme began in 1998 and lasted for 7 years. \r\n\r\nURGENT - Observation, Modelling And Management Of Urban Air Pollution (PUMA COnsortium - PUMACO) was a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/1981 - Duration: 1/01/1998 - 30/09/2001) led by Prof. Roy M. Harrison, University of Birmingham.\r\n\r\nThe objectives of this project were:\r\n\r\n-To apply a high spatial resolution meso-scale meteorological model to the West Midlands. This was the first of its kind in the UK.\r\n-To add a coupled dispersion and atmospheric chemistry model, capable of predicting both primary and secondary air pollutant concentrations at urban background locations across the conurbation with a horizontal resolution of about 2km and a vertical resolution as low as 25m. The model were validated against high quality measurements of primary pollutants such as carbon monoxide, sulphur dioxide and NOX, as well as secondary pollutants including nitrogen dioxide, ozone and secondary inorganic particulate matter. It was compared with an existing model (UAM).\r\n-To make measurements of concentrations of a wide range of both long-lived and transient chemical species including hydrocarbons, carbonyl compounds, oxyacids of nitrogen and the free radical species OH, HO2, RO2 and NO3, which play a key role in atmospheric chemistry.\r\n-To validate the atmospheric chemical reaction mechanisms within the model in a depth not previously attempted.\r\n-To gain insights into the chemical processes controlling the composition of the urban atmosphere at a very fundamental level.\r\n-To produce a management model applicable for national and local government to predict the impact on air quality of specific control strategies for a wide range of criteria pollutants and on a range of timescales (minutes to years).\r\n\r\nThis project was seeking to apply and validate a well accepted meso-scale meteorological model (the Colorado State University RAMS model) coupled with a very detailed chemical scheme within a Lagrangian particle dispersion model. \r\n\r\nA dozen of urban and suburban sites in and around the West Midlands County (UK) were chosen for the project. The principal urban site was Pritchatts Road, Birmingham City. Peripheric sites included Halfpenny Green Airport (West of Birmingham) and Withybrook Equestrian Centre (East of Birmingham). The field campaigns ran from 11 June - 13 July 1999 and 17 January - 17 February 2000. A variety of observation platforms were used. They included two ambulant laboratories (Birmingham and Leeds teams), a pollution monitoring van and a 10 m high tower allowing measurements to be made at a height of 5 or 10 metres. Most observations were made when the platform was stationary but some data were collected while driving (peripheric sites)."
                }
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        {
            "ob_id": 14249,
            "uuid": "eb5af50b710e4b9ebe23012f0acebf68",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Universities Weather Research Network (UWERN) project part of the Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
            "abstract": "Universities Weather Research Network (UWERN) Urban Meteorology Programme (URBMET) was a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/2231 - Duration: 1/01/1999 - 30/6/2002) led by Dr Stephen Belcher, University of Reading.\r\n\r\nThe key issues of this project were:\r\n\r\n-how boundary-layer motions drive small-scale street-level circulations within the urban canopy\r\n-how street-level circulations feed back into the larger-scale boundary-layer above by mixing heat, moisture and momentum\r\n-how small-scale circulations within the streets mix pollutants from street-level into the boundary-layer above\r\n-how larger-scale motions above affect the mixing.\r\n\r\nThis work brought together expertise from dynamical and observational meteorology, and theoretical and experimental fluid dynamics to make full-scale and laboratory measurements of the atmospheric boundary-layer over urban areas. The project developed a sound understanding of the processes of mixing and transport from the street-level into the boundary-layer. It also developed methods for parameterising these processes in urban-scale dispersion models and in numerical weather prediction models through an urban canopy model of urban areas.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "URGENT, URBMET, Chemistry, Pollutants, Air pollution,",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 2402,
                "uuid": "52c9a18952a1267389e751b0c1a7bdc4",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban ecological and environmental research. It gathers together research projects related to Soil, Water, Ecology and Air Sciences. Data issued by the latter are archived at BADC. These mainly include ground based measurements in the vicinity of urban areas but also observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Recorded parameters include atmospheric chemicals and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological variables. The largest atmospheric science related project is the PUMA consortium, which also has links with many of the other \"Air\" projects."
            },
            "subProject": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 14214,
                    "uuid": "22955561ff0e4ce7809ff57d4eccfe16",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "URGENT: PUMA Consortium Project",
                    "abstract": "The URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban ecological and environmental research. It gathers together research projects related to Soil, Water, Ecology and Air Sciences. Data issued by the latter are archived at BADC. These mainly include ground based measurements in the vicinity of urban areas but also observations from aircraft, lab measurements and model results. Recorded parameters include atmospheric chemicals and aerosols, photolysis rates and meteorological variables. The largest atmospheric science related project is the PUMA consortium, which also has links with many of the other \"Air\" projects.\r\n\r\nIt includes data from URGENT Air Project No. 1981, collected in two 4-week campaigns. PUMA stands for \"Pollution in Urban Midlands Atmospheres\".\r\n\r\nProject title: Observation, Modelling and Management of Urban\r\n               Air Pollution.\r\n\r\nSubdirectories:\r\n\r\n* Summer_1999  Data from the June-July 1999 campaign\r\n               (12/6/1999 - 13/7/1999).\r\n\r\n* Winter_2000  Data from the January-February 2000 campaign\r\n               (17/1/2000 - 17/2/2000).\r\n"
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                    "ob_id": 2871,
                    "uuid": "1e3b57d54fe4c4f5c0f1e4a319f53186",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "URBMET: Universities Weather Research Network (UWERN) measurements",
                    "abstract": "The NERC URGENT thematic programme was set up to integrate urban environmental research across the geological, ecological, freshwater and atmospheric sciences. It worked in partnership with city authorities, industry and regulatory bodies. \r\n\r\nThe thematic programme began in 1998 and lasted for 7 years. \r\n\r\nUniversities Weather Research Network (UWERN) Urban Meteorology Programme (URBMET) was a NERC Urban Regeneration and the Environment (URGENT) Air project (GST/02/2231 - Duration: 1/01/1999 - 30/6/2002) led by Dr Stephen Belcher, University of Reading.\r\n\r\nThe key issues of this project were:\r\n\r\n-how boundary-layer motions drive small-scale street-level circulations within the urban canopy\r\n-how street-level circulations feed back into the larger-scale boundary-layer above by mixing heat, moisture and momentum\r\n-how small-scale circulations within the streets mix pollutants from street-level into the boundary-layer above\r\n-how larger-scale motions above affect the mixing.\r\n\r\nThis work brought together expertise from dynamical and observational meteorology, and theoretical and experimental fluid dynamics to make full-scale and laboratory measurements of the atmospheric boundary-layer over urban areas. The project developed a sound understanding of the processes of mixing and transport from the street-level into the boundary-layer. It also developed methods for parameterising these processes in urban-scale dispersion models and in numerical weather prediction models through an urban canopy model of urban areas."
                }
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            "ob_id": 14317,
            "uuid": "362f66a7e09a4a59be2a40af6b41d0a6",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Greenland Ice Sheet Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The Greenland Ice Sheet CCI project aims to maximize the impact of ESA satellite data on climate research, by analysing data from ESA Earth Observation missions such as ERS, Envisat, CryoSat, GRACE and the new Sentinel series of satellites.  Over the last decade, the Greenland Ice Sheet has shown rapid change, characterized by rapid thinning along the margins, accelerating outlet glaciers, and overall increasing mass loss. The state of the Greenland Ice Sheet is of global importance, and has consequently been included in the ESA CCI Programme as a monitored Essential Climate Variable (ECV).\r\n\r\nThe project is producing data products of the following five parameters, which are important in characterizing the Greenland Ice Sheet as an Essential Climate Variable:  Surface Elevation Change (SEC) gridded data from radar altimetry; Ice Velocity (IV) gridded data from synthetic aperture radar interferometry and feature tracking; Calving Front Location (CFL) time series of marine-terminating glaciers; Grounding Line Location (GLL) time series of marine-terminating glaciers; Gravimetry Mass Balance (GMB) maps and time series.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA, Greenland, CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
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                    "ob_id": 14316,
                    "uuid": "394464f9c39445d3b6445d8e305841d7",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Greenland Ice Sheet Climate Change Initiative (Greenland Ice Sheet CCI) Dataset Collection",
                    "abstract": "The Greenland Ice Sheet CCI project aims to maximize the impact of ESA satellite data on climate research, by analysing data from ESA Earth Observation missions such as ERS, Envisat, CryoSat, GRACE and the new Sentinel series of satellites.  Over the last decade, the Greenland Ice Sheet has shown rapid change, characterized by rapid thinning along the margins, accelerating outlet glaciers, and overall increasing mass loss. The state of the Greenland Ice Sheet is of global importance, and has consequently been included in the ESA CCI Programme as a monitored Essential Climate Variable (ECV).\r\n\r\nThe project is producing data products of the following five parameters, which are important in characterizing the Greenland Ice Sheet as an Essential Climate Variable:  Surface Elevation Change (SEC) gridded data from radar altimetry; Ice Velocity (IV) gridded data from synthetic aperture radar interferometry and feature tracking; Calving Front Location (CFL) time series of marine-terminating glaciers; Grounding Line Location (GLL) time series of marine-terminating glaciers; Gravimetry Mass Balance (GMB) maps and time series."
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            "ob_id": 14344,
            "uuid": "e1f2bd49c57644919c38c9c872024c1a",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment TORCH1 field campaign, Writtle College, Essex",
            "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH) was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00145. Duration 2002 - 2005) led by A. Lewis, University of York.\r\n\r\nOrganic compounds are found throughout the atmosphere and contribute to the generation of both fine aerosol and photochemical oxidants such as ozone. The project contains comprehensive and integrated programme of modelling and measurements to address three inter-linked areas of current uncertainty:\r\n\r\n-To increase understanding of the role played by primary and partially oxidised organics in gas phase photochemistry.\r\n-To develop thermodynamic and microphysical descriptions of organic aerosol and use them in improved models of behaviour in the atmosphere.\r\n-To investigate the production, composition and evolution of organic aerosol and its links with gas phase organic oxidation.\r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\nThe Tropospheric Organic Chemistry experiment would formed a multi-institution consortium project with the Polluted Troposphere programme.\r\n\r\nThe TORCH project consisted of two intensive measurement campaigns : TORCH1 in Writtle, Essex in 2003 and at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, Norfolk, in 2004.\r\n\r\nWrittle site TORCH 1 \r\n- Based at Writtle College, near Chelmsford, Essex between 27th July - 30th August 2003.\r\n- The measurement site was located 20 miles from London and 10 miles from the M25 thus giving the opportunity to sample air recently outflowing from the London area.\r\n- Over 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments were also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).\r\n\r\nOver 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Polluted Troposphere, TORCH1, Chemistry, Model, Meteorology",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 14347,
                "uuid": "233376ff8cf647b9af7413dcf38c6357",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment",
                "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH) was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00145. Duration 2002 - 2005) led by A. Lewis, University of York.\r\n\r\nOrganic compounds are found throughout the atmosphere and contribute to the generation of both fine aerosol and photochemical oxidants such as ozone. The project contains comprehensive and integrated programme of modelling and measurements to address three inter-linked areas of current uncertainty:\r\n\r\n-To increase understanding of the role played by primary and partially oxidised organics in gas phase photochemistry.\r\n-To develop thermodynamic and microphysical descriptions of organic aerosol and use them in improved models of behaviour in the atmosphere.\r\n-To investigate the production, composition and evolution of organic aerosol and its links with gas phase organic oxidation.\r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\nThe Tropospheric Organic Chemistry experiment would formed a multi-institution consortium project with the Polluted Troposphere programme.\r\n\r\nThe TORCH project consists of two intensive measurement campaigns :\r\n\r\nWrittle site TORCH 1 \r\n- Based at Writtle College, near Chelmsford, Essex between 27th July - 30th August 2003.\r\n- The measurement site was located 20 miles from London and 10 miles from the M25 thus giving the opportunity to sample air recently outflowing from the London area.\r\n- Over 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments were also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).\r\n\r\nTORCH 2 \r\n- This took place in April and May 2004 at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, on the north Norfolk coast. \r\n- The same complement of instruments was used to sample air with a longer processing time (8-16 hours) Data is currently being validated and will be available shortly.\r\n\r\nOver 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM)."
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                    "title": "Polluted Troposphere TORCH1: Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH1) Ground-based Atmospheric Components Measurements Collection at Writtle College as part of the Polluted Troposphere Programme",
                    "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains measurements of O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).\r\n \r\nTORCH 1 took place in July and August 2003 at Writtle College, near Chelmsford, Essex.\r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\n\r\n\r\n\r\n"
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            "uuid": "e4f3408113a941b1a0c71e7ed1cb0654",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment TORCH2 field campaign, Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, Norfolk",
            "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH) was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00145. Duration 2002 - 2005) led by A. Lewis, University of York.\r\n\r\nOrganic compounds are found throughout the atmosphere and contribute to the generation of both fine aerosol and photochemical oxidants such as ozone. The project contains comprehensive and integrated programme of modelling and measurements to address three inter-linked areas of current uncertainty:\r\n\r\n-To increase understanding of the role played by primary and partially oxidised organics in gas phase photochemistry.\r\n-To develop thermodynamic and microphysical descriptions of organic aerosol and use them in improved models of behaviour in the atmosphere.\r\n-To investigate the production, composition and evolution of organic aerosol and its links with gas phase organic oxidation.\r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\nThe Tropospheric Organic Chemistry experiment would formed a multi-institution consortium project with the Polluted Troposphere programme.\r\n\r\nThe TORCH project consisted of two intensive measurement campaigns : TORCH1 in Writtle, Essex in 2003 and at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, Norfolk, in 2004.\r\n\r\nTORCH 2 \r\n- This took place in April and May 2004 at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, on the north Norfolk coast. \r\n- The same complement of instruments was used to sample air with a longer processing time (8-16 hours)\r\n\r\nOver 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Polluted Troposphere, TORCH2, Chemistry, Meteorology",
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            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 14347,
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                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment",
                "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH) was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00145. Duration 2002 - 2005) led by A. Lewis, University of York.\r\n\r\nOrganic compounds are found throughout the atmosphere and contribute to the generation of both fine aerosol and photochemical oxidants such as ozone. The project contains comprehensive and integrated programme of modelling and measurements to address three inter-linked areas of current uncertainty:\r\n\r\n-To increase understanding of the role played by primary and partially oxidised organics in gas phase photochemistry.\r\n-To develop thermodynamic and microphysical descriptions of organic aerosol and use them in improved models of behaviour in the atmosphere.\r\n-To investigate the production, composition and evolution of organic aerosol and its links with gas phase organic oxidation.\r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\nThe Tropospheric Organic Chemistry experiment would formed a multi-institution consortium project with the Polluted Troposphere programme.\r\n\r\nThe TORCH project consists of two intensive measurement campaigns :\r\n\r\nWrittle site TORCH 1 \r\n- Based at Writtle College, near Chelmsford, Essex between 27th July - 30th August 2003.\r\n- The measurement site was located 20 miles from London and 10 miles from the M25 thus giving the opportunity to sample air recently outflowing from the London area.\r\n- Over 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments were also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).\r\n\r\nTORCH 2 \r\n- This took place in April and May 2004 at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, on the north Norfolk coast. \r\n- The same complement of instruments was used to sample air with a longer processing time (8-16 hours) Data is currently being validated and will be available shortly.\r\n\r\nOver 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM)."
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                    "uuid": "6ac7dd15c35b416d83dbebc1713c7909",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Polluted Troposphere TORCH2: Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH2) Ground-based Atmospheric Components Measurements Collection from the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, Norfolk",
                    "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains measurements of O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).\r\n \r\nTORCH 2 took place in April and May 2004 at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, on the north Norfolk coast. \r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\n\r\nThis collection also includes data collected as part of the NERC Polluted Troposphere \"Advanced GC-MS technology for observing OVOCs and NMHCs in the polluted troposphere\" project.\r\n\r\n\r\n"
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            "ob_id": 14347,
            "uuid": "233376ff8cf647b9af7413dcf38c6357",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment",
            "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH) was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00145. Duration 2002 - 2005) led by A. Lewis, University of York.\r\n\r\nOrganic compounds are found throughout the atmosphere and contribute to the generation of both fine aerosol and photochemical oxidants such as ozone. The project contains comprehensive and integrated programme of modelling and measurements to address three inter-linked areas of current uncertainty:\r\n\r\n-To increase understanding of the role played by primary and partially oxidised organics in gas phase photochemistry.\r\n-To develop thermodynamic and microphysical descriptions of organic aerosol and use them in improved models of behaviour in the atmosphere.\r\n-To investigate the production, composition and evolution of organic aerosol and its links with gas phase organic oxidation.\r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\nThe Tropospheric Organic Chemistry experiment would formed a multi-institution consortium project with the Polluted Troposphere programme.\r\n\r\nThe TORCH project consists of two intensive measurement campaigns :\r\n\r\nWrittle site TORCH 1 \r\n- Based at Writtle College, near Chelmsford, Essex between 27th July - 30th August 2003.\r\n- The measurement site was located 20 miles from London and 10 miles from the M25 thus giving the opportunity to sample air recently outflowing from the London area.\r\n- Over 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments were also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).\r\n\r\nTORCH 2 \r\n- This took place in April and May 2004 at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, on the north Norfolk coast. \r\n- The same complement of instruments was used to sample air with a longer processing time (8-16 hours) Data is currently being validated and will be available shortly.\r\n\r\nOver 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Polluted Troposphere, TORCH1, Chemistry, Model, Meteorology",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1345,
                "uuid": "81496b7af52d0532258e7f63849fd2ed",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Polluted Troposphere NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focusses on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nThe Polluted Troposphere programme started in 2001 and ended in 2006. It ran a single round of awards, through which six projects were funded:\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment (TORCH).\r\nCLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea. (CLOPAP)\r\nTransport and mixing in fronts.\r\nIonisation as a precursor to aerosol formation.\r\nAdvanced GC-MS technology for observing OVOCs and NMHCS in the polluted troposphere.\r\nAircraft Measurement of Chemical Processing and Export fluxes of Pollutants over the UK (AMPEP)."
            },
            "subProject": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 14344,
                    "uuid": "e1f2bd49c57644919c38c9c872024c1a",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment TORCH1 field campaign, Writtle College, Essex",
                    "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH) was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00145. Duration 2002 - 2005) led by A. Lewis, University of York.\r\n\r\nOrganic compounds are found throughout the atmosphere and contribute to the generation of both fine aerosol and photochemical oxidants such as ozone. The project contains comprehensive and integrated programme of modelling and measurements to address three inter-linked areas of current uncertainty:\r\n\r\n-To increase understanding of the role played by primary and partially oxidised organics in gas phase photochemistry.\r\n-To develop thermodynamic and microphysical descriptions of organic aerosol and use them in improved models of behaviour in the atmosphere.\r\n-To investigate the production, composition and evolution of organic aerosol and its links with gas phase organic oxidation.\r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\nThe Tropospheric Organic Chemistry experiment would formed a multi-institution consortium project with the Polluted Troposphere programme.\r\n\r\nThe TORCH project consisted of two intensive measurement campaigns : TORCH1 in Writtle, Essex in 2003 and at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, Norfolk, in 2004.\r\n\r\nWrittle site TORCH 1 \r\n- Based at Writtle College, near Chelmsford, Essex between 27th July - 30th August 2003.\r\n- The measurement site was located 20 miles from London and 10 miles from the M25 thus giving the opportunity to sample air recently outflowing from the London area.\r\n- Over 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments were also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM).\r\n\r\nOver 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM)."
                },
                {
                    "ob_id": 14345,
                    "uuid": "e4f3408113a941b1a0c71e7ed1cb0654",
                    "short_code": "proj",
                    "title": "Tropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment TORCH2 field campaign, Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, Norfolk",
                    "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry Experiment (TORCH) was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00145. Duration 2002 - 2005) led by A. Lewis, University of York.\r\n\r\nOrganic compounds are found throughout the atmosphere and contribute to the generation of both fine aerosol and photochemical oxidants such as ozone. The project contains comprehensive and integrated programme of modelling and measurements to address three inter-linked areas of current uncertainty:\r\n\r\n-To increase understanding of the role played by primary and partially oxidised organics in gas phase photochemistry.\r\n-To develop thermodynamic and microphysical descriptions of organic aerosol and use them in improved models of behaviour in the atmosphere.\r\n-To investigate the production, composition and evolution of organic aerosol and its links with gas phase organic oxidation.\r\n\r\nThe goals were to provide both a detailed data set on organic composition in the polluted atmosphere, and to develop theoretical and modelling tools which may be used in defining future air quality policy. \r\nThe Tropospheric Organic Chemistry experiment would formed a multi-institution consortium project with the Polluted Troposphere programme.\r\n\r\nThe TORCH project consisted of two intensive measurement campaigns : TORCH1 in Writtle, Essex in 2003 and at the Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, Norfolk, in 2004.\r\n\r\nTORCH 2 \r\n- This took place in April and May 2004 at Weybourne Atmospheric Observatory, on the north Norfolk coast. \r\n- The same complement of instruments was used to sample air with a longer processing time (8-16 hours)\r\n\r\nOver 50 scientists from 7 institutions were involved, using a comprehensive suite of instruments that measured: O3, CO, NO, NO2, C2-C8 hydrocarbons, C1-C4 oxygenated hydrocarbons, PAN, Peroxides (Organic and Inorganic), Organic nitrates, OH and HO2 radicals, Sum of RO2 + HO2 radicals, OH chemical lifetime, Photolysis frequencies (e.g. j(O1D), j(NO2), j (HCHO), Aerosol number and size distribution, Aerosol composition, Local meteorology, and 5 and 10 day back trajectories. Many of the instruments are also part of the Universities Facility for Atmospheric Measurement (UFAM)."
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            "ob_id": 14368,
            "uuid": "d2112cfb5dab407599a64d9451d960b4",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "ESA Sea Ice Climate Change Initiative Project",
            "abstract": "The ESA CCI Sea Ice project aims to combine and extend ongoing research to develop improved and validated timeseries of ice concentration and ice thickness for use in climate research. Since sea ice is a sensitive climate indicator with large seasonal and regional variability, the climate research community require long-term and regular observations of the key ice parameters in both Arctic and Antarctic. The project includes representatives from the scientific user community and climate research programmes to validate the ice concentration and ice thickness retrievals provided by the EO science team.   \r\n\r\nThe ESA CCI Sea Ice project will deliver global data sets on ice concentration for Arctic and Antarctic, and ice thickness data sets for the Arctic, to support climate research and monitoring according to the GCOS requirements for generation of satellite-based data sets and products. This implies provision of data sets with associated metadata, software systems, technical documentation and scientific reports/publications. Ice thickness data from radar altimeters are not available for the Antarctic as a useful data set for climate research. The data sets to be delivered as the sea ice ECV parameters are based on many years of research where the members of the consortium are playing a leading role in development and validation of the EO-based data sets.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "ESA, Sea Ice, CCI",
            "status": "ongoing",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 11009,
                "uuid": "615aa50d66fe4b2771457e83d8b47217",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "ESA Climate Change Initiative",
                "abstract": "The European Space Agency (ESA)'s  Climate Change Initiative (CCI) programme kicked off in 2010. \r\n\r\nThe programme goal is to provide stable, long-term, satellite-based Essential Climate Variable (ECV) data products for climate modellers and researchers. The ECVs will be derived from multiple satellite data sets (not just ESA but all sources via international collaboration) and include specific information on the errors and uncertainties of the data set. Comprehensive information will also be provided on calibration and validation, long term algorithm maintenance, data curation and reprocessing. The Climate Change Initiative brings together European expertise covering the full range of scientific, technical and development specialisations available within the European Earth Observation community, and will establish lasting and transparent access for global climate scientific and operational communities to its results."
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                    "abstract": "Collection of datasets from the ESA Sea Ice Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.   The Sea Ice CCI is developing improved and validated timeseries of ice concentration for the Arctic and Antarctic and ice thickness datasets for the Arctic to support climate research and monitoring. Since sea ice is a sensitive climate indicator with large seasonal and regional variability, the climate research community require long-term and regular observations of the key ice parameters in both Arctic and Antarctic."
                },
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                    "ob_id": 45082,
                    "uuid": "3d56835a52ff401b8445d60a1825ccd0",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "ESA Sea Ice Climate Change Initiative (Sea Ice CCI) Dataset Collection for Sea Ice Thickness v4.0 Products",
                    "abstract": "Collection of Climate Data Records of Sea Ice Thickness v4.0 products as part of the ESA Sea Ice Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project.\r\n\r\nThe Sea Ice CCI is developing improved and validated timeseries of ice concentration for the Arctic and Antarctic and ice thickness datasets for the Arctic to support climate research and monitoring. Since sea ice is a sensitive climate indicator with large seasonal and regional variability, the climate research community require long-term and regular observations of the key ice parameters in both Arctic and Antarctic."
                }
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        {
            "ob_id": 14391,
            "uuid": "a3bd80740fcb4a7694ff94dba6ece0c7",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Polluted Troposphere Transport and Mixing in Fronts project",
            "abstract": "Transport and mixing in fronts was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00149 - Duration 2002 - 2005) and was led by DR SL Gray, University of Reading.\r\n\r\nThe aim of this research was to provide improved quantitative estimates of the rate at which frontal regions in weather systems transport polluted air from the boundary layer to the free troposphere. \r\n\r\nModelling studies performed using typical mesoscale to regional-scale resolution cannot resolve certain frontal mixing processes which are clearly visible in high resolution radar observations; namely multiple shear layers and large-amplitude Kelvin-Helmholtz billows. To perform very high-resolution (of order 2 km by 90 vertical levels) model simulations of frontal cases using the new dynamics (non-hydrostatic) Met Office model. The dynamical representation of these mixing processes and the transport and mixing of passive tracers in the model were evaluated using observations. The climatological impact of these individual fronts was determined using a climatological frontal database.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Polluted Troposphere, Front, meteorology, model",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1345,
                "uuid": "81496b7af52d0532258e7f63849fd2ed",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Polluted Troposphere NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focusses on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nThe Polluted Troposphere programme started in 2001 and ended in 2006. It ran a single round of awards, through which six projects were funded:\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment (TORCH).\r\nCLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea. (CLOPAP)\r\nTransport and mixing in fronts.\r\nIonisation as a precursor to aerosol formation.\r\nAdvanced GC-MS technology for observing OVOCs and NMHCS in the polluted troposphere.\r\nAircraft Measurement of Chemical Processing and Export fluxes of Pollutants over the UK (AMPEP)."
            },
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                18
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 1342,
                    "uuid": "61530f07d7356f5a74993645b107b5b0",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Polluted Troposphere Transport and Mixing in Fronts: High-Resolution Model Simulations of the Transport of Pollutants",
                    "abstract": "Transport and mixing in fronts was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00149 - Duration 2002 - 2005) and was led by DR SL Gray, University of Reading.\r\n\r\nThe aim of this research was to provide improved quantitative estimates of the rate at which frontal regions in weather systems transport polluted air from the boundary layer to the free troposphere. \r\n\r\nModelling studies performed using typical mesoscale to regional-scale resolution cannot resolve certain frontal mixing processes which are clearly visible in high resolution radar observations; namely multiple shear layers and large-amplitude Kelvin-Helmholtz billows. To perform very high-resolution (of order 2 km by 90 vertical levels) model simulations of frontal cases using the new dynamics (non-hydrostatic) Met Office model. The dynamical representation of these mixing processes and the transport and mixing of passive tracers in the model were evaluated using observations. The climatological impact of these individual fronts was determined using a climatological frontal database.\r\n\r\nThe Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55885,
                55886
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14392,
            "uuid": "071cbe4fcfff4cd9b8735ff787e53ca2",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Polluted Troposphere Ionisation as a Precursor to Aerosol Formation project",
            "abstract": "Ionisation as a precursor to aerosol formation was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00150 - Duration 2002 - 2005) and was led by Dr RG Harrison, University of Reading.\r\n\r\nFormation of ultrafine particles from molecular cluster ions in the atmosphere has recently shown to occur in urban air, from both experimental findings and theoretical considerations. Ion-induced (or mediated) aerosol formation is currently neglected, despite the considerable variability known in atmospheric ions. Ionisation in the atmosphere is ubiquitous, arising from cosmic rays and natural radioactivity, with a further contribution from nuclear reprocessing. The efficiency of ion to particle conversion was sensitive to gas composition and condensable vapour supply. \r\n\r\nThe work measured ion-induced ultrafine particle production in surface air, combining ion and aerosol data. Existing ion-aerosol theory will be extended to include particle production from ions, to assess the significance for clouds of additional condensation nuclei.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "Polluted Troposphere, Ionisation, Chemistry",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1345,
                "uuid": "81496b7af52d0532258e7f63849fd2ed",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Polluted Troposphere NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focusses on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nThe Polluted Troposphere programme started in 2001 and ended in 2006. It ran a single round of awards, through which six projects were funded:\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment (TORCH).\r\nCLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea. (CLOPAP)\r\nTransport and mixing in fronts.\r\nIonisation as a precursor to aerosol formation.\r\nAdvanced GC-MS technology for observing OVOCs and NMHCS in the polluted troposphere.\r\nAircraft Measurement of Chemical Processing and Export fluxes of Pollutants over the UK (AMPEP)."
            },
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                18
            ],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 1875,
                    "uuid": "57038ca1ded5da15898197487c8edea9",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Polluted Troposphere IONS: Surface Level Atmospheric Measurements of Background Ion Production rates and Small Ion Concentrations",
                    "abstract": "Ionisation as a precursor to Aerosol Formation (also known as IONS) was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00150 - Duration 2002 - 2005) and was led by Dr RG Harrison, University of Reading.\r\n\r\nFormation of ultrafine particles from molecular cluster ions in the atmosphere has been shown to occur in urban air, from both experimental findings and theoretical considerations. Ion-induced (or mediated) aerosol formation is currently neglected, despite the considerable variability known in atmospheric ions. Ionisation in the atmosphere is ubiquitous, arising from cosmic rays and natural radioactivity, with a further contribution from nuclear reprocessing. The efficiency of ion to particle conversion was sensitive to gas composition and condensable vapour supply. \r\n\r\nThe work measured ion-induced ultrafine particle production in surface air, combining ion and aerosol data. Existing ion-aerosol theory will be extended to include particle production from ions, to assess the significance for clouds of additional condensation nuclei.\r\n\r\nThis dataset collection contains surface level atmospheric measurements of background ion production rates and small ion concentrations. Data from the TORCH2 campaign are also included as used by the project participants.\r\n\r\nThe Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focussed on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55887,
                55888
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14405,
            "uuid": "82acd4a781ad4952b0ef9afd2d6d1939",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "UTLS-Ozone: Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone (THESEO)",
            "abstract": "Extension of THESEAO was a joint project between the Centre of Atmospheric Sciences at the university of Cambridge and the National Physical Laboratory.\r\n\r\nUnderstanding the observed loss of ozone in the mid-latitude lower stratosphere was a central objective of the NERC UT/LS Ozone thematic programme. The challenge was to understand the causes of the observed small, long-term changes in ozone. In particular, chemically induced loss had to be separated from change due to transport. This was a much more difficult problem than in the Antarctic spring where ozone loss is very substantial, and where transport plays a relatively small role.\r\n\r\nOzone loss in the Arctic has been substantial in recent winters. However, the appearance of low ozone at a particular altitude does not necessarily imply that chemical destruction of ozone has occurred. Low ozone could instead have been transported, horizontally or vertically, from another location. To confirm the processes involved, coincident measurements of long-lived tracers are required.\r\n\r\nObjectives \r\nThe overall scientific objective within this proposal was to contribute to the understanding of middle latitude ozone loss by making measurements of a number of important tracers of atmospheric motion and photochemistry, and by interpreting these measurements with state-of-the-art models of atmospheric chemistry and transport. \r\n\r\nThe particular aim of the proposal was to extend THESEO measurements of tracer and chemically active gases both spatially and temporally to provide more comprehensive coverage in the middle latitude low stratosphere and upper troposphere. The measurements were complement the similar EU funded measurements whose focus were primarily high and mid-latitudes in 1998/99. They were part of THESEO 2000 which was an extension of THESEO and which formed the basis of European collaboration with US SOLVE experiment which is studying Arctic ozone loss in the 1999/2000 winter. \r\nTogether, these measurements provide a unique data set for the study of chemistry and transport processes at mid latitudes. They studied annual transport through the middle latitude lower stratosphere and the processes of mixing with tropical and polar air. \r\n\r\nData were interpreted using 3D chemical transport models already developed at Cambridge. The large amount of data collected in polar middle and tropical latitudes during THESEO provided a unique opportunity for the new mid-latitude data to contribute to the understanding of middle latitude ozone decline and, in particular, to understanding the relative importance of in situ ozone loss and transport from other regions.\r\n\r\nBalloon flights were made from Esrange Kiruna station during the 1999/2000 winter, with balloon payloads incorporating the same UK and European instruments deployed during THESEO.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "UTLS, THESEO, balloon, chemistry",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 2325,
                "uuid": "bdd8efcf69d3373e5f4a8abd6ec80377",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "UTLS-OZONE NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "UTLS-OZONE was a NERC directed mode programme funding projects to study the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The particular emphasis was on the processes determining the distribution of ozone and any subsequent climate impacts. Two UTLS Ozone projects were based on airborne campaigns using the FAAM aircraft, namely ITOP-UK and CIRRUS."
            },
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                42
            ],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 4033,
                    "uuid": "644012c75ef5c143d43e6842fa4b05f1",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "UTLS-Ozone THESEO: Balloon-borne Measurements from Kiruna, Sweden",
                    "abstract": "The UTLS-Ozone THESEO (Third European Stratospheric Experiment on Ozone) project was joint activity between the Centre of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Cambridge and the National Physical Laboratory.\r\n\r\nTHESEO's overall scientific objective were to contribute to the understanding of middle latitude ozone loss by making measurements of a number of important tracers of atmospheric motion and photochemistry, and by interpreting these measurements with state-of-the-art models of atmospheric chemistry and transport. \r\n\r\nThe particular aim of the proposal was to extend THESEO measurements of tracer and chemically active gases both spatially and temporally to provide more comprehensive coverage in the middle latitude low stratosphere and upper troposphere. The measurements were complement the similar EU funded measurements whose focus were primarily high and mid-latitudes in 1998/99. They were part of THESEO 2000 which was an extension of THESEO and which formed the basis of European collaboration with US SOLVE experiment which is studying Arctic ozone loss in the 1999/2000 winter. \r\nTogether, these measurements provide a unique data set for the study of chemistry and transport processes at mid latitudes. They studied annual transport through the middle latitude lower stratosphere and the processes of mixing with tropical and polar air. \r\n\r\nData were interpreted using 3D chemical transport models already developed at Cambridge. The large amount of data collected in polar middle and tropical latitudes during THESEO provided a unique opportunity for the new mid-latitude data to contribute to the understanding of middle latitude ozone decline and, in particular, to understanding the relative importance of in situ ozone loss and transport from other regions.\r\n\r\nBalloon flights were made from Esrange Kiruna station during the 1999/2000 winter, with balloon payloads incorporating the same UK and European instruments deployed during THESEO."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55932,
                55931
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14406,
            "uuid": "4a03dbfb70584712bda1b87081a99196",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "AETIAQ - Aviation Emissions and Their Impact on Air Quality",
            "abstract": "The aim of AETIAQ was to broaden the currently sparse pool of data on the emission and evolution of exhausts from aircraft in their LTO cycle, so that predictive models of airport air quality can be validated and improved. Experiments were performed with the 146 at Cranfield whilst ground instrumentation is deployed around the airfield.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                8
            ],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 15827,
                    "uuid": "0816a24092be4d1395b9539f4c1deb0a",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "AETIAQ: in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "In-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for AETIAQ - Aviation Emissions and Their Impact on Air Quality  ."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                9034
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55943,
                55944
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14407,
            "uuid": "cb0fc735302242bab1c2f7d6ee2f0faf",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "BUNCEFIELD SMOKE EXPERIMENT",
            "abstract": "Two flights were made to measure the extent and properties of the smoke from the Buncefield (Hemel Hempstead) Oil Terminal fire on the two days following the explosion.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 17934,
                    "uuid": "49fbc12a04274effafba6c19b2297879",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Buncefield Smoke Experiment: in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "In-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for BUNCEFIELD SMOKE EXPERIMENT (Buncefield Smoke Experiment)."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                9038
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55946,
                55948,
                169031,
                55947
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14408,
            "uuid": "77c7a589593e43cc94fb4938cdc267b0",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "CAPEX - Clouds and Aerosol Portugal EXperiments",
            "abstract": "Originally this was a CAATER-funded detachment to Portugal to study aerosols which had to be cancelled when Acceptance of the 146 was delayed. This has been resurected as a series of EUFAR proposals.",
            "publicationState": "",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 17498,
                    "uuid": "b7a48885950c4ed991c0ca3dff18450d",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "CAPEX: in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "In-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for CAPEX - Clouds and Aerosol Portugal EXperiments."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                9042
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14409,
            "uuid": "550fe7a8d1604167932e73f042e670b4",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "CIMS - Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer",
            "abstract": "Nov 2009 - 2010 , 40 flying hours\r\n\r\nA flying campaign to validate a new instrument to measure nitric acid and ammonia.\r\nOverall aim: The installation, testing and demonstration of a Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer on the UK FAAM aircraft that can measure nitric acid and ammonia with sufficient sensitivity to address many atmospherically important questions coupling the oxidation of oxides of nitrogen with the loss to aerosols. These problems dictate regional deposition and transport pathways and are of important regional air quality and climatic importance.\r\n\r\nEquipment - Core Consoles, Core Chemistry, TDLAS, Cloud Physics(FFSSP,PCASP), FWVS, Neph/Wet Neph/PSAP, AMS, CIMS,TDLAS",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 15331,
                    "uuid": "cd3dcce0a412436ba336a3faba3a996c",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "CIMS: in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "In-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for CIMS - Chemical Ionisation Mass Spectrometer."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                9045
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55949,
                55950
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14410,
            "uuid": "923393c4eadd4cd08979ba0585c55e77",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "UTLS-Ozone: CIRRUS",
            "abstract": "UTLS-OZONE is a NERC directed mode programme funding projects to study the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The particular emphasis is on the processes determining the distribution of ozone and any subsequent climate impacts. UTLS Ozone projects are based on airborne campaigns using the FAAM aircraft CIRRUS.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "UTLS, Chemistry, FAAM, CIRRUS",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 2325,
                "uuid": "bdd8efcf69d3373e5f4a8abd6ec80377",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "UTLS-OZONE NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "UTLS-OZONE was a NERC directed mode programme funding projects to study the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere. The particular emphasis was on the processes determining the distribution of ozone and any subsequent climate impacts. Two UTLS Ozone projects were based on airborne campaigns using the FAAM aircraft, namely ITOP-UK and CIRRUS."
            },
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                42
            ],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 6056,
                    "uuid": "34f4bbb2f9a5d80216862f9778aba609",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "UTLS CIRRUS: Anthropogenic influence on UTLS clouds and aerosol",
                    "abstract": "Anthropogenic influence on Upper Tropospher-Lower Stratosphere (UTLS) clouds and aerosol (CIRRUS) UTLS round 5 project led by Prof. Tom Choularton. The dataset contains the total number of Condensation Nuclei (CN), CCN, IN and the size distribution of optically active particles in clean and polluted air in the UTLS region over the UK, the number, size distribution, phase and morphology of droplets and crystals in cirrus cloud.\r\n\r\nObjectives\r\n\r\n-To measure the total number of Condensation Nuclei (CN), CCN, IN and the size distribution of optically active particles in clean and polluted air in the UTLS region over the UK. Assessment of their spatial distribution and their likely source based on tracer measurements and air mass history.\r\n-To use a unique suite of state of the art instruments to quantify the extent to which air mass history, and gas and particle loading can affect the microphysical properties of cirrus clouds in the UTLS region, in particular, the size distribution, phase and morphology of cloud particles.\r\n-To obtain estimates of HNO3 loss to cirrus clouds and the subsequent effect on the aerosol population after the cloud has evaporated using case studies involving one or more wave clouds.\r\n-To make observations of the number, size distribution, phase and morphology of droplets and crystals in cirrus cloud and the number and size distribution of interstitial particles and correlate these with measurements of tracers that identify anthropogenic anthropogenic influence. Hence building on objective 3 to investigate the influence of cirrus on the distribution of aerosol and gases in the UTLS region as cloud and precipitation evaporate.\r\n-To make an assessment of the chemical composition of the particulate in the UTLS region as a function of their size, their spatial variability and the effect different sources have on their composition.\r\n-To use measurements of the masses of key components as a function of size of cirrus particle dry residues and interstitial particles to determine if there are distinct chemical differences between activated and unactivated particles.\r\n-To establish the partitioning of oxidised nitrogen between the gas and aerosol phases as a function of air mass history and source region.\r\n\r\nMethodology\r\nThese studies were performed during the spring/summer of 2005 over the UK using the BAE 146 aircraft for in situ sampling Experiments were undertaken in a wide range of meteorological conditions i.e. in frontal cirrus, in convective conditions and in anticyclonic conditions. The aircraft made measurements below and within the cirrus cloud."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                9047
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55951
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14411,
            "uuid": "8c08a483b4d04ff29ff06ea229af12e9",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Polluted Troposphere: CLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea (CLOPAP)",
            "abstract": "CLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea (CLOPAP) is a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00147 - Duration 2002 - 2005) led by Prof. Tom Choularton, University of Manchester.\r\n\r\nCLOPAP is an aircraft measurement campaign using the FAAM BAe-146-301 aircraft to make measurements of the ageing of the London plume in the cloudy boundary layer. Measurements will be made of the evolution of trace gases, aerosol and cloud properties. These will be supported by modelling studies. The flights were scheduled to take place between March and September 2005.\r\n\r\nThe Programme Superintending Officer was Dr. Ruth Kelman: rkel@nerc.ac.uk\r\nThe chairman of the Programme Steering Committee was Prof Gerard Jennings (Galway, Ireland): gerard.jennings@nuigalway.ie",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1345,
                "uuid": "81496b7af52d0532258e7f63849fd2ed",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Polluted Troposphere NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focusses on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nThe Polluted Troposphere programme started in 2001 and ended in 2006. It ran a single round of awards, through which six projects were funded:\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment (TORCH).\r\nCLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea. (CLOPAP)\r\nTransport and mixing in fronts.\r\nIonisation as a precursor to aerosol formation.\r\nAdvanced GC-MS technology for observing OVOCs and NMHCS in the polluted troposphere.\r\nAircraft Measurement of Chemical Processing and Export fluxes of Pollutants over the UK (AMPEP)."
            },
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                18
            ],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 5264,
                    "uuid": "0804f05e4be2aff916cdfb03cf37b370",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "CLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea (CLOPAP) : Airborne Aircraft Measurements of Atmospheric Components Properties as part of the Polluted Troposphere",
                    "abstract": "CLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea (CLOPAP) was a NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00147 - Duration 2002 - 2005) led by Prof. Tom Choularton, University of Manchester.\r\n\r\nCLOPAP was an aircraft measurement campaign using the FAAM BAe-146-301 aircraft to make measurements of the ageing of the London plume in the cloudy boundary layer. Measurements were  made of the evolution of trace gases, aerosol and cloud properties. These were supported by modelling studies. The flights were scheduled to take place between March and September 2005. With an additional flight in September 2006.\r\n\r\nThe dataset includes data from \r\n - core FAAM instruments. \r\n - from non-core instruments fitted for the campaign including the UMIST aerosol mass spectrometer, \r\ngas probes and particle physics instruments."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55954,
                180709
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            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14412,
            "uuid": "01a715b187614b3eaadaa8da462031a1",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "Polluted Troposphere: Aircraft Measurement of Chemical Processing and Export fluxes of Pollutants over the UK (AMPEP)",
            "abstract": "Aircraft Measurement of Chemical Processing and Export fluxes of Pollutants over the UK (AMPEP) was part of the NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00152 - Duration 2002 - 2005) and was led by Prof. D Fowler, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.\r\n\r\nThis project was focussed on direct measurement of the atmospheric mass budget of a range of pollutants in the gas and aerosol phase in the boundary layer over the UK. New, state of the art equipment was applied to measure the atmospheric mass budget and, in particular, the net export from the downwind coast over the UK. For the majority of the pollutants this is the dominant term and its measurement provides a very powerful test of current understanding of the processes and the current generation of long range transport models. The approach was applied to sulphur compounds, oxidized and reduced nitrogen, ozone and related photochemical oxidant precursors, mercury, a range of heavy metals and the main radiatively active gases. The analysis and interpretation of the data was completed using a range of current long range transport, transformation and deposition models.\r\n\r\nAMPEP was an aircraft measurement campaign using the FAAM BAe-146-301 and the flights were scheduled to take place between March and September 2005.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": {
                "ob_id": 1345,
                "uuid": "81496b7af52d0532258e7f63849fd2ed",
                "short_code": "proj",
                "title": "Polluted Troposphere NERC Research Programme",
                "abstract": "The Polluted Troposphere Programme was a 5-year NERC thematic research programme which was centred upon the study of polluted boundary layer air and its transport to the free troposphere. The programme focusses on the regional scale, defined as intermediate between urban and hemispheric.\r\n\r\nThe Polluted Troposphere programme started in 2001 and ended in 2006. It ran a single round of awards, through which six projects were funded:\r\n\r\nTropospheric ORganic CHemistry experiment (TORCH).\r\nCLOud Processing of regional Air Pollution advecting over land and sea. (CLOPAP)\r\nTransport and mixing in fronts.\r\nIonisation as a precursor to aerosol formation.\r\nAdvanced GC-MS technology for observing OVOCs and NMHCS in the polluted troposphere.\r\nAircraft Measurement of Chemical Processing and Export fluxes of Pollutants over the UK (AMPEP)."
            },
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [
                18
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            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 5905,
                    "uuid": "b1196b7c17d4926d963717c529f76222",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "Aircraft Measurement of Chemical Processing and Export fluxes of Pollutants over the UK (AMPEP) Project: Airborne Direct Measurement of the Atmospheric Mass Budget of a range of Pollutants as part of the Polluted Troposphere",
                    "abstract": "Aircraft Measurement of Chemical Processing and Export fluxes of Pollutants over the UK (AMPEP) was part of the NERC Polluted Troposphere Research Programme project (Round 1 - NER/T/S/2002/00152 - Duration 2002 - 2005) and was led by Prof. D Fowler, NERC Centre for Ecology and Hydrology.\r\n\r\nThis project was focussed on direct measurement of the atmospheric mass budget of a range of pollutants in the gas and aerosol phase in the boundary layer over the UK. New, state of the art equipment was applied to measure the atmospheric mass budget and, in particular, the net export from the downwind coast over the UK. For the majority of the pollutants this is the dominant term and its measurement provides a very powerful test of current understanding of the processes and the current generation of long range transport models. The approach was applied to sulphur compounds, oxidized and reduced nitrogen, ozone and related photochemical oxidant precursors, mercury, a range of heavy metals and the main radiatively active gases. The analysis and interpretation of the data was completed using a range of current long range transport, transformation and deposition models.\r\n\r\nAMPEP was an aircraft measurement campaign using the FAAM BAe-146-301 and the flights were scheduled to take place between March and September 2005. Flights took place between 21 Apr 2005 and 19 September 2006.\r\n\r\nThe datasets include data from:\r\n - the core FAAM instruments. \r\n - non-core instruments fitted for the campaign including the UMIST aerosol mass spectrometer, gas analysers, aerosol filters, particle counters and a tunable diode laser, which measured a broad range of atmospheric trace species and aerosols."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55955
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14414,
            "uuid": "e3a9ef59c39b41428d5d1dc36cd978ec",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "CLPX-II - Cold Lands Processes eXperiment Part 2",
            "abstract": "The objective is to understand the microwave radiative transfer and thermal signatures of snow packs. Ground-based snow pit and course measurements as well as airborne and ground-based active and passive radiometric measurements will be carried out. The BAe146-301 will be based in Fairbanks Alaska and make remote sensing measurements over the surface sites as well as possibly performing deep profiles of the atmosphere to establish the thermal background necessary for the radiative transfer. Further flights for the calibration and validation of IASI may be flown over the US ARM site at Barrow.\r\nEquipment - Core Consoles (Heimann,GE,TWC,Video), Core Chemistry, JIF Rack (gps,tdlas), AVAPS, Radiometer Racks (ARIES/DEIMOS/MARSS/tafts),FWVS, Cloud Physics (pcasp/ffssp/2d-p/2d-c), sws/shim, inc, psap, lidar.",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 15957,
                    "uuid": "ac5793483bcf4d5694d0b0434f776468",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "CLPX-II: in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "In-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for CLPX-II - Cold Lands Processes eXperiment Part 2  ."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                9048
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55959
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        },
        {
            "ob_id": 14415,
            "uuid": "36336c828627494ebb7392ff5ed0fb58",
            "short_code": "proj",
            "title": "COALESC - 2011 Cloud physics and radiation studies",
            "abstract": "Feb-Mar 2011, 55 (+40) flying hours, 11 dropsondes \r\n\r\nCloud physics and radiation studies\r\n\r\nTo conduct case-study measurements of the evolution of stratocumulus cloud layers over the UK. Aircraft measurements will be coordinated with (and may also be co-located with) ground-based measurements from a number of sites including Cardington (Beds.), Camborne (Cornwall), Weybourne (Norfolk) and Chilbolton (Hants.).\r\n\r\n \r\n\r\nAircraft measurements will be focussed on examining the links between sub-cloud aerosols and drizzle and their impacts on the evolution of boundary-layer structure over land. Additionally, the aircraft may observe vertical profiles of the turbulent fluxes of heat and moisture for comparison with the output of the Unified Model boundary layer parametrization scheme.\r\n\r\n\r\nMeteorological Conditions:\r\n\r\nStratocumulus cloud sheets forming over sea areas in the SW Approaches or N.Sea and being advected over land. Likely conditions for this are:\r\n\r\n- warm sector of an open-wave depression with westerly or south-westerly flow over S.England,\r\n\r\n- anticyclone centred to the west of the UK, with northerly or north-easterly flow over the N.Sea onto the E.coast of England\r\n\r\nSingle cloud layers with no overlying medium or upper cloud are strongly preferred so as to simplify the interpretation of surface-based microwave radiometric data.\r\n\r\nInstrumentation:\r\n\r\nCore Consoles, Core Chemistry, AVAPS, mini-LIDAR, AMS, CPC, PSAP/Filters, Weather Radar, ARIES, SWS, CVI,PCASP, CDP, CAPS, 2D-C, CIP25, CIP100",
            "publicationState": "published",
            "keywords": "",
            "status": "completed",
            "parentProject": null,
            "subProject": [],
            "imageDetails": [],
            "observationCollection": [
                {
                    "ob_id": 16455,
                    "uuid": "43346eb0a2e54ef2bfb544862b38b018",
                    "short_code": "coll",
                    "title": "COALESC: in-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft",
                    "abstract": "In-situ airborne observations by the FAAM BAE-146 aircraft for COALESC - 2011 Cloud physics and radiation studies."
                }
            ],
            "identifier_set": [
                9049
            ],
            "responsiblepartyinfo_set": [
                55961
            ],
            "onlineresource_set": []
        }
    ]
}